竹叶挥发油化学成分及其生物活性研究
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摘要
植物资源的综合利用一直是人们研究开发的重点,对植物中化学成分及功能物质的合理开发利用具有重要的现实意义。许多植物挥发油由于其特殊的化学组成,表现出了很好的生物活性,成为开发高效低毒天然香料、抗氧化剂和杀菌剂的重要来源。我国竹子种类多,面积广,经济价值高。竹叶挥发油具有典型的绿叶特征,接近瓜、果、茶的香气,是一种良好的天然香料。竹叶挥发油中含有多种生理活性成分,有可能通过一系列技术加工制备成香料、化妆品、天然抗氧化剂、天然杀菌剂等高附加值产品。
为了全面描述竹叶挥发油化学组分的种类、含量,总结禾本科竹亚科竹叶挥发油成分组成规律;揭示竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性和抗菌活性,同时探讨竹叶挥发油成分与其生物活性间关系,为将来竹叶挥发油在日化领域中的应用提供参考依据。本研究选取橄榄竹、粉单竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹、青皮竹、佛肚竹、黄金间碧竹、短穗竹、香糯竹、方竹、香竹、绿竹、版纳甜龙竹、麻竹、花吊丝竹、云南龙竹、阔叶箬竹、箬竹、尖头青竹、罗汉竹、金镶玉竹、白哺鸡竹、淡竹、水竹、美竹、篌竹、毛竹、乌哺鸡竹、宜兴苦竹和福建茶竿竹等30种竹叶为研究对象,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取竹叶挥发油,考察了提取时间对挥发油得率的影响;采用GC-MS方法对获得的竹叶挥发油化学成分进行了定性、定量分析;利用红外光谱技术,描述了竹叶挥发油的红外特征;采用清除DPPH自由基法和滤纸片法对竹叶挥发油的抗氧化、抗菌活性进行了测定,并探讨了竹叶挥发油生物活性与其化学成分间的关系。通过研究,得出以下结论:
1.为保证竹叶挥发油成分的保真性,尽可能地排除其它因素干扰,本研究采用挥发油提取器提取竹叶挥发油并增加了对水溶性挥发组分的提取。研究表明,竹叶挥发油水蒸气蒸馏方法的工艺条件为:蒸馏时间6h、料液比1:8,以正己烷捕集馏出物,用无水乙醚萃取水溶性挥发性组分。水蒸气蒸馏方法设备简单、生产成本低,适宜竹叶挥发油的提取。竹叶挥发油得率范围为0.252%~0.921%(以干重计)。竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.2%~0.4%之间的竹种有12种,它们是毛竹、尖头青竹、淡竹、水竹、银丝竹、佛肚竹、金镶玉竹、篌竹、宜兴苦竹、香竹、乌哺鸡竹和福建茶竿竹;竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.4%~0.6%之间的竹种有短穗竹、青皮竹、白哺鸡竹、美竹、香糯竹、箬竹、孝顺竹、粉单竹、花吊丝竹、版纳甜龙竹和方竹,共计11种;竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.6%~0.8%之间的竹种有5种,分别是云南龙竹、麻竹、罗汉竹、绿竹和橄榄竹;竹叶挥发油得率高于0.8%的竹种有阔叶箬竹和黄金间碧竹。
2.采用GC-MS联用技术分析30种竹叶挥发油化学成分的结果表明,竹叶挥发油主要以含氧化合物为主,醇、烃、酚、酮、醛及酸类化合物是竹叶挥发油的主要组成组分,其中醇类物质占有相当大的比重,相对含量达24.703%~78.524%。经GC-MS分析,不同竹叶挥发油主含化学成分大体一致,竹种间挥发油的差异主要表现在一些化合物种类上的不同,以及相同化合物含量上的不同。综合分析,竹叶挥发油含有的主要成分有叶醇、植物醇、橙花叔醇、2-辛醇、异植物醇、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、植酮、β-紫罗兰酮、α-紫罗酮、法尼基丙酮、烟叶酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、2-己烯醛、壬醛、苯乙醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、邻苯二甲酸丁辛酯、甲酸二十一酯、2-二甲氨基-4-甲基-4-戊烯腈、十六烷酸、十八烷酸、2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃、十七烷基环氧乙烷、三十六烷和二十四烷等化合物。
通过对参试竹种竹叶挥发油化学成分总结,竹叶挥发油含有17种共有成分,它们是叶醇、2-己烯醛、对二甲苯、苯乙醛、反式-1-(2,6,6-三甲基-1,3-环己二烯-1-基)-2-丁烯-1-酮、α-紫罗酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、4-(2,2,6-三甲基-7-氧杂二环[4.1.0]庚-1-基)-3-丁烯-2-酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、植酮、法尼基丙酮、1-(1,2-丙二烯)-环己醇、顺-9-二十三烯等化合物。
对竹叶挥发油的17种共有成分进行主成分分析,结果表明竹叶挥发油共有特征成分以醇、酮和醛化合物为主,得出叶醇、植酮、苯乙醛、法尼基丙酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、2-己烯醛和α-紫罗酮等7种化合物为竹叶挥发油主要共有特征成分。竹叶挥发油中叶醇含量范围为7.326%~ 69.364%,叶醇含量最高的淡竹叶挥发油约为含量最低的短穗竹叶挥发油的9.5倍;2-己烯醛占竹叶挥发油的0.671%~3.967%,在毛竹叶挥发油中含量最高;竹叶挥发油中植酮含量为0.983%~9.567%;苯乙醛在竹叶挥发油中含量为0.525%~4.131% ;法尼基丙酮含量为0.110%~2.943% ;α-紫罗酮含量为0.281%~2.008%;反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮含量为0.152%~2.575%。叶醇、苯乙醛、2-己烯醛、α-紫罗酮、植酮和法尼基丙酮特征成分均有青叶香气和果香味,是竹叶挥发油致香化合物,对揭示竹叶挥发油的香气组成特征有重要参考价值。
3.利用FT-IR法对30种竹叶挥发油进行了成分分析和比较。竹叶挥发油所含化学成分相对集中,红外光谱也显示出很高的特征性。由于处理方法通用,测试样品中的化学成分相对稳定,因此,其光谱具有很高的重复性和可比性。光谱差异是竹叶挥发油所含化学成分差异的客观反映。结合竹叶挥发油所含烃、醇、酚、酮、醛类化合物的红外特征,可将所得竹叶挥发油红外光谱图划分为五个区段:区段一(3400~3200cm~(-1))、区段二(3000~2800cm~(-1))、区段三(2200~1900cm~(-1))、区段四(1800~1350cm~(-1))、区段五(1300~800cm~(-1));区段内峰~3360cm~(-1)、~2950 cm~(-1)、~2918cm~(-1)、~2850 cm~(-1)、~1700 cm~(-1)、~1060cm~(-1)可从宏观上分别表征竹叶挥发油所含的醇类、酚类、烃类和羰基类化学成分,2100~1850cm~(-1)及1160~800cm~(-1)区段的非共有峰可表征各竹种之间化学成分的差异。红外图谱作为竹叶挥发油这类含有混合物质群的验证识别手段较为客观、可靠,为竹叶挥发油成分分析提供了有利补充。
4.本实验研究表明,采用分光光度法测定竹叶挥发油清除DPPH自由基能力的测定波长为517 nm,反应体系为51.54 mg·mL~(-1)的DPPH 2.0 mL溶液中加0.5mL不同浓度样品溶液,反应时间40min,以IC50值和AE值作为评价竹叶挥发油清除DPPH自由基能力的指标。采用DPPH·法评价竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性,可以较客观的表达竹叶挥发油的生物活性,是一种简单可行的竹叶挥发油抗氧化活性评价分析方法。
以50%抑制浓度(IC50)比较,竹叶挥发油的IC50值越小其清除DPPH自由基能力就越强。竹叶挥发油的IC50值在2~4 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹、金镶玉竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在4~6 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有尖头青竹、罗汉竹、绿竹、福建茶竿竹、水竹、橄榄竹、云南龙竹、乌哺鸡竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在6~8 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有版纳甜龙竹、青皮竹、白哺鸡竹、佛肚竹、美竹、篌竹、阔叶箬竹、宜兴苦竹、花吊丝竹、淡竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在8~10 mg?mL-1之间的竹种香竹和香糯竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值大于10 mg?mL-1的竹种有粉单竹、方竹、短穗竹和箬竹。自由基清除能力AE值越大其清除自由基能力也越强,黄金间碧竹叶挥发油的AE值为0.370 mL·mg~(-1)是箬竹叶挥发油的6.379倍;毛竹、麻竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹和金镶玉竹叶的AE值分别达到了0.349 mL·mg~(-1)、0.303 mL·mg~(-1)、0.291 mL·mg~(-1)、0.277 mL·mg~(-1)和0.255 mL·mg~(-1),它们均表现出很强的抗氧化活性。
黄金间碧竹和毛竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性接近合成抗氧化剂TBHQ,1g黄金间碧竹和毛竹叶挥发油分别相当于0.309g、0.291g合成抗氧化剂TBHQ所具有的抗氧化能力。1g合成抗氧化剂TBHQ所具有的抗氧化能力分别相当于3.954g麻竹和4.117孝顺竹等竹叶挥发油的抗氧化能力。箬竹叶挥发油的抗氧化能力最低,20.655g箬竹叶挥发油才能达到1gTBHQ的抗氧化能力。
竹叶挥发油是由醇类、酚类、酮类等具有各种官能团化合物组成的混合物,竹叶挥发油中化合物的酚基及环结构是其抗氧化作用的重要结构基础。通过30种竹叶挥发油对DPPH自由基捕集活性的比较,富含4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、植酮、异植物醇等成分的竹叶挥发油具有很强的清除DPPH自由基的能力并有剂量效应关系。黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹等竹叶挥发油具有相当理想的抗氧化作用,是有效的外源性抗氧化剂,可通过直接或间接的途径,清除氧自由基,阻断体内脂质过氧化的进程,从而保护细胞免受过氧化损伤,维持细胞正常的生理功能。黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹和孝顺竹叶挥发油具有开发天然源抗氧化剂的潜力。
5.将提取的30种竹叶挥发油稀释成5个梯度浓度对6种测试菌种金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉进行抗菌效果测定。处理24小时后,高浓度(25 mg·mL~(-1))的宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对枯草芽孢杆菌具有高度抑制作用,云南龙竹和花吊丝竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌具有较高抑制作用。高浓度(25 mg·mL~(-1))的云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉具有中度抑制作用。
综合分析,不同竹叶挥发油对相同菌种抑制效果不同,同一竹叶挥发油对不同菌种抑制作用也不同。云南龙竹、花吊丝竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉均有体外抑制作用,宜兴苦竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和白色假丝酵母菌有抗菌作用,并且在一定剂量范围内随剂量增加而增强。4种竹叶挥发油对不同菌种的抑制作用存在差异,并具有一定的互补性。竹叶挥发油的抗细菌效果优于抗真菌。
竹叶挥发油中含有许多不饱和的醇、醛、酮、酸和萜烯类化合物,在这些含量较高的物质结构中均含有不饱和双键,表现出一系列的生理活性。其中云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油等富含叶醇、2-辛醇、植酮、紫罗兰酮、2-己烯醛、苯乙醛、壬醛化合物,对测试菌种有不同程度的抑制作用。竹叶挥发油中的叶醇、2-辛醇、植酮、紫罗兰酮、2-己烯醛、苯乙醛、壬醛是其抗菌作用的重要物质基础。竹叶挥发油中化合物的羟基及不饱和双键是其抗菌作用的重要结构基础。竹叶挥发油是粗提取物,是很多成分的混合体系,抗菌作用效果可能是多种成分协同、多靶点作用的结果。云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、阔叶箬竹和宜兴苦竹叶挥发油具有开发天然源杀菌剂的潜力。
The comprehensive utilization of plant resources has become the focus of research, it is very important to develop and utilize the effective components from plants. Many plant essential oils are composed of the special chemical compositions, displaying the strong biological activities, and become the important source of highly effective low poisonous natural perfume, the antioxidant and the fungicide. There are many kinds of bamboo species in our country that have broad area and the high economic value. The essential oil from bamboo leaves has the green leaf fragrance, the same as melon, fruit and the tea fragrance, which is a good natural perfume. The essential oils from bamboo leaves including the many kinds of active components may be made into the perfume, the cosmetics, the natural antioxidant and the natural fungicide through a series of technical processing.
The purpose of this paper is to describe chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and summarize the composition law of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and reveal the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and their action mechanism of essential oils, so as to provide reference for the future application of essential oils in the field of daily chemical industry. This study used Acidosasa gigantea, Bambusa chungii, Bambusa multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, Bambusa multiplex cv.Silvertripe, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vittata, Brachystachyum densiflorum, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonocalamus delicatus, Dendrocalamopsis oldhami, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus amoenus, Dendrocalamus yunnanicus, Indocalamus latifolius, Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys acuta, Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys spectabilis, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys mannii, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys vivax, Pleioblastus yixingensis and Pseudosasa convexa as the research object. The essential oils from bamboo leaves were extracted by steam distillation, the chemical components of the essential oil were separated and structurally identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the relative contents of these components by the peak-area normalization method adopted in gas chromatography; Infrared features of essential oils from bamboo leaves were described by infrared spectrum technology; The antioxidant activities of essential oils were evaluated using the DPPH assays, and antibacterial activities of essential oils were experimented by filter paper method. Through the research some conclusions were as follows:
1. For the fidelity of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, the essential oils from the bamboo leaves were obtained by steam distillation, and water soluble components were also extracted. The results indicated that the conditons of steam distillation were: the distillation time was 6h, theratio of material was 1:8, analytically pure hexane and absolute ether were used as extraction solvents. The equipment of steam distillation method is suitable for extracting essential oils from bamboo leaves. The yield distribution of essential oils was 0.252% to 0.921% (dry weight basis). The yield range of essential oils from bamboo leaves was 0.2% to 0.4%, including P. pubescens, P. acuta, P. glauca, P. heteroclada, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe, B.ventricosa, P. spectabilis, P. nidularia, P. yixingensis, C. delicatus, P. vivax and P. convexa; The bamboo species whose essential oil yield was between 0.4% and 0.6%, including B. densiflorum, B. textilis, P. dulcis, P. mannii, C. pergracile, I. tessellatus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. chungii, D. amoenus, D. hamiltonii and C. quadrangularis, sum to 11 kinds; The yield range of essential oils was between 0.6% and 0.8%, including D. yunnanicus, D. latiflorus, P. aurea, D. oldhami and A. gigantea; The yields of essential oils from I. latifolius and B. vittata were more than 0.8%.
2. The chemical components in the essential oils from bamboo leaves were analyzed by GC-MS. The oxygenated compounds composed of alcohols, hydrocarbon, phenols, ketones, aldehydes and acids are main fraction in essential oils. The alcohols hold about 24.703% to 78.524% of the total essential oils from bamboo leaves. After the GC-MS analysis, the essential oils from different bamboo leaves are basically identical with the main chemical components; The difference among the essential oils mainly display in some different compound types, as well as different amount of the same compound. The main components of essential oils from bamboo leaves were (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, phytol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, 2-octanol, isophytol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone,β-ionone,α-ionone, farnesyl acetone, megastigmatrienone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 2-hexenal, nonanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H) benzofuranone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid butyl octyl ester, 1-heneicosyl formate, 2-dimethylamino-4-methyl-pent-4-enenitrile, n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, heptadecyl oxirane, hexatriacontane and tetracosane.
After a comprehensive analysis of chemical components in the essential oils from 30 species of bamboo leaves, the results showed that 17 kinds common components in essential oils from bamboo leaves were determined to (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-hexenal, p-xylene, benzeneacetaldehyde, (e)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one,α-ionone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one,4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H) benzofuranone, pentadecane, hexadecane, octadecane, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- pentadecanone, farnesyl acetone, 1-(1,2-propadienyl)-cyclohexanol and 1-octadecene.
To reveal the characteristic components of 17 kinds common components in essential oils, principal component analysis was used to analyze the GC-MS data of the components in these samples. The characteristic components of the essential oils were determined to (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, farnesyl acetone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 2-hexenal andα-ionone. The content range of (z)-3-hexen-1-ol was 7.326%～69.364% in essential oils, and the content of (z)-3-hexen-1-ol in essential oil of P. glauca leaves was about 9.5 times more than that of B. densiflorum leaves. The content range of 2-hexenal was 0.671%～3.967%, and P. pubescens leaves had the most content of 2-hexenal. The contents range of 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, farnesyl acetone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one andα-ionone were respectively 0.983%～9.567%, 0.525%～4.131%, 0.110%～2.943%, 0.152%～2.575%, 0.281%～2.008%. These characteristic components with the leaf fragrance and the fruit fragrance have the important reference value for revealing characteristics of aroma constituents of essential oils from bamboo leaves.
3. The essential oils from 30 kind of bamboo leaves were scanned respectively by FT-IR. Based on infrared signature of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, the infrared spectrum of essential oil from bamboo leaves was divided into 5 sections: section one(3400～3200cm~(-1)), section two (3000～2800cm~(-1)), section three (2200～1900cm~(-1)), section four(1800～1350cm~(-1)), section five(1300～800cm~(-1)). There were the characteristic adsorption at～3360cm~(-1),～2950 cm~(-1),～2918cm~(-1),～2850cm~(-1),～1700 cm~(-1),～1060cm~(-1), which could charaterize the alcohols, phenols, hydrocarbon and carbonyl compounds of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The IR spectral which range from 2100～1850cm~(-1) and the 1160～400cm~(-1) could charaterize the difference of chemical constituents of essential oils. As the research shown, the FT-IR technique could be applied in component analysis of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and objectively reflect the global feature of essential oils. 4. By studying on absorption spectrum of DPPH solution and DPPH reaction system, the conclusion was drawn as follows, the wavelength for the determination of DPPH reaction system by spectrophotometric method was chosen to be 517nm, DPPH reaction system was 2.0mL of 51.54mg·L~(-1) DPPH + 0.5mL of the sample solution with the reaction time of DPPH reaction system of 40 min. IC50 value and AE value were used as the indexs to evaluate scavening capacity of essential oils from bamboo leaves. According to the median inhibition concentration( IC50 value) , the smaller the IC50 value of the essential oils have the stronger ability of scavenging DPPH free radicals. The IC50 value range of the essential oils from bamboo leaves was 2～4 mg·mL~(-1), including B. vittata, P. pubescens, D. latiflorus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe, P. spectabilis; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 4～6 mg·mL~(-1), including P. acuta, P. aurea, D. oldhami, P. convexa, P. heteroclada, A. gigantea, D. yunnanicus, P. vivax; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 6～8 mg·mL~(-1), including D. hamiltonii, B. textilis, P. dulcis, B.ventricosa, P. mannii, P. nidularia, I. latifolius, P. yixingensis, D. amoenus, P. glauca; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 8～10 mg·mL~(-1), including C. delicatus and C. pergracile; The IC50 values of B. chungii, C. quadrangularis, B. densiflorum and I. tessellatus were more than 10 mg·mL~(-1). The more the abilitiy of free radical elimination value(AE value), also the stronger ability of scavenging free radicals. The AE value of essential oils from B. vittata leaves was 0.370 mL·mg~(-1), which was 6.379 times more than that of I. tessellatus. The AE values of essential oils from P. pubescens, D. latiflorus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe and P. spectabilis leaves were 0.349 mL·mg~(-1)、0.303 mL·mg~(-1)、0.291 mL·mg~(-1)、0.277 mL·mg~(-1)and 0.255 mL·mg~(-1), respectively. They all showed strong antioxidant activities.
The antioxidant activities of B. vittata and P. pubescens leaves were close to that of TBHQ. The antioxidant activities of 1g essential oil from B. vittata and P. pubescens leaves were comparable with that of 0.309g、0.291g TBHQ, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 1g TBHQ was comparable with that of 3.954g essential oil from D. latiflorus and 4.117g B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel leaves. The antioxidant activity of essential oil from I. tessellatus leaves was the lowest. The antioxidant activity of 20.655g essential oil from I. tessellatus leaves was comparable with that of 1g TBHQ.
The phenolic group and the ring structure of essential oils were important structural basis of antioxidant activities of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The data indicated that essential oils obtained from B. vittata leaves, P. pubescens leaves, D. latiflorus leaves, and B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel leaves may be used as natural antioxidant.
5. The essential oils from bamboo leaves were diluted into a series of concentration of sample solutions: 5.0 mg·mL~(-1), 10.0mg·mL~(-1), 15.0mg·mL~(-1), 20.0mg·mL~(-1), 25.0mg·mL~(-1), and the antibacterial effects of sample solutions on Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtili, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were tested by using filter paper method. After 24 hours' culture, the essential oils from P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves had strong inhibitory effect on B. subtilis, and the essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves and D. amoenus leaves had better inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli at high concentration (25 mg·mL~(-1)). The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves had moderate inhibitory effect on C. albicans, A. flavus and A. niger at 25 mg·mL~(-1).
Based on a comprehensive analysis, The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves and I. latifolius leaves had inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtili, E. coli, C. albicans, A. flavus and A. niger , and the essential oils from P. yixingensis leaves had inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtili, E. coli and C. albicans. The higher the concentration of the essential oils, the better the antibacterial activity. The essential oils extracted from one kind of bamboo leaves have different inhibition action to six strains, and essential oils extracted from different species of bamboo leaves have different inhibition action to one kind of strain. The antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves on bacteria are better than fungi.
There were some unsaturated compounds in the essential oils from bamboo leaves, which could display a series of physiological activities, owing to unsaturated double bond. The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves rich in (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-octanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, ionone, 2-hexenal, benzeneacetaldehyde and nonanal showed inhibition action to six strains. The chemical components from essential oils, including (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-octanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, ionone, 2-hexenal, benzeneacetaldehyde and nonanal, were important material base of antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The hydroxy and the unsaturated double bond were important structural basis of antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The essential oil from bamboo leaves was the crude extraction, which was composed of multi-ingredient. The antibacterial activities of essential oils from bamboo leaves were due to the synergistic effect of multi-ingredient. The data indicated that essential oils obtained from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves may be used as natural fungicide.
为了全面描述竹叶挥发油化学组分的种类、含量,总结禾本科竹亚科竹叶挥发油成分组成规律;揭示竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性和抗菌活性,同时探讨竹叶挥发油成分与其生物活性间关系,为将来竹叶挥发油在日化领域中的应用提供参考依据。本研究选取橄榄竹、粉单竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹、青皮竹、佛肚竹、黄金间碧竹、短穗竹、香糯竹、方竹、香竹、绿竹、版纳甜龙竹、麻竹、花吊丝竹、云南龙竹、阔叶箬竹、箬竹、尖头青竹、罗汉竹、金镶玉竹、白哺鸡竹、淡竹、水竹、美竹、篌竹、毛竹、乌哺鸡竹、宜兴苦竹和福建茶竿竹等30种竹叶为研究对象,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取竹叶挥发油,考察了提取时间对挥发油得率的影响;采用GC-MS方法对获得的竹叶挥发油化学成分进行了定性、定量分析;利用红外光谱技术,描述了竹叶挥发油的红外特征;采用清除DPPH自由基法和滤纸片法对竹叶挥发油的抗氧化、抗菌活性进行了测定,并探讨了竹叶挥发油生物活性与其化学成分间的关系。通过研究,得出以下结论:
1.为保证竹叶挥发油成分的保真性,尽可能地排除其它因素干扰,本研究采用挥发油提取器提取竹叶挥发油并增加了对水溶性挥发组分的提取。研究表明,竹叶挥发油水蒸气蒸馏方法的工艺条件为:蒸馏时间6h、料液比1:8,以正己烷捕集馏出物,用无水乙醚萃取水溶性挥发性组分。水蒸气蒸馏方法设备简单、生产成本低,适宜竹叶挥发油的提取。竹叶挥发油得率范围为0.252%~0.921%(以干重计)。竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.2%~0.4%之间的竹种有12种,它们是毛竹、尖头青竹、淡竹、水竹、银丝竹、佛肚竹、金镶玉竹、篌竹、宜兴苦竹、香竹、乌哺鸡竹和福建茶竿竹;竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.4%~0.6%之间的竹种有短穗竹、青皮竹、白哺鸡竹、美竹、香糯竹、箬竹、孝顺竹、粉单竹、花吊丝竹、版纳甜龙竹和方竹,共计11种;竹叶挥发油提取得率在0.6%~0.8%之间的竹种有5种,分别是云南龙竹、麻竹、罗汉竹、绿竹和橄榄竹;竹叶挥发油得率高于0.8%的竹种有阔叶箬竹和黄金间碧竹。
2.采用GC-MS联用技术分析30种竹叶挥发油化学成分的结果表明,竹叶挥发油主要以含氧化合物为主,醇、烃、酚、酮、醛及酸类化合物是竹叶挥发油的主要组成组分,其中醇类物质占有相当大的比重,相对含量达24.703%~78.524%。经GC-MS分析,不同竹叶挥发油主含化学成分大体一致,竹种间挥发油的差异主要表现在一些化合物种类上的不同,以及相同化合物含量上的不同。综合分析,竹叶挥发油含有的主要成分有叶醇、植物醇、橙花叔醇、2-辛醇、异植物醇、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、植酮、β-紫罗兰酮、α-紫罗酮、法尼基丙酮、烟叶酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、2-己烯醛、壬醛、苯乙醛、二氢猕猴桃内酯、邻苯二甲酸丁辛酯、甲酸二十一酯、2-二甲氨基-4-甲基-4-戊烯腈、十六烷酸、十八烷酸、2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃、十七烷基环氧乙烷、三十六烷和二十四烷等化合物。
通过对参试竹种竹叶挥发油化学成分总结,竹叶挥发油含有17种共有成分,它们是叶醇、2-己烯醛、对二甲苯、苯乙醛、反式-1-(2,6,6-三甲基-1,3-环己二烯-1-基)-2-丁烯-1-酮、α-紫罗酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、4-(2,2,6-三甲基-7-氧杂二环[4.1.0]庚-1-基)-3-丁烯-2-酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、植酮、法尼基丙酮、1-(1,2-丙二烯)-环己醇、顺-9-二十三烯等化合物。
对竹叶挥发油的17种共有成分进行主成分分析,结果表明竹叶挥发油共有特征成分以醇、酮和醛化合物为主,得出叶醇、植酮、苯乙醛、法尼基丙酮、反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮、2-己烯醛和α-紫罗酮等7种化合物为竹叶挥发油主要共有特征成分。竹叶挥发油中叶醇含量范围为7.326%~ 69.364%,叶醇含量最高的淡竹叶挥发油约为含量最低的短穗竹叶挥发油的9.5倍;2-己烯醛占竹叶挥发油的0.671%~3.967%,在毛竹叶挥发油中含量最高;竹叶挥发油中植酮含量为0.983%~9.567%;苯乙醛在竹叶挥发油中含量为0.525%~4.131% ;法尼基丙酮含量为0.110%~2.943% ;α-紫罗酮含量为0.281%~2.008%;反式-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烷二烯-2-酮含量为0.152%~2.575%。叶醇、苯乙醛、2-己烯醛、α-紫罗酮、植酮和法尼基丙酮特征成分均有青叶香气和果香味,是竹叶挥发油致香化合物,对揭示竹叶挥发油的香气组成特征有重要参考价值。
3.利用FT-IR法对30种竹叶挥发油进行了成分分析和比较。竹叶挥发油所含化学成分相对集中,红外光谱也显示出很高的特征性。由于处理方法通用,测试样品中的化学成分相对稳定,因此,其光谱具有很高的重复性和可比性。光谱差异是竹叶挥发油所含化学成分差异的客观反映。结合竹叶挥发油所含烃、醇、酚、酮、醛类化合物的红外特征,可将所得竹叶挥发油红外光谱图划分为五个区段:区段一(3400~3200cm~(-1))、区段二(3000~2800cm~(-1))、区段三(2200~1900cm~(-1))、区段四(1800~1350cm~(-1))、区段五(1300~800cm~(-1));区段内峰~3360cm~(-1)、~2950 cm~(-1)、~2918cm~(-1)、~2850 cm~(-1)、~1700 cm~(-1)、~1060cm~(-1)可从宏观上分别表征竹叶挥发油所含的醇类、酚类、烃类和羰基类化学成分,2100~1850cm~(-1)及1160~800cm~(-1)区段的非共有峰可表征各竹种之间化学成分的差异。红外图谱作为竹叶挥发油这类含有混合物质群的验证识别手段较为客观、可靠,为竹叶挥发油成分分析提供了有利补充。
4.本实验研究表明,采用分光光度法测定竹叶挥发油清除DPPH自由基能力的测定波长为517 nm,反应体系为51.54 mg·mL~(-1)的DPPH 2.0 mL溶液中加0.5mL不同浓度样品溶液,反应时间40min,以IC50值和AE值作为评价竹叶挥发油清除DPPH自由基能力的指标。采用DPPH·法评价竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性,可以较客观的表达竹叶挥发油的生物活性,是一种简单可行的竹叶挥发油抗氧化活性评价分析方法。
以50%抑制浓度(IC50)比较,竹叶挥发油的IC50值越小其清除DPPH自由基能力就越强。竹叶挥发油的IC50值在2~4 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹、金镶玉竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在4~6 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有尖头青竹、罗汉竹、绿竹、福建茶竿竹、水竹、橄榄竹、云南龙竹、乌哺鸡竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在6~8 mg?mL-1之间的竹种有版纳甜龙竹、青皮竹、白哺鸡竹、佛肚竹、美竹、篌竹、阔叶箬竹、宜兴苦竹、花吊丝竹、淡竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值在8~10 mg?mL-1之间的竹种香竹和香糯竹;竹叶挥发油的IC50值大于10 mg?mL-1的竹种有粉单竹、方竹、短穗竹和箬竹。自由基清除能力AE值越大其清除自由基能力也越强,黄金间碧竹叶挥发油的AE值为0.370 mL·mg~(-1)是箬竹叶挥发油的6.379倍;毛竹、麻竹、孝顺竹、银丝竹和金镶玉竹叶的AE值分别达到了0.349 mL·mg~(-1)、0.303 mL·mg~(-1)、0.291 mL·mg~(-1)、0.277 mL·mg~(-1)和0.255 mL·mg~(-1),它们均表现出很强的抗氧化活性。
黄金间碧竹和毛竹叶挥发油的抗氧化活性接近合成抗氧化剂TBHQ,1g黄金间碧竹和毛竹叶挥发油分别相当于0.309g、0.291g合成抗氧化剂TBHQ所具有的抗氧化能力。1g合成抗氧化剂TBHQ所具有的抗氧化能力分别相当于3.954g麻竹和4.117孝顺竹等竹叶挥发油的抗氧化能力。箬竹叶挥发油的抗氧化能力最低,20.655g箬竹叶挥发油才能达到1gTBHQ的抗氧化能力。
竹叶挥发油是由醇类、酚类、酮类等具有各种官能团化合物组成的混合物,竹叶挥发油中化合物的酚基及环结构是其抗氧化作用的重要结构基础。通过30种竹叶挥发油对DPPH自由基捕集活性的比较,富含4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、植酮、异植物醇等成分的竹叶挥发油具有很强的清除DPPH自由基的能力并有剂量效应关系。黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹等竹叶挥发油具有相当理想的抗氧化作用,是有效的外源性抗氧化剂,可通过直接或间接的途径,清除氧自由基,阻断体内脂质过氧化的进程,从而保护细胞免受过氧化损伤,维持细胞正常的生理功能。黄金间碧竹、毛竹、麻竹和孝顺竹叶挥发油具有开发天然源抗氧化剂的潜力。
5.将提取的30种竹叶挥发油稀释成5个梯度浓度对6种测试菌种金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉进行抗菌效果测定。处理24小时后,高浓度(25 mg·mL~(-1))的宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对枯草芽孢杆菌具有高度抑制作用,云南龙竹和花吊丝竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌具有较高抑制作用。高浓度(25 mg·mL~(-1))的云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉具有中度抑制作用。
综合分析,不同竹叶挥发油对相同菌种抑制效果不同,同一竹叶挥发油对不同菌种抑制作用也不同。云南龙竹、花吊丝竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌、黄曲霉和黑曲霉均有体外抑制作用,宜兴苦竹叶挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和白色假丝酵母菌有抗菌作用,并且在一定剂量范围内随剂量增加而增强。4种竹叶挥发油对不同菌种的抑制作用存在差异,并具有一定的互补性。竹叶挥发油的抗细菌效果优于抗真菌。
竹叶挥发油中含有许多不饱和的醇、醛、酮、酸和萜烯类化合物,在这些含量较高的物质结构中均含有不饱和双键,表现出一系列的生理活性。其中云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、宜兴苦竹和阔叶箬竹叶挥发油等富含叶醇、2-辛醇、植酮、紫罗兰酮、2-己烯醛、苯乙醛、壬醛化合物,对测试菌种有不同程度的抑制作用。竹叶挥发油中的叶醇、2-辛醇、植酮、紫罗兰酮、2-己烯醛、苯乙醛、壬醛是其抗菌作用的重要物质基础。竹叶挥发油中化合物的羟基及不饱和双键是其抗菌作用的重要结构基础。竹叶挥发油是粗提取物,是很多成分的混合体系,抗菌作用效果可能是多种成分协同、多靶点作用的结果。云南龙竹、花吊丝竹、阔叶箬竹和宜兴苦竹叶挥发油具有开发天然源杀菌剂的潜力。
The comprehensive utilization of plant resources has become the focus of research, it is very important to develop and utilize the effective components from plants. Many plant essential oils are composed of the special chemical compositions, displaying the strong biological activities, and become the important source of highly effective low poisonous natural perfume, the antioxidant and the fungicide. There are many kinds of bamboo species in our country that have broad area and the high economic value. The essential oil from bamboo leaves has the green leaf fragrance, the same as melon, fruit and the tea fragrance, which is a good natural perfume. The essential oils from bamboo leaves including the many kinds of active components may be made into the perfume, the cosmetics, the natural antioxidant and the natural fungicide through a series of technical processing.
The purpose of this paper is to describe chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and summarize the composition law of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and reveal the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and their action mechanism of essential oils, so as to provide reference for the future application of essential oils in the field of daily chemical industry. This study used Acidosasa gigantea, Bambusa chungii, Bambusa multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, Bambusa multiplex cv.Silvertripe, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vittata, Brachystachyum densiflorum, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Chimonocalamus delicatus, Dendrocalamopsis oldhami, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus amoenus, Dendrocalamus yunnanicus, Indocalamus latifolius, Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys acuta, Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys spectabilis, Phyllostachys dulcis, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys heteroclada, Phyllostachys mannii, Phyllostachys nidularia, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys vivax, Pleioblastus yixingensis and Pseudosasa convexa as the research object. The essential oils from bamboo leaves were extracted by steam distillation, the chemical components of the essential oil were separated and structurally identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the relative contents of these components by the peak-area normalization method adopted in gas chromatography; Infrared features of essential oils from bamboo leaves were described by infrared spectrum technology; The antioxidant activities of essential oils were evaluated using the DPPH assays, and antibacterial activities of essential oils were experimented by filter paper method. Through the research some conclusions were as follows:
1. For the fidelity of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, the essential oils from the bamboo leaves were obtained by steam distillation, and water soluble components were also extracted. The results indicated that the conditons of steam distillation were: the distillation time was 6h, theratio of material was 1:8, analytically pure hexane and absolute ether were used as extraction solvents. The equipment of steam distillation method is suitable for extracting essential oils from bamboo leaves. The yield distribution of essential oils was 0.252% to 0.921% (dry weight basis). The yield range of essential oils from bamboo leaves was 0.2% to 0.4%, including P. pubescens, P. acuta, P. glauca, P. heteroclada, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe, B.ventricosa, P. spectabilis, P. nidularia, P. yixingensis, C. delicatus, P. vivax and P. convexa; The bamboo species whose essential oil yield was between 0.4% and 0.6%, including B. densiflorum, B. textilis, P. dulcis, P. mannii, C. pergracile, I. tessellatus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. chungii, D. amoenus, D. hamiltonii and C. quadrangularis, sum to 11 kinds; The yield range of essential oils was between 0.6% and 0.8%, including D. yunnanicus, D. latiflorus, P. aurea, D. oldhami and A. gigantea; The yields of essential oils from I. latifolius and B. vittata were more than 0.8%.
2. The chemical components in the essential oils from bamboo leaves were analyzed by GC-MS. The oxygenated compounds composed of alcohols, hydrocarbon, phenols, ketones, aldehydes and acids are main fraction in essential oils. The alcohols hold about 24.703% to 78.524% of the total essential oils from bamboo leaves. After the GC-MS analysis, the essential oils from different bamboo leaves are basically identical with the main chemical components; The difference among the essential oils mainly display in some different compound types, as well as different amount of the same compound. The main components of essential oils from bamboo leaves were (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, phytol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, 2-octanol, isophytol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone,β-ionone,α-ionone, farnesyl acetone, megastigmatrienone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 2-hexenal, nonanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H) benzofuranone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid butyl octyl ester, 1-heneicosyl formate, 2-dimethylamino-4-methyl-pent-4-enenitrile, n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, heptadecyl oxirane, hexatriacontane and tetracosane.
After a comprehensive analysis of chemical components in the essential oils from 30 species of bamboo leaves, the results showed that 17 kinds common components in essential oils from bamboo leaves were determined to (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-hexenal, p-xylene, benzeneacetaldehyde, (e)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one,α-ionone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one,4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H) benzofuranone, pentadecane, hexadecane, octadecane, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- pentadecanone, farnesyl acetone, 1-(1,2-propadienyl)-cyclohexanol and 1-octadecene.
To reveal the characteristic components of 17 kinds common components in essential oils, principal component analysis was used to analyze the GC-MS data of the components in these samples. The characteristic components of the essential oils were determined to (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, farnesyl acetone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 2-hexenal andα-ionone. The content range of (z)-3-hexen-1-ol was 7.326%～69.364% in essential oils, and the content of (z)-3-hexen-1-ol in essential oil of P. glauca leaves was about 9.5 times more than that of B. densiflorum leaves. The content range of 2-hexenal was 0.671%～3.967%, and P. pubescens leaves had the most content of 2-hexenal. The contents range of 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, farnesyl acetone, (e)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one andα-ionone were respectively 0.983%～9.567%, 0.525%～4.131%, 0.110%～2.943%, 0.152%～2.575%, 0.281%～2.008%. These characteristic components with the leaf fragrance and the fruit fragrance have the important reference value for revealing characteristics of aroma constituents of essential oils from bamboo leaves.
3. The essential oils from 30 kind of bamboo leaves were scanned respectively by FT-IR. Based on infrared signature of chemical components of essential oils from bamboo leaves, the infrared spectrum of essential oil from bamboo leaves was divided into 5 sections: section one(3400～3200cm~(-1)), section two (3000～2800cm~(-1)), section three (2200～1900cm~(-1)), section four(1800～1350cm~(-1)), section five(1300～800cm~(-1)). There were the characteristic adsorption at～3360cm~(-1),～2950 cm~(-1),～2918cm~(-1),～2850cm~(-1),～1700 cm~(-1),～1060cm~(-1), which could charaterize the alcohols, phenols, hydrocarbon and carbonyl compounds of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The IR spectral which range from 2100～1850cm~(-1) and the 1160～400cm~(-1) could charaterize the difference of chemical constituents of essential oils. As the research shown, the FT-IR technique could be applied in component analysis of essential oils from bamboo leaves, and objectively reflect the global feature of essential oils. 4. By studying on absorption spectrum of DPPH solution and DPPH reaction system, the conclusion was drawn as follows, the wavelength for the determination of DPPH reaction system by spectrophotometric method was chosen to be 517nm, DPPH reaction system was 2.0mL of 51.54mg·L~(-1) DPPH + 0.5mL of the sample solution with the reaction time of DPPH reaction system of 40 min. IC50 value and AE value were used as the indexs to evaluate scavening capacity of essential oils from bamboo leaves. According to the median inhibition concentration( IC50 value) , the smaller the IC50 value of the essential oils have the stronger ability of scavenging DPPH free radicals. The IC50 value range of the essential oils from bamboo leaves was 2～4 mg·mL~(-1), including B. vittata, P. pubescens, D. latiflorus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe, P. spectabilis; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 4～6 mg·mL~(-1), including P. acuta, P. aurea, D. oldhami, P. convexa, P. heteroclada, A. gigantea, D. yunnanicus, P. vivax; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 6～8 mg·mL~(-1), including D. hamiltonii, B. textilis, P. dulcis, B.ventricosa, P. mannii, P. nidularia, I. latifolius, P. yixingensis, D. amoenus, P. glauca; The IC50 value range of the essential oils was 8～10 mg·mL~(-1), including C. delicatus and C. pergracile; The IC50 values of B. chungii, C. quadrangularis, B. densiflorum and I. tessellatus were more than 10 mg·mL~(-1). The more the abilitiy of free radical elimination value(AE value), also the stronger ability of scavenging free radicals. The AE value of essential oils from B. vittata leaves was 0.370 mL·mg~(-1), which was 6.379 times more than that of I. tessellatus. The AE values of essential oils from P. pubescens, D. latiflorus, B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel, B. multiplex cv.Silvertripe and P. spectabilis leaves were 0.349 mL·mg~(-1)、0.303 mL·mg~(-1)、0.291 mL·mg~(-1)、0.277 mL·mg~(-1)and 0.255 mL·mg~(-1), respectively. They all showed strong antioxidant activities.
The antioxidant activities of B. vittata and P. pubescens leaves were close to that of TBHQ. The antioxidant activities of 1g essential oil from B. vittata and P. pubescens leaves were comparable with that of 0.309g、0.291g TBHQ, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 1g TBHQ was comparable with that of 3.954g essential oil from D. latiflorus and 4.117g B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel leaves. The antioxidant activity of essential oil from I. tessellatus leaves was the lowest. The antioxidant activity of 20.655g essential oil from I. tessellatus leaves was comparable with that of 1g TBHQ.
The phenolic group and the ring structure of essential oils were important structural basis of antioxidant activities of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The data indicated that essential oils obtained from B. vittata leaves, P. pubescens leaves, D. latiflorus leaves, and B. multiplex (Lour.)Raeuschel leaves may be used as natural antioxidant.
5. The essential oils from bamboo leaves were diluted into a series of concentration of sample solutions: 5.0 mg·mL~(-1), 10.0mg·mL~(-1), 15.0mg·mL~(-1), 20.0mg·mL~(-1), 25.0mg·mL~(-1), and the antibacterial effects of sample solutions on Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtili, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were tested by using filter paper method. After 24 hours' culture, the essential oils from P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves had strong inhibitory effect on B. subtilis, and the essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves and D. amoenus leaves had better inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli at high concentration (25 mg·mL~(-1)). The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves had moderate inhibitory effect on C. albicans, A. flavus and A. niger at 25 mg·mL~(-1).
Based on a comprehensive analysis, The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves and I. latifolius leaves had inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtili, E. coli, C. albicans, A. flavus and A. niger , and the essential oils from P. yixingensis leaves had inhibition action to S. aureus, B. subtili, E. coli and C. albicans. The higher the concentration of the essential oils, the better the antibacterial activity. The essential oils extracted from one kind of bamboo leaves have different inhibition action to six strains, and essential oils extracted from different species of bamboo leaves have different inhibition action to one kind of strain. The antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves on bacteria are better than fungi.
There were some unsaturated compounds in the essential oils from bamboo leaves, which could display a series of physiological activities, owing to unsaturated double bond. The essential oils from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves rich in (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-octanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, ionone, 2-hexenal, benzeneacetaldehyde and nonanal showed inhibition action to six strains. The chemical components from essential oils, including (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-octanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, ionone, 2-hexenal, benzeneacetaldehyde and nonanal, were important material base of antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The hydroxy and the unsaturated double bond were important structural basis of antibacterial effects of essential oils from bamboo leaves. The essential oil from bamboo leaves was the crude extraction, which was composed of multi-ingredient. The antibacterial activities of essential oils from bamboo leaves were due to the synergistic effect of multi-ingredient. The data indicated that essential oils obtained from D. yunnanicus leaves, D. amoenus leaves, P. yixingensis leaves and I. latifolius leaves may be used as natural fungicide.
引文
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