多毛小蠹和皱小蠹生物学特性及诱捕技术研究
|
摘要
近年来新疆杏树多毛小蠹(Scolytus seulens is Murayama),皱小蠹(Scolytus rugulosus (Muller))发生严重,对新疆当地的杏资源构成了极大的威胁。小蠹虫通过钻蛀杏树,使杏树整株致死,给当地果农带来了巨大损失。本研究应用昆虫行为学、化学生态学、分析化学的原理和方法,主要研究杏树小蠹生物生态学特性以及杏树小蠹的植物源引诱剂和相关应用技术。目的是明确杏树小蠹的生物生态学特性,开发针对杏树小蠹的引诱剂和诱捕技术,从而更好地对杏树小蠹进行监测、预报和防治。
本文通过对两种小蠹的生物生态学观察,对杏树上小蠹的种类,生活史,发生期,发生规律,行为习性等有了初步的了解,为以后的试验做好准备。
通过顶空法采集杏树小蠹寄主即杏树的挥发物成分,利用TCT/GC-MS对采集的挥发物进行仪器分析。分析表明杏树释放的挥发性成分主要由脂肪族的杏树绿叶成分和醛类物质组成,且不同部位的挥发物种类含量有一定差异。树叶和树干挥发物中杏树绿叶成分的含量最高,而单萜类物质在树干挥发物中的含量较高,木段挥发物中单萜类的种类较树叶和树干挥发物中的多。三个部位共有的化合物有14种,分别是1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、癸醇、正己醛、壬醛、癸醛、柠檬烯、β-榄香烯、α-雪松烯、雪松烯、罗汉柏烯、十一烷、十六酸、苯乙酮二乙二醇一丁醚。分别占树叶、树干、木段挥发物总量的68.1%,40.1%,93.4%。
在得到了杏树挥发物的成分含量之后,选取十种标准化合物对杏树皱小蠹进行触角电位试验,试验中以反-2-己烯醛作为标样,对所测数值进行计算得到相对反应值。结果表明皱小蠹的触角对正庚醛、2-乙基丁醛、壬醛等有较强的触角电位反应,其中对正庚醛相对反应值最大,是对标样反应值的4.29倍：对挥发性杏树绿叶成分2-乙基-1-己醇触角电位也有一定的反应；皱小蠹对单萜烯类化合物α-蒎烯的触角电位反应较弱。
在野外试验中,用杏树绿叶挥发物醛类引诱的小蠹数量最多,而单萜类诱集较少。利用不同颜色粘虫板对小蠹进行引诱试验,结果表明红色和黑色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果明显高于其它颜色；黑色粘虫板对皱小蠹的引诱效果最强,红色次之,其它颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果。通过色板引诱虫量的变化体现出两种小蠹的不同扬飞高峰期,多毛小蠹的扬飞高峰期应在六月初,而皱小蠹的扬飞高峰出现在六月中旬。
Xinjiang is the main area producing apricot fruit, which flesh thick, jen sweet and good quality. Recent years, Xinjiang Apricot worm-eaten pest happens seriously, the local apricot resources in Xinjiang posing a grave threat. Apricot apricot Beetles invade phloem or xylem termite tunnel to damage, affecting water and nutrients apricot spread, the most serious cause tree death. Having read a large number of documents, writer of this article discussed in the apricot bark beetles morphological characteristics, distribution, occurrence, etc., while provide a basis for prevention and treatment of small worm-eaten. This article also discussed the current domestic status of prevention and control of small worm-eaten.
Behavioral tests revealed that S. rugulosus was easy to be attracted to its host tree Prunus armeniaca. The volatiles emitted from different parts of host trees were collected outdoors by headspace sampling in situ and analyzed by Thermodesorption Cold Trap (TCT)-GC-MS. Two major classes of compounds, aliphatics [mainly green-leaf volatiles (GLVs)] and aldehydes, existed in the host tree species investigated. However, differences could be found with respect to a few components of the blend. The relative response value was obtained using counter-2 hexenoic-1-aldehyde as a standard. Electroantennograms from the antennae of L. rugulosus were recorded in response to 10 kinds of compounds selected from the volatiles in the headspace of apricot trees and other sources. The antennae responded strongly to the aldehydes heptanal,2-ethyl-butana and nonanal. Some EAG amplitudes were also observed to green leaf alcohols, but only small EAG amplitudes were observed to a-pinene.
The preference of the Scolytus seulensis Murayama and the Scolytus rugulosus (Muller) to 6 kinds of sticky cards was carried out on Armeniaca spp. The results showed that sticky cards had different attraction on bark beetle. The biggest attractiveness colors to S. tusseu lensis M. and L. rugulosus (Muller) was black, then was red, and the rest colors had no obvious effect. It also can be seen that these two kinds of bark beetle have different happen-peak. S. seulensis M is in beginning of June and the L. rugulosus (Muller) is in the middle of July.
本文通过对两种小蠹的生物生态学观察,对杏树上小蠹的种类,生活史,发生期,发生规律,行为习性等有了初步的了解,为以后的试验做好准备。
通过顶空法采集杏树小蠹寄主即杏树的挥发物成分,利用TCT/GC-MS对采集的挥发物进行仪器分析。分析表明杏树释放的挥发性成分主要由脂肪族的杏树绿叶成分和醛类物质组成,且不同部位的挥发物种类含量有一定差异。树叶和树干挥发物中杏树绿叶成分的含量最高,而单萜类物质在树干挥发物中的含量较高,木段挥发物中单萜类的种类较树叶和树干挥发物中的多。三个部位共有的化合物有14种,分别是1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、癸醇、正己醛、壬醛、癸醛、柠檬烯、β-榄香烯、α-雪松烯、雪松烯、罗汉柏烯、十一烷、十六酸、苯乙酮二乙二醇一丁醚。分别占树叶、树干、木段挥发物总量的68.1%,40.1%,93.4%。
在得到了杏树挥发物的成分含量之后,选取十种标准化合物对杏树皱小蠹进行触角电位试验,试验中以反-2-己烯醛作为标样,对所测数值进行计算得到相对反应值。结果表明皱小蠹的触角对正庚醛、2-乙基丁醛、壬醛等有较强的触角电位反应,其中对正庚醛相对反应值最大,是对标样反应值的4.29倍：对挥发性杏树绿叶成分2-乙基-1-己醇触角电位也有一定的反应；皱小蠹对单萜烯类化合物α-蒎烯的触角电位反应较弱。
在野外试验中,用杏树绿叶挥发物醛类引诱的小蠹数量最多,而单萜类诱集较少。利用不同颜色粘虫板对小蠹进行引诱试验,结果表明红色和黑色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果明显高于其它颜色；黑色粘虫板对皱小蠹的引诱效果最强,红色次之,其它颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果。通过色板引诱虫量的变化体现出两种小蠹的不同扬飞高峰期,多毛小蠹的扬飞高峰期应在六月初,而皱小蠹的扬飞高峰出现在六月中旬。
Xinjiang is the main area producing apricot fruit, which flesh thick, jen sweet and good quality. Recent years, Xinjiang Apricot worm-eaten pest happens seriously, the local apricot resources in Xinjiang posing a grave threat. Apricot apricot Beetles invade phloem or xylem termite tunnel to damage, affecting water and nutrients apricot spread, the most serious cause tree death. Having read a large number of documents, writer of this article discussed in the apricot bark beetles morphological characteristics, distribution, occurrence, etc., while provide a basis for prevention and treatment of small worm-eaten. This article also discussed the current domestic status of prevention and control of small worm-eaten.
Behavioral tests revealed that S. rugulosus was easy to be attracted to its host tree Prunus armeniaca. The volatiles emitted from different parts of host trees were collected outdoors by headspace sampling in situ and analyzed by Thermodesorption Cold Trap (TCT)-GC-MS. Two major classes of compounds, aliphatics [mainly green-leaf volatiles (GLVs)] and aldehydes, existed in the host tree species investigated. However, differences could be found with respect to a few components of the blend. The relative response value was obtained using counter-2 hexenoic-1-aldehyde as a standard. Electroantennograms from the antennae of L. rugulosus were recorded in response to 10 kinds of compounds selected from the volatiles in the headspace of apricot trees and other sources. The antennae responded strongly to the aldehydes heptanal,2-ethyl-butana and nonanal. Some EAG amplitudes were also observed to green leaf alcohols, but only small EAG amplitudes were observed to a-pinene.
The preference of the Scolytus seulensis Murayama and the Scolytus rugulosus (Muller) to 6 kinds of sticky cards was carried out on Armeniaca spp. The results showed that sticky cards had different attraction on bark beetle. The biggest attractiveness colors to S. tusseu lensis M. and L. rugulosus (Muller) was black, then was red, and the rest colors had no obvious effect. It also can be seen that these two kinds of bark beetle have different happen-peak. S. seulensis M is in beginning of June and the L. rugulosus (Muller) is in the middle of July.
引文
[1]曹春波,邢新生,周晓玲,刘春惊,留文利,谭永军,买买牙生.轮台县杏树小蠹虫综合防治研究[J].新疆农业科技,2006,2：26-27.
[2]陈华君,洪蓉,金幼菊.近自然状态下活体植株挥发物的采集和热脱附-GC/MS分析[J].分析测试学报.2003,22(增刊)：26-228.
[3]陈勇,袁东星,李权龙.常温吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定海水中氧化亚氮[J].分析化学.2007,35(6)：897-900.
[4]党小宁,赵新丽.杏树小蠹虫的综合防治[J].新疆林业,2006,4：44.
[5]傅建炜,徐敦明,吴玮,尤民生.不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(5)：532-533.
[6]郝德君,马凤林,王众,张永慧,戴华国.松墨天牛对不同生理状态黑松挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应[J].应用生态学报.2006,17(6)：1070-1073.
[7]蒋月丽.不同颜色诱捕器诱集昆虫多样性及诱捕效果研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2007：22-23.
[8]金幼菊,李继泉,李建光.光肩星天牛对干旱胁迫下复叶槭挥发物的嗅觉反应[J].林业科学.2004,40(1)：99-105.
[9]荆小院,张金桐.触角点位技术在昆虫性信息素研究中的应用[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(8)：14-16.
[10]阐炜,张峰,张钟宁.一种影响蚜虫行为的植物挥发性次生化合物[J].科学通报,2001,46(20)：1699-1702.
[11]柯颖芬,冯建跃,陈关喜,赵永信.吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定卷烟包装卡纸中苯系物残留[J].理化检验.2006,42(7)：509-513.
[12]孔祥波,王睿,高伟,赵成华.气相色谱与触角电位检测器联用技术及其应用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(4)：304-309.
[13]孔祥波,赵莉蔺,张真,王鸿斌,柏芳华,于国民.松毛虫性信息素的固相微萃取及质谱和触角电位分析[J].昆虫学报,2010,53(8)：857-863.
[14]匡石滋,田世尧,李春雨,彭群.黄色粘虫板对香蕉害虫的诱杀作用及控制效果[J].安徽农业科学.2010,38(14)：7685-7686.
[15]李计顺,常国彬,宋玉双,王艺伟,常宝山.实施工程治理控制红脂大小蠹虫灾[J].中国森林病虫,2001,20：41-44.
[16]李继泉.不同条件下复叶槭挥发物对光肩星天牛趋性行为的影响及其机制的研究[D].北京林业大学博士研究生学位论文.2003,6：19-26.
[17]李江霖,张涛,李新堂,马诗科,杨道勤,王为学,王登元.新疆果树多毛小蠹的生物学特性及防 治[J].植物保护,1995,21(1)：8-10.
[18]李中焕,托乎提-阿木提,胡卫江.多毛小蠹的发生及综合防治技术[J].新疆农业科学1993(5)：215-216.
[19]梁汉昌.痕量物质分析气相色谱法[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2000：129.
[20]刘慧,朱优峰,徐晓白,李新中,赵起越.吹扫-捕集气质联用法测定北京郊区土壤中挥发性有机物[J].复旦学报,2003,42(6)：856-860.
[21]娄永根,程家安.昆虫的化学感觉机理[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2)：66-69.
[22]苗振旺,张钟宁,王培新,郭玉永,孙江华.外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(3)：360-364.
[23]苗振旺,赵明梅,王立忠,裴海潮,邸济民,孙江华.强大小蠹植物源引诱剂林间应用技术[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(4)：346-348.
[24]钦俊德.植食性昆虫食性的生理基础[J].昆虫学报,1980,23(1)：106-119.
[25]陶万强,郭一妹,禹菊香,薛洋,苑玉长,朱晓清.双条杉天牛引诱剂林间引诱效果研究[J].中国森林病虫,2009,28(1)：39-41.
[26]汪正范,杨树民,吴侔天,岳卫华.色谱连用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社2001.1.
[27]王克让.皱小蠹研究初报[J].新疆农业科学,1981：25-28.
[28]王培新,李有忠,贺虹,李孟楼,唐光辉.红脂大小蠹化学防治技术研究[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(1)：143-147.
[29]王平,佟德艳,王艳,李文英.颜色对枸杞木虱成虫引诱作用的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2006,27(4)：102-104.
[30]吴青君,徐宝云,张友军,朱国仁.西花蓟马对不同颜色的趋性及蓝色粘板的田间效果评价[J].植物保护,2007,33(4)：103-105.
[31]谢寿安.秦岭森林生态系统对针叶树小蠹种群的调控效果研究[D].西北农林科技大学.博士学位论文,2003.
[32]闫争亮,方宇凌,孙江华,张钟宁.红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(6)：695-700.
[33]阎凤鸣,许崇任,MarieBENGTSSON转Bt基因棉挥发性气味的化学成分及其对棉铃虫的电生理活性[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(4)：425-429.
[34]阎凤鸣.化学生态学[M].北京科学出版社,2003.
[35]杨群芳,周祖基,李庆,植物精油对云南松纵坑切梢小蠹的驱避活性研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(4)：357-359.
[36]杨森,吐逊娜依·吐拉克,李剑新疆杏树害虫的发生与危害[J].新疆农业科学,2005,42(5)：363-365.
[37]殷惠芬,黄复生,李兆麟.中国经济昆虫志(二十九册)[M].北京科学出版社,1984：22-23.
[38]张纯胄.害虫趋色性及其在蔬菜上应用技术研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,2007(8)：24-26.
[39]张金艳,叶非.新型无溶剂样品制备方法-固相微萃取法[M].理化检验-化学分册.上海：中国机械工程学会理化检验学会.2001,37(5)：236-239.
[40]张祖麟,陈伟琪.固相微萃取法的应用及其进展[J].环境科学进展口,1999,7(5)：52.
[41]赵冲林,许大年.采样管固相微萃取法分析空气中的微量毒剂及相关化合物[J].分析化学研究简报.2005,33(8)：1164-1166.
[42]赵林忠,马俊华,朱明成,艾买提-艾则孜,斯坎坦-沙力.杏树多毛小蠹的发生和防治研究[J].植保技术与推广,1995,,(2)：11-12.
[43]赵新成,阎云花,王睿.昆虫神经生物学研究技术：触角电位图记录[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(3)：270-274.
[44]郑浩,杨长举,华红霞.与昆虫有关的植物挥发性次生物质的研究方法[J].昆虫知识,2002,39(1)：9-13.
[45]周弘春,杜家纬.风洞技术在昆虫化学通讯研究中的应用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(4)：267-270.
[46]周密,刘德全,林旭.吹扫捕集/气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物[J].中国环境监测,2004,20(4)：12-14.
[47]周楠,李丽莎,赵涛.松小蠹聚集信息化合物引诱效果测定[J].云南林业科技,2000.91(2)：34-37.
[48]Arthur C L, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers Anal [J]. Chem,1990,62(19):2145-2148.
[49]Baker T C, Carde R T. Techniques for behavioral bioassays. In:Techniques in pheromone research[J]. Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokyo.1984:45-73.
[50]Bartlet E, Blight M M, Hick A J, Williams I H. The responses of the cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) to the odour of oilseed rape(Brassica napus) and to some volatile isothiocyanates [J]. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata,1993,68(3):295-302.
[51]Bedard WD, Wood DL, Tilden PE. Field response of the western p ine beetle and one of its predators to host and beetle produced compounds [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1980, 6:625-641.
[52]Borden J H, Bennett R B. A continuously recording flight mile for inwestigating the effect of volatile substance on the flight of tethered insects [J]. Ecol Entomol,1969,62(4):782-785.
[53]Borden J H. Aggregation pheromones [A]. In:Mitton J B, Sturgeon K B. Bark beetles in North American forest[C]. Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.1982.27:81-109.
[54]Borden J H. Disruption of semiochemial-mediated aggregation in bark beetles. Carde R T and Minks A K (eds.)[J]. Insect pheromone research:new directions. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1997:421-438.
[55]Brattli J G, Anderson J. and Nilssen A C. Primary attraction and host tree selection in deciduous and conifer living Coleoptera:Scolytidae, curculionidae, cerambycidae and Lymexylidae[J]. Journal of Applied Entomology,1998,122:345-352.
[56]Byers J A, Zhang Q H, and Birgemson G. Strategies of a bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus, in an olfactory landscape [J]. Naturwissensehaften,2000,87(11):503-507.
[57]Byers J A. Attraction of bark beetles, Tomicus piniporda, Hylurgops palliatus, and Trypodendron domestieum and other insects to short-chain alcohols and monoterpenes [J]. Chemecol,1992,18:2385-2402.
[58]Byers J A. Host-tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles. Carde R T and Bell WJ(eds). Chemical Ecology of Insects II [C]. Chapman and Hall, New York,1995:154-213.
[59]Byers J A. Pheromone biosynthesis in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus, during feeding or exposure to vapors of host plant precursors [J]. Insect Biochemistry,1981,11(5):563-569.
[60]Collins L E, Chambers J. The I-spy insect indicator:an effective trap for the detection of insect pests in empty stores and on flat surfaces in the cereal and food trades [J]. Journal of Stored Product Research,2003,39(3):277-292.
[61]Elkinton J S, Wood D L. Feeding and boring ehavior of the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera:scolytidae) on the bark of a host and non-host tree species [J]. Canadian Entomol, 1980,112 (8):797-809.
[62]Erbilgin N, Raffa K F. Opposing effects of host monoterpenes on responses by two sympatric species of bark beetle to their aggregation pheromones [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000, 26(11):2527-2548.
[63]Hans M S, Joop J A. van Loom. GC-EAG-analysis of volatiles from Brussels sprouts plants damaged by two species of Pieris caterpillars:olfactory receptive range of a specialist and a generalist parasitoid wasp species. Chemoecology.2002,12(4):169-176.
[64]Hayes J L, Strom B L, Roton L M, Lngram L L. Repellent properties of the host compound 4-allylanisole to the southern pine beetle [J]. Chemical Ecology,1994,20(7):1595-1615.
[65]Heath R R, Landolt P J,. Dueben B, Lenczewski B. Identification of floral compounds of night-blooming jessamine attractive to cabbage looper moths [J]. Environmental Entomology 1992,21(4):854-859.
[66]Hughes P R. Myreene:a precursor of pheromones in Ips beetles [J]. Insect Physiology,1974, 20(7):1271-1275.
[67]J V R Chenier, B J R Philogene. Field responses of certain forest Coleoptera to conifer monoterpenes and ethanol [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1989,15(6):1729-1745.
[68]Joseph C. Dickens. Orientation of Colorado potato beetle to natural and synthetic blends of volatiles emitted by potato plants [J]. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2000,2(3):167-172.
[69]Klimetzek D, Kohler J. ViteJ P and Kohnle U.Dosage responses to ethanol mediates host selection by "secondary" bark beetles [J]. Naturwissenschaften,1986,73(5):270-272.
[70]Lamb R J, Wise I L, Gavloski J E, Kaninski L A. Making control decisoins for Sitodipolsis mosellana (Diptera:Ceidomyiidae) in wheat (Gramineae) using sticky traps[J]. Canada Entomology,2002,134(6):851-854.
[71]Lane Greer, Steve Diver. Greenhouse IPM:sustainable thrips control [J]. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas,2000,1-18.
[72]Lanne B S, Schlyter F, Byers J A Lofqvist J, Leufven A. Differences in attraction to semiochemicals present in sympatric pine shoot bettles, Tomicus minor and T. piniperda [J]. Chemical Ecology,1987,13(5):1045-1067.
[73]Miller J R, Roslofs W L, Sustained flight tunnel for measuring insect responses to wind-borne sex pheromones [J]. Chemical Ecology.1983,4(2):187-198.
[74]Nadir Erbilgin, Pall Krokene, Tomtein Kvamme and Erik Christiansen. A host monoterpene influences Ips typographus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae, Scolytinae) responses to its aggregation pheromone [J]. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2007,9(2):135-140.
[75]Phillips M A, Croteau R B. Resin-based defenses in conifers [J]. Trends Plant Science,1999, 4(5):184-190.
[76]Phillips M A, Wildung M R, Williams D C, Hyatt D C, Croteau R. cDNA isolation, functional expression, and characterization of (+)-a-pinene and (-)-a-pinene synthase from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda):Stereocontrol in pinene biosysnthesis[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2003,411(2):267-276.
[77]Raffa K F.Mixed messages across multiple trophic levels:the eeology of bark beetle chemical communication systems[J]. Chemoecology,2001,11(2):49-65.
[78]Reddy G V P, Guerreru A. Interactions of insect pheromones and plant semiochemicals [J]. Trends in Plant Science,2004,9(5):253-261.
[79]Ross D W, Daterman G E. Efficacy of antiaggregation pheromone for reducing Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopins (Coleoptera:Scolytidae), infestation in festation in high risk stands [J]. The Canadian Entomologist,1995,127(66):805-811.
[80]Sturgeon K B, Mitton J B. Evolution of bark beetle communities. J B Mitton and K B Sturgeon(eds.). Bark Beetles in North American Conifers. A System for the Study of Evolutionary Biology. University of Texas Press[C]. Austin Texas USA,1982,350-384.
[81]Thaler J S, Jasmonate-inducible plant defenses cause increased parasitism of herbivores [J]. Nature,1999,339:686-688.
[82]Tingey D T, Manning M, Ratsch H C. Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emission rates from slash pine [J]. Plant Physiol,1980,65:797-801.
[83]Tingey D T, Turner D P, Weber J A. Factors controlling the emissions of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds, T D Sharkey, E A Holland and H A Mooney(eds.). Trace Gas Emissions by Plants [J]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1991:93-119.
[84]Visser J H. Host odor perception in phytophagous insects [J]. Annual Review of Entomology, 1986,31:121-144.
[85]Whitten W M, Hill H G, Williams N H. Occurrence of ipsdienol in floral fragrances [J]. Phytochemistry,1988,27(9):2759-2760.
[86]Wood D L.The role of pheromones, kairomones,a nd allomones in the host selection and colonization behavior of bark beetles[J]. Annual Review Entomology,1982,27:411-446.
[87]Zhang Q H, Liu G T, Schlyter F, Birgersson G, Anderson P and Valeur P. Olfactory Responses of Ips duplicatus from Inner Mongolia, China to Nonhost Leaf and Bark Volatiles[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecoogy,2001,27(5):995-1009.
[88]Zhang Q H, Schlyter F, Birgersson G. Bark volatiles from non-host angiosperm trees of spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera:Scolytidae):Chemical and electrophysiological analysis [J]. Chemoecology,2000,10(2):69-80.
[89]Zhang Q H. Olfactory recognition and behavioural avoidance of angiosperm nonhost volatiles by conifer bark beetles [D]. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Alnarp, Sweden, 2001.
[90]Zhang Q H and Fredrik Schlyter. Olfactory recognition and behavioural avoidance d angiosperm nonhost volatiles by conifer-inhabiting bark beetles [J]. Agriculturaland Forest Entomology,2004,6:1-19.
[91]Zhang Q H, Fredrik Schlyte Guofa Chen, Yanjun Wang. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Ips subelongatus to semiochemicals from its hosts, non-hosts, and conspecifics in China[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(2):391-404.
[2]陈华君,洪蓉,金幼菊.近自然状态下活体植株挥发物的采集和热脱附-GC/MS分析[J].分析测试学报.2003,22(增刊)：26-228.
[3]陈勇,袁东星,李权龙.常温吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定海水中氧化亚氮[J].分析化学.2007,35(6)：897-900.
[4]党小宁,赵新丽.杏树小蠹虫的综合防治[J].新疆林业,2006,4：44.
[5]傅建炜,徐敦明,吴玮,尤民生.不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(5)：532-533.
[6]郝德君,马凤林,王众,张永慧,戴华国.松墨天牛对不同生理状态黑松挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应[J].应用生态学报.2006,17(6)：1070-1073.
[7]蒋月丽.不同颜色诱捕器诱集昆虫多样性及诱捕效果研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2007：22-23.
[8]金幼菊,李继泉,李建光.光肩星天牛对干旱胁迫下复叶槭挥发物的嗅觉反应[J].林业科学.2004,40(1)：99-105.
[9]荆小院,张金桐.触角点位技术在昆虫性信息素研究中的应用[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(8)：14-16.
[10]阐炜,张峰,张钟宁.一种影响蚜虫行为的植物挥发性次生化合物[J].科学通报,2001,46(20)：1699-1702.
[11]柯颖芬,冯建跃,陈关喜,赵永信.吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定卷烟包装卡纸中苯系物残留[J].理化检验.2006,42(7)：509-513.
[12]孔祥波,王睿,高伟,赵成华.气相色谱与触角电位检测器联用技术及其应用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(4)：304-309.
[13]孔祥波,赵莉蔺,张真,王鸿斌,柏芳华,于国民.松毛虫性信息素的固相微萃取及质谱和触角电位分析[J].昆虫学报,2010,53(8)：857-863.
[14]匡石滋,田世尧,李春雨,彭群.黄色粘虫板对香蕉害虫的诱杀作用及控制效果[J].安徽农业科学.2010,38(14)：7685-7686.
[15]李计顺,常国彬,宋玉双,王艺伟,常宝山.实施工程治理控制红脂大小蠹虫灾[J].中国森林病虫,2001,20：41-44.
[16]李继泉.不同条件下复叶槭挥发物对光肩星天牛趋性行为的影响及其机制的研究[D].北京林业大学博士研究生学位论文.2003,6：19-26.
[17]李江霖,张涛,李新堂,马诗科,杨道勤,王为学,王登元.新疆果树多毛小蠹的生物学特性及防 治[J].植物保护,1995,21(1)：8-10.
[18]李中焕,托乎提-阿木提,胡卫江.多毛小蠹的发生及综合防治技术[J].新疆农业科学1993(5)：215-216.
[19]梁汉昌.痕量物质分析气相色谱法[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2000：129.
[20]刘慧,朱优峰,徐晓白,李新中,赵起越.吹扫-捕集气质联用法测定北京郊区土壤中挥发性有机物[J].复旦学报,2003,42(6)：856-860.
[21]娄永根,程家安.昆虫的化学感觉机理[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(2)：66-69.
[22]苗振旺,张钟宁,王培新,郭玉永,孙江华.外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(3)：360-364.
[23]苗振旺,赵明梅,王立忠,裴海潮,邸济民,孙江华.强大小蠹植物源引诱剂林间应用技术[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(4)：346-348.
[24]钦俊德.植食性昆虫食性的生理基础[J].昆虫学报,1980,23(1)：106-119.
[25]陶万强,郭一妹,禹菊香,薛洋,苑玉长,朱晓清.双条杉天牛引诱剂林间引诱效果研究[J].中国森林病虫,2009,28(1)：39-41.
[26]汪正范,杨树民,吴侔天,岳卫华.色谱连用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社2001.1.
[27]王克让.皱小蠹研究初报[J].新疆农业科学,1981：25-28.
[28]王培新,李有忠,贺虹,李孟楼,唐光辉.红脂大小蠹化学防治技术研究[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(1)：143-147.
[29]王平,佟德艳,王艳,李文英.颜色对枸杞木虱成虫引诱作用的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2006,27(4)：102-104.
[30]吴青君,徐宝云,张友军,朱国仁.西花蓟马对不同颜色的趋性及蓝色粘板的田间效果评价[J].植物保护,2007,33(4)：103-105.
[31]谢寿安.秦岭森林生态系统对针叶树小蠹种群的调控效果研究[D].西北农林科技大学.博士学位论文,2003.
[32]闫争亮,方宇凌,孙江华,张钟宁.红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(6)：695-700.
[33]阎凤鸣,许崇任,MarieBENGTSSON转Bt基因棉挥发性气味的化学成分及其对棉铃虫的电生理活性[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(4)：425-429.
[34]阎凤鸣.化学生态学[M].北京科学出版社,2003.
[35]杨群芳,周祖基,李庆,植物精油对云南松纵坑切梢小蠹的驱避活性研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(4)：357-359.
[36]杨森,吐逊娜依·吐拉克,李剑新疆杏树害虫的发生与危害[J].新疆农业科学,2005,42(5)：363-365.
[37]殷惠芬,黄复生,李兆麟.中国经济昆虫志(二十九册)[M].北京科学出版社,1984：22-23.
[38]张纯胄.害虫趋色性及其在蔬菜上应用技术研究进展[J].长江蔬菜,2007(8)：24-26.
[39]张金艳,叶非.新型无溶剂样品制备方法-固相微萃取法[M].理化检验-化学分册.上海：中国机械工程学会理化检验学会.2001,37(5)：236-239.
[40]张祖麟,陈伟琪.固相微萃取法的应用及其进展[J].环境科学进展口,1999,7(5)：52.
[41]赵冲林,许大年.采样管固相微萃取法分析空气中的微量毒剂及相关化合物[J].分析化学研究简报.2005,33(8)：1164-1166.
[42]赵林忠,马俊华,朱明成,艾买提-艾则孜,斯坎坦-沙力.杏树多毛小蠹的发生和防治研究[J].植保技术与推广,1995,,(2)：11-12.
[43]赵新成,阎云花,王睿.昆虫神经生物学研究技术：触角电位图记录[J].昆虫知识,2004,41(3)：270-274.
[44]郑浩,杨长举,华红霞.与昆虫有关的植物挥发性次生物质的研究方法[J].昆虫知识,2002,39(1)：9-13.
[45]周弘春,杜家纬.风洞技术在昆虫化学通讯研究中的应用[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(4)：267-270.
[46]周密,刘德全,林旭.吹扫捕集/气相色谱法测定空气中挥发性有机物[J].中国环境监测,2004,20(4)：12-14.
[47]周楠,李丽莎,赵涛.松小蠹聚集信息化合物引诱效果测定[J].云南林业科技,2000.91(2)：34-37.
[48]Arthur C L, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers Anal [J]. Chem,1990,62(19):2145-2148.
[49]Baker T C, Carde R T. Techniques for behavioral bioassays. In:Techniques in pheromone research[J]. Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokyo.1984:45-73.
[50]Bartlet E, Blight M M, Hick A J, Williams I H. The responses of the cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) to the odour of oilseed rape(Brassica napus) and to some volatile isothiocyanates [J]. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata,1993,68(3):295-302.
[51]Bedard WD, Wood DL, Tilden PE. Field response of the western p ine beetle and one of its predators to host and beetle produced compounds [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1980, 6:625-641.
[52]Borden J H, Bennett R B. A continuously recording flight mile for inwestigating the effect of volatile substance on the flight of tethered insects [J]. Ecol Entomol,1969,62(4):782-785.
[53]Borden J H. Aggregation pheromones [A]. In:Mitton J B, Sturgeon K B. Bark beetles in North American forest[C]. Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.1982.27:81-109.
[54]Borden J H. Disruption of semiochemial-mediated aggregation in bark beetles. Carde R T and Minks A K (eds.)[J]. Insect pheromone research:new directions. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1997:421-438.
[55]Brattli J G, Anderson J. and Nilssen A C. Primary attraction and host tree selection in deciduous and conifer living Coleoptera:Scolytidae, curculionidae, cerambycidae and Lymexylidae[J]. Journal of Applied Entomology,1998,122:345-352.
[56]Byers J A, Zhang Q H, and Birgemson G. Strategies of a bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus, in an olfactory landscape [J]. Naturwissensehaften,2000,87(11):503-507.
[57]Byers J A. Attraction of bark beetles, Tomicus piniporda, Hylurgops palliatus, and Trypodendron domestieum and other insects to short-chain alcohols and monoterpenes [J]. Chemecol,1992,18:2385-2402.
[58]Byers J A. Host-tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles. Carde R T and Bell WJ(eds). Chemical Ecology of Insects II [C]. Chapman and Hall, New York,1995:154-213.
[59]Byers J A. Pheromone biosynthesis in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus, during feeding or exposure to vapors of host plant precursors [J]. Insect Biochemistry,1981,11(5):563-569.
[60]Collins L E, Chambers J. The I-spy insect indicator:an effective trap for the detection of insect pests in empty stores and on flat surfaces in the cereal and food trades [J]. Journal of Stored Product Research,2003,39(3):277-292.
[61]Elkinton J S, Wood D L. Feeding and boring ehavior of the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera:scolytidae) on the bark of a host and non-host tree species [J]. Canadian Entomol, 1980,112 (8):797-809.
[62]Erbilgin N, Raffa K F. Opposing effects of host monoterpenes on responses by two sympatric species of bark beetle to their aggregation pheromones [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000, 26(11):2527-2548.
[63]Hans M S, Joop J A. van Loom. GC-EAG-analysis of volatiles from Brussels sprouts plants damaged by two species of Pieris caterpillars:olfactory receptive range of a specialist and a generalist parasitoid wasp species. Chemoecology.2002,12(4):169-176.
[64]Hayes J L, Strom B L, Roton L M, Lngram L L. Repellent properties of the host compound 4-allylanisole to the southern pine beetle [J]. Chemical Ecology,1994,20(7):1595-1615.
[65]Heath R R, Landolt P J,. Dueben B, Lenczewski B. Identification of floral compounds of night-blooming jessamine attractive to cabbage looper moths [J]. Environmental Entomology 1992,21(4):854-859.
[66]Hughes P R. Myreene:a precursor of pheromones in Ips beetles [J]. Insect Physiology,1974, 20(7):1271-1275.
[67]J V R Chenier, B J R Philogene. Field responses of certain forest Coleoptera to conifer monoterpenes and ethanol [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1989,15(6):1729-1745.
[68]Joseph C. Dickens. Orientation of Colorado potato beetle to natural and synthetic blends of volatiles emitted by potato plants [J]. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2000,2(3):167-172.
[69]Klimetzek D, Kohler J. ViteJ P and Kohnle U.Dosage responses to ethanol mediates host selection by "secondary" bark beetles [J]. Naturwissenschaften,1986,73(5):270-272.
[70]Lamb R J, Wise I L, Gavloski J E, Kaninski L A. Making control decisoins for Sitodipolsis mosellana (Diptera:Ceidomyiidae) in wheat (Gramineae) using sticky traps[J]. Canada Entomology,2002,134(6):851-854.
[71]Lane Greer, Steve Diver. Greenhouse IPM:sustainable thrips control [J]. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas,2000,1-18.
[72]Lanne B S, Schlyter F, Byers J A Lofqvist J, Leufven A. Differences in attraction to semiochemicals present in sympatric pine shoot bettles, Tomicus minor and T. piniperda [J]. Chemical Ecology,1987,13(5):1045-1067.
[73]Miller J R, Roslofs W L, Sustained flight tunnel for measuring insect responses to wind-borne sex pheromones [J]. Chemical Ecology.1983,4(2):187-198.
[74]Nadir Erbilgin, Pall Krokene, Tomtein Kvamme and Erik Christiansen. A host monoterpene influences Ips typographus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae, Scolytinae) responses to its aggregation pheromone [J]. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2007,9(2):135-140.
[75]Phillips M A, Croteau R B. Resin-based defenses in conifers [J]. Trends Plant Science,1999, 4(5):184-190.
[76]Phillips M A, Wildung M R, Williams D C, Hyatt D C, Croteau R. cDNA isolation, functional expression, and characterization of (+)-a-pinene and (-)-a-pinene synthase from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda):Stereocontrol in pinene biosysnthesis[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2003,411(2):267-276.
[77]Raffa K F.Mixed messages across multiple trophic levels:the eeology of bark beetle chemical communication systems[J]. Chemoecology,2001,11(2):49-65.
[78]Reddy G V P, Guerreru A. Interactions of insect pheromones and plant semiochemicals [J]. Trends in Plant Science,2004,9(5):253-261.
[79]Ross D W, Daterman G E. Efficacy of antiaggregation pheromone for reducing Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopins (Coleoptera:Scolytidae), infestation in festation in high risk stands [J]. The Canadian Entomologist,1995,127(66):805-811.
[80]Sturgeon K B, Mitton J B. Evolution of bark beetle communities. J B Mitton and K B Sturgeon(eds.). Bark Beetles in North American Conifers. A System for the Study of Evolutionary Biology. University of Texas Press[C]. Austin Texas USA,1982,350-384.
[81]Thaler J S, Jasmonate-inducible plant defenses cause increased parasitism of herbivores [J]. Nature,1999,339:686-688.
[82]Tingey D T, Manning M, Ratsch H C. Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emission rates from slash pine [J]. Plant Physiol,1980,65:797-801.
[83]Tingey D T, Turner D P, Weber J A. Factors controlling the emissions of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds, T D Sharkey, E A Holland and H A Mooney(eds.). Trace Gas Emissions by Plants [J]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1991:93-119.
[84]Visser J H. Host odor perception in phytophagous insects [J]. Annual Review of Entomology, 1986,31:121-144.
[85]Whitten W M, Hill H G, Williams N H. Occurrence of ipsdienol in floral fragrances [J]. Phytochemistry,1988,27(9):2759-2760.
[86]Wood D L.The role of pheromones, kairomones,a nd allomones in the host selection and colonization behavior of bark beetles[J]. Annual Review Entomology,1982,27:411-446.
[87]Zhang Q H, Liu G T, Schlyter F, Birgersson G, Anderson P and Valeur P. Olfactory Responses of Ips duplicatus from Inner Mongolia, China to Nonhost Leaf and Bark Volatiles[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecoogy,2001,27(5):995-1009.
[88]Zhang Q H, Schlyter F, Birgersson G. Bark volatiles from non-host angiosperm trees of spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera:Scolytidae):Chemical and electrophysiological analysis [J]. Chemoecology,2000,10(2):69-80.
[89]Zhang Q H. Olfactory recognition and behavioural avoidance of angiosperm nonhost volatiles by conifer bark beetles [D]. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Alnarp, Sweden, 2001.
[90]Zhang Q H and Fredrik Schlyter. Olfactory recognition and behavioural avoidance d angiosperm nonhost volatiles by conifer-inhabiting bark beetles [J]. Agriculturaland Forest Entomology,2004,6:1-19.
[91]Zhang Q H, Fredrik Schlyte Guofa Chen, Yanjun Wang. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Ips subelongatus to semiochemicals from its hosts, non-hosts, and conspecifics in China[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(2):391-404.