OFDM系统中子载波和功率分配算法的研究
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摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)技术具有良好的抗噪声性能和抗多径信道干扰的能力以及频谱利用率高等诸多优点，它被认为是下一代移动通信系统物理层的优选方案。
首先介绍和说明了课题研究的相关领域和知识，主要包括：现代通信技术的发展；无线资源管理的概述；无线信道的传输特征；OFDM技术的简介和多用户OFDM技术；凸最优化问题的基础知识等。并且对信道模型和OFDM系统在多径瑞利衰落信道中的系统误码率(BER)进行了分析和仿真。
接着，综合而全面地考虑系统的性能、低计算复杂度、公平性和QoS等要求，详细地阐述了所研究的重点：多用户OFDM系统中动态的子载波和功率分配算法。并在国内外已有的算法基础和启发之上，主要讨论了两种最优化问题：①速率自适应(RA)资源分配，并且提出了一种改进的算法——TSA算法；②边缘自适应(MA)资源分配，也给出了两种改进的算法——算法A和算法B。然后利用Matlab通信仿真软件对8种方法进行了性能仿真，并对仿真结果作了分析和比较，得出的结论是：在计算复杂度、公平性和QoS等方面，TSA算法、算法A和算法B的性能要优于其他的已有方法。
最后，总结了所研究的方法和结论，以及改进算法的创新点和不足之处。同时提出了未来多载波系统中需进一步深入研究的工作方向和待解决的问题。
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology, which possesses of many advantages, such as the resistance against the noise and the multipath interference, and high spectrum usage, and so on, is considered as a potential candidate for the physical layer of the future mobile communication.
Firstly, some relevant fields and knowledge are introduced and illuminated, which mainly include the evolutive of modern communication technology, the introductions of RRM, the propagation properties of wireless channel, the introductions of OFDM technology, the multiuser OFDM technology, the basic knowledge of convex optimization, and so on. And channel models and the BER of OFDM system in multi-path Rayleigh fading channel are analysed and simulated.
Then, considering the demands of system performance, low computational complexity, fairness and QoS integratedly and comprehensively, the important and main problem of the theme, which is dynamic sub-carrier and power allocation algorithm in multiuser OFDM systems, is detailedly expounded. And being based on the existing and heuristic algorithms at home and abroad, two optimization problems are mainly discussed.①Rate Adaptive (RA) resource allocation, which is proposed anew modified algorithm------TSA algorithm;②Margin Adaptive (MA) resourceallocation, which is also proposed two new modified algorithms------algorithm Aand algorithm B. Then the performance of eight methods is simulated using Matlab communication simulation software, and these simulation results is analysed and compared. The conclusion is that the performance of three modified algorithms is better than other existing schemes.
Finally, the researchful schemes, results and their innovations, advantages and disadvantages are concluded. For the future multicarrier wireless systems, it's suggested that there are still many fields and problems left for further research.
首先介绍和说明了课题研究的相关领域和知识，主要包括：现代通信技术的发展；无线资源管理的概述；无线信道的传输特征；OFDM技术的简介和多用户OFDM技术；凸最优化问题的基础知识等。并且对信道模型和OFDM系统在多径瑞利衰落信道中的系统误码率(BER)进行了分析和仿真。
接着，综合而全面地考虑系统的性能、低计算复杂度、公平性和QoS等要求，详细地阐述了所研究的重点：多用户OFDM系统中动态的子载波和功率分配算法。并在国内外已有的算法基础和启发之上，主要讨论了两种最优化问题：①速率自适应(RA)资源分配，并且提出了一种改进的算法——TSA算法；②边缘自适应(MA)资源分配，也给出了两种改进的算法——算法A和算法B。然后利用Matlab通信仿真软件对8种方法进行了性能仿真，并对仿真结果作了分析和比较，得出的结论是：在计算复杂度、公平性和QoS等方面，TSA算法、算法A和算法B的性能要优于其他的已有方法。
最后，总结了所研究的方法和结论，以及改进算法的创新点和不足之处。同时提出了未来多载波系统中需进一步深入研究的工作方向和待解决的问题。
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology, which possesses of many advantages, such as the resistance against the noise and the multipath interference, and high spectrum usage, and so on, is considered as a potential candidate for the physical layer of the future mobile communication.
Firstly, some relevant fields and knowledge are introduced and illuminated, which mainly include the evolutive of modern communication technology, the introductions of RRM, the propagation properties of wireless channel, the introductions of OFDM technology, the multiuser OFDM technology, the basic knowledge of convex optimization, and so on. And channel models and the BER of OFDM system in multi-path Rayleigh fading channel are analysed and simulated.
Then, considering the demands of system performance, low computational complexity, fairness and QoS integratedly and comprehensively, the important and main problem of the theme, which is dynamic sub-carrier and power allocation algorithm in multiuser OFDM systems, is detailedly expounded. And being based on the existing and heuristic algorithms at home and abroad, two optimization problems are mainly discussed.①Rate Adaptive (RA) resource allocation, which is proposed anew modified algorithm------TSA algorithm;②Margin Adaptive (MA) resourceallocation, which is also proposed two new modified algorithms------algorithm Aand algorithm B. Then the performance of eight methods is simulated using Matlab communication simulation software, and these simulation results is analysed and compared. The conclusion is that the performance of three modified algorithms is better than other existing schemes.
Finally, the researchful schemes, results and their innovations, advantages and disadvantages are concluded. For the future multicarrier wireless systems, it's suggested that there are still many fields and problems left for further research.
引文
[1] 佟学俭，罗涛编著．OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003
[2] 谢显中等编著． 基于TDD的第四代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[3] 尤肖虎．未来移动通信系统中的无线资源管理．中兴通讯技术，2002，8 (6)：7～10
[4] 尹长川，罗涛，乐光华编著．多载波宽带无线通信技术．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2004
[5] Branka Vucetic，Jinhong Yuan著．空时编码技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2004
[6] 龙红，雷超．CDMA蜂窝系统中的无线资源管理研究．贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，32(3)：41～45
[7] 徐国鑫，张平．下一代移动通信系统中的无线资源管理．移动通信，2004，28(11)：93～95
[8] 啜刚，王文博 等编著．移动通信原理与应用．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2005
[9] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．数字移动通信 (第二版)．北京：人民邮电出版社。200l
[10] T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002
[11] B. H. Fleury, U. P. Bernhard, R. Heddergott. Advanced ratio channel model for magic WAND. Proc. Of the ACTS Mobile Telecommunications Summit 1996, Granada, Spain, pp. 600～605
[12] 罗仁泽，朱维乐．OFDM无线移动通信系统关键技术研究：[博士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[13] 陈潇，李少谦．无线MIMO-OFDM系统中自适应调制关键技术研究：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[14] Ermolova N. Y. and Makarevitch B. Low complexity adaptive power and subcarrier allocation for OFDMA. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2007, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 433～437
[15] Tien-Dzung Nguyen and Youngnam Han. A proportional fairness algorithm with QoS provision in downlink OFDMA systems. IEEE Communications Letters, 2006, 10 (11): 760～762
[16] Z. Shen, J. G. Andrews and B. L. Evans. Adaptive Resource Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems with Proportional Rate Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2005, 4 (6): 2726～2737
[17] C. Mohanram and S. Bhashyam. A Sub-optimal Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation Algorithm for Multiuser OFDM. IEEE Communications Letters, 2005, Vol. 9, Issue 8, pp. 685～687
[18] 杨大成 等编著．现代移动通信中的先进技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2005
[19] 信息产业部通信信息研究所．移动网技术与业务专题研究报告：OFDM发展趋势的研究报告．[EB／01]www.anywlan.com．2006年3月
[20] 张海滨 编著．正交频分复用的基本原理和关键技术．北京：国防工业出版社，2006，PP：6～7
[21] Zhongren Cao. Orhtogonal frequency division multiple access for broadband wireless systems: algorithms and implementation: [Dissertation of doctor of philosophy]. New York: Stevens Institute of Technology, 2004
[22] Donald C. Cox, John M. Cioffi and Arogyaswami Paulraj. Efficient power allocation for coded OFDM systems: [Dissertation of doctor of philosophy]. ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2004, pp. 15～23
[23] John. G. Proakis. Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill, New York, 3rd edition, 1995
[24] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
[25] T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas. Elements of Information Theory. New York: Wily, 1991
[26] 余官定，张朝阳，仇佩亮．OFDM系统功率和比特分配算法研究．电子与信息学报，2005，27(9)：1479～1482
[27] I. C. Wong, Zukang Shen, B. L. Evans, et al. A Low Complexity Algorithm for Proportional Resourse Allocation in OFDMA Systems. Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, Oct. 13-15, 2004, pp. 2056～2060
[28] Cheong Yui Wong, C. Y. Tsui, R. S. cheng, et al. A Real-time Sub-carrier Allocation Scheme for Multiple Access Downlink OFDM Transmission. In IEEE Proc. VTC'99, 1999, Vol.2, pp.1124～1128
[29] Yung-fang Chen, J. W. Chen and C. P. Li. A Real-time Joint Subcarrier, Bit, and Power Allocation Scheme for Multiuser OFDM-based Systems. IEEE 59th Vehicular Technology Conference. 2004, Vol. 3, pp. 1826～1830
[30] Lan Wang and Zhisheng NIU. An Efficient Rate and Power Allocation Algorithm for Multiuser OFDM Systems. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2005, E88-B (12): 4686～4689
[31] W. Rhee and J. M. Cioffi. Increase in Capacity of Multiuser OFDM System Using Dynamic Subchannel Allocation. In Proc. Vehicular Technology Conf., 2000, Vol.2, pp.1085～1089
[32] Jiho Jang and K. B. Lee. Transmit power adaptation for multiuser OFDM systems. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Communication, 2003, 21 (2): 171～178
[33] Wang Jum, Wang Yong, Yang Xia, et al. Adaptive subcarrier and bit allocation for multiuser OFDM networks. 2006 Asia Pacific Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No. 06EX1502): pp. 5
[34] Zhang Lili, Zhang Shengli and Zhou Wuyang. A new ratio-based selection adaptive subcarrier allocation algorithm. 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No. 06EX1237), Guilin, China, pp.1189～1192
[35] Guanding Yu, Zhaoyang Zhang, Yan Chen, et al. A novel resource allocation algorithm for real-time services in multiuser OFDM systems. VTC 2006-Spring. IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 06CH37718), Melbourne, Vic., Australia, 2006, pp. 1156～1160
[36] Zhao YuMing, Guo JingBo, Wang ZanJi, et al. A novel sub-carrier and power allocation algorithm for multiuser OFDM systems. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2006, Vol.12, pp. 5639～5642
[37] Le Ding, Qinye Yin, Ke Deng, et al. A Practical Computationally Efficient Power and Bit Allocation Algorithm for Wireless OFDM Systems. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2006, Vol. 12, pp. 5628～5633
[38] Chen Liang, Krongold Brian and Evans Jamie. An adaptive resource allocation algorithm for multiuser OFDM. Proceedings - 7th Australian Communications Theory Workshop, 2006, pp. 143～147
[39] Khalid El Baamrani, Abdellah Ait Ouahman, Jiménez V., et al. Subcarrier and Power Allocation for the Downlink of Multiuser OFDM Transmission. Wireless Personal Communications, 2006, 39(4): 457～465
[40] T. S. Rappaport, A. Annamalai, R. M. Buehrer, et al. Wireless communications: Past events and a future perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag., 2002, 40 (5): 148～161
[41] Didem Kivanc and Hui Liu. Subcarrier allocation and power control for OFDMA. Proc. IEEE VTC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 147～151
[42] I. C. Wong and B. L. Evans. Optimal OFDMA Subcarrier, Rate, and Power Allocation for Ergodic Rates Maximization with Imperfect Channel Knowledge. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal, April 16-20, 2007: Ⅲ89～Ⅲ92
[43] Khalid El Baamrani, Abdellah Ait Ouahman and Said Allaki. Rate adaptive resource allocation for OFDM downlink transmission. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2007, Vol. 61, Issue 1, pp. 30～34
[44] 杨洁，李晓辉等．多用户OFDM系统中改进的动态子载波与功率分配算法．电子科技，2005年第11期：39～42，47
[45] 张明照，刘政波，刘斌等编著．应用MATLAB实现信号分析与处理．北京：科学出版社，2006
[46] Nikolay Kostov. Mobile Radio Channels Modeling in MATLAB. Journal of Radio engineering, 2003, 12(4): 12～16
[47] 《信号处理》交流讨论区．频率选择性衰落信道的Matlab仿真程序．[EB／01]http://bbs.matwav.com/index.jsp.2006
[48] 吕爱琴，田玉敏，朱明华．基于MATLAB的OFDM系统仿真及性能分析．计算机仿真，2005，22 (10)：164～168
[2] 谢显中等编著． 基于TDD的第四代移动通信技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[3] 尤肖虎．未来移动通信系统中的无线资源管理．中兴通讯技术，2002，8 (6)：7～10
[4] 尹长川，罗涛，乐光华编著．多载波宽带无线通信技术．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2004
[5] Branka Vucetic，Jinhong Yuan著．空时编码技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2004
[6] 龙红，雷超．CDMA蜂窝系统中的无线资源管理研究．贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，32(3)：41～45
[7] 徐国鑫，张平．下一代移动通信系统中的无线资源管理．移动通信，2004，28(11)：93～95
[8] 啜刚，王文博 等编著．移动通信原理与应用．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2005
[9] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．数字移动通信 (第二版)．北京：人民邮电出版社。200l
[10] T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002
[11] B. H. Fleury, U. P. Bernhard, R. Heddergott. Advanced ratio channel model for magic WAND. Proc. Of the ACTS Mobile Telecommunications Summit 1996, Granada, Spain, pp. 600～605
[12] 罗仁泽，朱维乐．OFDM无线移动通信系统关键技术研究：[博士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[13] 陈潇，李少谦．无线MIMO-OFDM系统中自适应调制关键技术研究：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2005
[14] Ermolova N. Y. and Makarevitch B. Low complexity adaptive power and subcarrier allocation for OFDMA. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2007, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 433～437
[15] Tien-Dzung Nguyen and Youngnam Han. A proportional fairness algorithm with QoS provision in downlink OFDMA systems. IEEE Communications Letters, 2006, 10 (11): 760～762
[16] Z. Shen, J. G. Andrews and B. L. Evans. Adaptive Resource Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems with Proportional Rate Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2005, 4 (6): 2726～2737
[17] C. Mohanram and S. Bhashyam. A Sub-optimal Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation Algorithm for Multiuser OFDM. IEEE Communications Letters, 2005, Vol. 9, Issue 8, pp. 685～687
[18] 杨大成 等编著．现代移动通信中的先进技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2005
[19] 信息产业部通信信息研究所．移动网技术与业务专题研究报告：OFDM发展趋势的研究报告．[EB／01]www.anywlan.com．2006年3月
[20] 张海滨 编著．正交频分复用的基本原理和关键技术．北京：国防工业出版社，2006，PP：6～7
[21] Zhongren Cao. Orhtogonal frequency division multiple access for broadband wireless systems: algorithms and implementation: [Dissertation of doctor of philosophy]. New York: Stevens Institute of Technology, 2004
[22] Donald C. Cox, John M. Cioffi and Arogyaswami Paulraj. Efficient power allocation for coded OFDM systems: [Dissertation of doctor of philosophy]. ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2004, pp. 15～23
[23] John. G. Proakis. Digital Communications. McGraw-Hill, New York, 3rd edition, 1995
[24] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
[25] T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas. Elements of Information Theory. New York: Wily, 1991
[26] 余官定，张朝阳，仇佩亮．OFDM系统功率和比特分配算法研究．电子与信息学报，2005，27(9)：1479～1482
[27] I. C. Wong, Zukang Shen, B. L. Evans, et al. A Low Complexity Algorithm for Proportional Resourse Allocation in OFDMA Systems. Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, Oct. 13-15, 2004, pp. 2056～2060
[28] Cheong Yui Wong, C. Y. Tsui, R. S. cheng, et al. A Real-time Sub-carrier Allocation Scheme for Multiple Access Downlink OFDM Transmission. In IEEE Proc. VTC'99, 1999, Vol.2, pp.1124～1128
[29] Yung-fang Chen, J. W. Chen and C. P. Li. A Real-time Joint Subcarrier, Bit, and Power Allocation Scheme for Multiuser OFDM-based Systems. IEEE 59th Vehicular Technology Conference. 2004, Vol. 3, pp. 1826～1830
[30] Lan Wang and Zhisheng NIU. An Efficient Rate and Power Allocation Algorithm for Multiuser OFDM Systems. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2005, E88-B (12): 4686～4689
[31] W. Rhee and J. M. Cioffi. Increase in Capacity of Multiuser OFDM System Using Dynamic Subchannel Allocation. In Proc. Vehicular Technology Conf., 2000, Vol.2, pp.1085～1089
[32] Jiho Jang and K. B. Lee. Transmit power adaptation for multiuser OFDM systems. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Communication, 2003, 21 (2): 171～178
[33] Wang Jum, Wang Yong, Yang Xia, et al. Adaptive subcarrier and bit allocation for multiuser OFDM networks. 2006 Asia Pacific Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No. 06EX1502): pp. 5
[34] Zhang Lili, Zhang Shengli and Zhou Wuyang. A new ratio-based selection adaptive subcarrier allocation algorithm. 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No. 06EX1237), Guilin, China, pp.1189～1192
[35] Guanding Yu, Zhaoyang Zhang, Yan Chen, et al. A novel resource allocation algorithm for real-time services in multiuser OFDM systems. VTC 2006-Spring. IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 06CH37718), Melbourne, Vic., Australia, 2006, pp. 1156～1160
[36] Zhao YuMing, Guo JingBo, Wang ZanJi, et al. A novel sub-carrier and power allocation algorithm for multiuser OFDM systems. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2006, Vol.12, pp. 5639～5642
[37] Le Ding, Qinye Yin, Ke Deng, et al. A Practical Computationally Efficient Power and Bit Allocation Algorithm for Wireless OFDM Systems. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2006, Vol. 12, pp. 5628～5633
[38] Chen Liang, Krongold Brian and Evans Jamie. An adaptive resource allocation algorithm for multiuser OFDM. Proceedings - 7th Australian Communications Theory Workshop, 2006, pp. 143～147
[39] Khalid El Baamrani, Abdellah Ait Ouahman, Jiménez V., et al. Subcarrier and Power Allocation for the Downlink of Multiuser OFDM Transmission. Wireless Personal Communications, 2006, 39(4): 457～465
[40] T. S. Rappaport, A. Annamalai, R. M. Buehrer, et al. Wireless communications: Past events and a future perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag., 2002, 40 (5): 148～161
[41] Didem Kivanc and Hui Liu. Subcarrier allocation and power control for OFDMA. Proc. IEEE VTC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 147～151
[42] I. C. Wong and B. L. Evans. Optimal OFDMA Subcarrier, Rate, and Power Allocation for Ergodic Rates Maximization with Imperfect Channel Knowledge. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal, April 16-20, 2007: Ⅲ89～Ⅲ92
[43] Khalid El Baamrani, Abdellah Ait Ouahman and Said Allaki. Rate adaptive resource allocation for OFDM downlink transmission. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2007, Vol. 61, Issue 1, pp. 30～34
[44] 杨洁，李晓辉等．多用户OFDM系统中改进的动态子载波与功率分配算法．电子科技，2005年第11期：39～42，47
[45] 张明照，刘政波，刘斌等编著．应用MATLAB实现信号分析与处理．北京：科学出版社，2006
[46] Nikolay Kostov. Mobile Radio Channels Modeling in MATLAB. Journal of Radio engineering, 2003, 12(4): 12～16
[47] 《信号处理》交流讨论区．频率选择性衰落信道的Matlab仿真程序．[EB／01]http://bbs.matwav.com/index.jsp.2006
[48] 吕爱琴，田玉敏，朱明华．基于MATLAB的OFDM系统仿真及性能分析．计算机仿真，2005，22 (10)：164～168