中国企业对外直接投资的总体战略研究
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摘要
进入20世纪90年代以来，经济全球化的进程明显加快。以跨国公司为主导的对外直接投资的快速增长是促进经济全球化迅猛发展的主要原因。当前，对外直接投资已成为推动经济全球化的基本途径和主要方式，已成为各国开放经济内外均衡发展的重要组成部分。改革开放以来，中国经过20多年的持续发展，目前已成为一个举足轻重的世界贸易大国。然而，在经济全球化和全球分工格局中，中国主要依靠对外贸易和引进外资来参与国际竞争与合作，仍处于被动接受发达国家及其跨国公司的全球战略布局的地位。
因此，面对加入WTO和经济全球化的趋势，中国经济要更广泛、更深入地融入世界经济，最大程度地享受参与国际分工的好处，获取国际交换的最佳效益，必须主动参与国际分工，积极推进企业对外直接投资，从而在全球范围内最有效地利用各种资源，提高中国在国际竞争和合作中的地位。
本文从经济全球化背景出发，综合运用理论研究和实证分析相结合的方法，以大量的统计资料和文献为基础，对全球国际直接投资的趋势和特点及我国对外直接投资的现状和问题进行了分析，并对中国企业对外直接投资的理论依据和总体战略进行了思考和探讨。文章提出我国企业对外直接投资的主要战略目标应是获取资源和开拓海外市场，在这一战略目标基础上探讨了我国外直接投资的主体选择、产业选择、区位选择和方式选择问题，并提出了对中国企业的对外直接投资进行宏观和微观管理的措施。
Since the middle of the nineties, we are encountered with the surging of the economic globalization. The rapidly growth of foreign direct investment carried out by multinational corporations have become the main force in the economic globalization. Now FDI has become the basic way and the main patter promoting the increase of the world economic globalization, and it also has become the necessary section of balance development to an opening economy pattern. After the opening policy carried out, China has already been an important large world trade country through 20 years sustained development. The trade and absorbing FDI are the main method for China to involve the international competition and cooperation. However, in such a world pattern, China has still been in a passive condition.
Facing the fact of China' s enter WTO and the world economic globalization, to involve the world economy extensive and intensive, to enjoy the advantage of international division of production to a great extent and to obtain the benefit of international exchange, the only way out for Chinese enterprises is to go with the current times, which means to foster China' s foreign direct investment, utilize the resources all over the world to the best, and improve their competitive power in the world.
Through theoretic study and empirical analysis based on the statistic database and references, the paper introduces and analyzes the trends and the characters of foreign direct investment of the world and China. Chinese enterprises lack the experiences and they need the basis of relative theories, because they develop the foreign direct investment lately. After analyzing the main theories of foreign direct investment, the paper considers and explores the theories of China' s foreign direct investment. The paper suggests that the main strategy goal of China' s foreign direct investment should be utilize the recourses all over the world to the best and develop the markets overseas.
According to the main strategy goal, the bodies strategy, the industries strategy, the regions strategy and the patters strategy are advanced. At the last it also suggests some measures of China' s foreign direct investment from micro and macro.
因此，面对加入WTO和经济全球化的趋势，中国经济要更广泛、更深入地融入世界经济，最大程度地享受参与国际分工的好处，获取国际交换的最佳效益，必须主动参与国际分工，积极推进企业对外直接投资，从而在全球范围内最有效地利用各种资源，提高中国在国际竞争和合作中的地位。
本文从经济全球化背景出发，综合运用理论研究和实证分析相结合的方法，以大量的统计资料和文献为基础，对全球国际直接投资的趋势和特点及我国对外直接投资的现状和问题进行了分析，并对中国企业对外直接投资的理论依据和总体战略进行了思考和探讨。文章提出我国企业对外直接投资的主要战略目标应是获取资源和开拓海外市场，在这一战略目标基础上探讨了我国外直接投资的主体选择、产业选择、区位选择和方式选择问题，并提出了对中国企业的对外直接投资进行宏观和微观管理的措施。
Since the middle of the nineties, we are encountered with the surging of the economic globalization. The rapidly growth of foreign direct investment carried out by multinational corporations have become the main force in the economic globalization. Now FDI has become the basic way and the main patter promoting the increase of the world economic globalization, and it also has become the necessary section of balance development to an opening economy pattern. After the opening policy carried out, China has already been an important large world trade country through 20 years sustained development. The trade and absorbing FDI are the main method for China to involve the international competition and cooperation. However, in such a world pattern, China has still been in a passive condition.
Facing the fact of China' s enter WTO and the world economic globalization, to involve the world economy extensive and intensive, to enjoy the advantage of international division of production to a great extent and to obtain the benefit of international exchange, the only way out for Chinese enterprises is to go with the current times, which means to foster China' s foreign direct investment, utilize the resources all over the world to the best, and improve their competitive power in the world.
Through theoretic study and empirical analysis based on the statistic database and references, the paper introduces and analyzes the trends and the characters of foreign direct investment of the world and China. Chinese enterprises lack the experiences and they need the basis of relative theories, because they develop the foreign direct investment lately. After analyzing the main theories of foreign direct investment, the paper considers and explores the theories of China' s foreign direct investment. The paper suggests that the main strategy goal of China' s foreign direct investment should be utilize the recourses all over the world to the best and develop the markets overseas.
According to the main strategy goal, the bodies strategy, the industries strategy, the regions strategy and the patters strategy are advanced. At the last it also suggests some measures of China' s foreign direct investment from micro and macro.
引文
1 裴平．跨国公司经营学．南京：南京大学出版社。1993
2 李有荣．中国现代企业制度．北京：中国商业出版社．1994
3 张二震，马野青．国际贸易学．南京：南京大学出版社．1998
4 关淑润．对外贸易企业管理．北京：对外经济贸易大学．1999
5 贾继锋．重构优势：入世后中国外贸的国际竞争力．上海：上海社会科学院出版社．2000
6 薛荣久．国际贸易．成都：四川人民出版社．1995
7 李善同．WTO:中国与世界．北京：中国发展出版社．2000
8 廖民生著．中国跨国公司的发展战略．北京：经济科学出版社，2001
9 成思危主编．中国境外投资的战略与管理．北京：民主与建设出版社，2001
10 段云程．中国企业跨国经营与战略．北京：中国发展出版社，1995
11 梁能．跨国经营概论．上海：上海人民出版社，1996
12 薛求知．无国界经营．上海：上海译文出版社，1997
13 孙建中．资本国际化运营．经济科学出版社．2000
14 (美)迈克尔·波特．竞争战略．北京：华夏出版社，1997．
15 林叶．中国跨国公司论．济南：山东人民出版社，1992
16 张汉材，卢进勇。经济增长新引擎．北京：中国经济出版社，1998
17 聂名华．中国发展境外直接投资的比较优势分析。上海：复旦大学出版社，2001
18 秦斌．一体化国际经营——关于跨国公司行为的分析．北京：中国发展出版社1999．
19 江小娟，社玲．国外跨国投资理论研究的最新进展．中国社科院世界经济所
20 原毅军．跨国公司管理．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999
21 赵曙明，杨忠．国际企业：风险管理．南京：南京大学出版社，1998
22 黄新建．现代跨国公司的成长规律和运行机制．南昌：南昌大学经济与
管理学院
23 UNCTAD.世界投资报告．1993-2002
24 国际统计局编．2000中国发展报告．北京：中国统计出版社．2000
25 中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会．中国对外经济贸易年鉴．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社．2000
26 孙建中，中国企业国际直接投资的政府扶持战略[J]．山西经济管理干部学院学报，1999(2)：3-7．
27 许丹松．“走出去”：现状、问题及对策．国际经济合作．2002(4)：12-13
28 杨中侠．实施“走出去”战略成绩显著。国际经济合作．2002(6)：26-29
29 何志毅．中国企业国际化途径选择——海尔与TCL海外投资战略的比较．世界经济研究．2002(6)4-8
30 冼国明，葛顺奇．国际直接投资的全球新趋势．国际经济合作．2002(9)：5-8
31 孙建中．积极扩大我国对外直接投资。经济世界．2002(4-5)
32 邢毓静．权衡成败——中国对外直接投资中的比较优势原则．国际贸易．2002(4)：44-48
33 课题组．谁审批谁监管，谁投资谁负责——我国企业“走出去”战略管理政策分析及改革思路。国际贸易。2002(7)：8-11
34 R. E. Baldwin, Trade Policy in a Changing World Economy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988
35 Pagoulatos; E. and Sorensen, R. (1975) :'Two Way International Trade: An Econometric Analysis', Weltwirschaftlis ches Archiv 111.
36 Kierzkowski, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Oxford University Press.
37 Vemon, R., International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics 80. 1966,
38 A.P. Thirtwall,Growth and Development, The Nacmillan Press Ltd,1983.
39 Buckley, J. and Casson,M.(1976) The future of the Multinational Enterprise, London:Macmillan.
40 Chacholiades,M.(1978)International Trade Theory and Policy, New York: McGraw-Hill.
41 Dunning,J.H.(1977)'Trade,Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Rearch for an Eclectic Approch',in B. Ohlin, P.O.Hesselbom and P.K.Wijkman(eds) The International Allocation of Economic Activity, London: Macmillan
42 Smith,A.(1977)'Strategic Investment, Multinational Corporations and Trade Policy', European Economic Review.
43 Dunning, J. H., 1988, the eclectic paradigm of international production: an update and some possible extensions, Journal of International Business Studies.
44 Porter, M. E., 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press.
45 Cantwell, J. A. and Tolentino, P. E. E., 1987, Technological Accumulation and Third World Multinationals, paper presented at the annual meeting of the European International Business.
2 李有荣．中国现代企业制度．北京：中国商业出版社．1994
3 张二震，马野青．国际贸易学．南京：南京大学出版社．1998
4 关淑润．对外贸易企业管理．北京：对外经济贸易大学．1999
5 贾继锋．重构优势：入世后中国外贸的国际竞争力．上海：上海社会科学院出版社．2000
6 薛荣久．国际贸易．成都：四川人民出版社．1995
7 李善同．WTO:中国与世界．北京：中国发展出版社．2000
8 廖民生著．中国跨国公司的发展战略．北京：经济科学出版社，2001
9 成思危主编．中国境外投资的战略与管理．北京：民主与建设出版社，2001
10 段云程．中国企业跨国经营与战略．北京：中国发展出版社，1995
11 梁能．跨国经营概论．上海：上海人民出版社，1996
12 薛求知．无国界经营．上海：上海译文出版社，1997
13 孙建中．资本国际化运营．经济科学出版社．2000
14 (美)迈克尔·波特．竞争战略．北京：华夏出版社，1997．
15 林叶．中国跨国公司论．济南：山东人民出版社，1992
16 张汉材，卢进勇。经济增长新引擎．北京：中国经济出版社，1998
17 聂名华．中国发展境外直接投资的比较优势分析。上海：复旦大学出版社，2001
18 秦斌．一体化国际经营——关于跨国公司行为的分析．北京：中国发展出版社1999．
19 江小娟，社玲．国外跨国投资理论研究的最新进展．中国社科院世界经济所
20 原毅军．跨国公司管理．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999
21 赵曙明，杨忠．国际企业：风险管理．南京：南京大学出版社，1998
22 黄新建．现代跨国公司的成长规律和运行机制．南昌：南昌大学经济与
管理学院
23 UNCTAD.世界投资报告．1993-2002
24 国际统计局编．2000中国发展报告．北京：中国统计出版社．2000
25 中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会．中国对外经济贸易年鉴．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社．2000
26 孙建中，中国企业国际直接投资的政府扶持战略[J]．山西经济管理干部学院学报，1999(2)：3-7．
27 许丹松．“走出去”：现状、问题及对策．国际经济合作．2002(4)：12-13
28 杨中侠．实施“走出去”战略成绩显著。国际经济合作．2002(6)：26-29
29 何志毅．中国企业国际化途径选择——海尔与TCL海外投资战略的比较．世界经济研究．2002(6)4-8
30 冼国明，葛顺奇．国际直接投资的全球新趋势．国际经济合作．2002(9)：5-8
31 孙建中．积极扩大我国对外直接投资。经济世界．2002(4-5)
32 邢毓静．权衡成败——中国对外直接投资中的比较优势原则．国际贸易．2002(4)：44-48
33 课题组．谁审批谁监管，谁投资谁负责——我国企业“走出去”战略管理政策分析及改革思路。国际贸易。2002(7)：8-11
34 R. E. Baldwin, Trade Policy in a Changing World Economy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988
35 Pagoulatos; E. and Sorensen, R. (1975) :'Two Way International Trade: An Econometric Analysis', Weltwirschaftlis ches Archiv 111.
36 Kierzkowski, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Oxford University Press.
37 Vemon, R., International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics 80. 1966,
38 A.P. Thirtwall,Growth and Development, The Nacmillan Press Ltd,1983.
39 Buckley, J. and Casson,M.(1976) The future of the Multinational Enterprise, London:Macmillan.
40 Chacholiades,M.(1978)International Trade Theory and Policy, New York: McGraw-Hill.
41 Dunning,J.H.(1977)'Trade,Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Rearch for an Eclectic Approch',in B. Ohlin, P.O.Hesselbom and P.K.Wijkman(eds) The International Allocation of Economic Activity, London: Macmillan
42 Smith,A.(1977)'Strategic Investment, Multinational Corporations and Trade Policy', European Economic Review.
43 Dunning, J. H., 1988, the eclectic paradigm of international production: an update and some possible extensions, Journal of International Business Studies.
44 Porter, M. E., 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press.
45 Cantwell, J. A. and Tolentino, P. E. E., 1987, Technological Accumulation and Third World Multinationals, paper presented at the annual meeting of the European International Business.