桔梗种质资源评价及白花和紫花桔梗比较研究
|
摘要
本研究从农艺性状、生理特性、产量、品质方面分析了我国11个省18份栽培和野生桔梗种质资源的遗传多样性,桔梗生长过程中对养分吸收利用和开花对根生长发育的影响,以其为合理利用及遗传育种提供依据。主要研究结果如下:
1.建立了一年生桔梗种苗和两年生桔梗优良种质的筛选标准。一年生种苗筛选标准:茎粗3.0 cm以上,叶片厚360-370μm,单株叶面积大210 cm2。优良种苗来源:山东淄博、安徽亳州、泰山、山东临沂、北京。两年生桔梗优良种质资源筛选标准为:株高30 cm,茎粗6.0 mm以上,叶长4.5-6.0 cm、宽1.8-2.6 cm、叶片厚370-390μm,单株叶面积280-360 cm~2。两年生表现优良的资源为内蒙赤峰、山东淄博、呼和浩特总皂苷含量低于6.0%、皂苷-D低于2.0mg.g~(-1)、蛋白质高于3.0%、可溶性糖高于50%适用于食用桔梗开发;安徽亳州、山东临沂、吉林龙井总皂苷含量高于6.0%、皂苷-D高于3.0mg.g~(-1)适用于药用桔梗开发。
2.一年生桔梗与两年生桔梗叶片厚、分枝数、单株叶面积、根长、分根数、单根鲜重呈显著或极显著正相关,一年生桔梗的单株叶面积与两年生桔梗根粗、根长、单根鲜重;叶片厚与两年生桔梗根长;单根鲜重与两年生桔梗茎粗;叶长、根粗、根长、单根鲜重呈显著或极显著正相关。一年生与两年生桔梗总皂苷、蛋白质显著正相关。首次利用不同生长年限桔梗主要性状之间的相关性,建立利用一年生桔梗主要形态指标和主要成分预测两年生桔梗的主要性状,缩短优良种质筛选所需的年限。
3.利用聚类分析明确了桔梗种质资源多样性与环境条件和人为选择的关系。内蒙、吉林、辽宁、北京、河南、浙江栽培桔梗聚为一类表明不同地区种质交流频繁。陕西商洛单独聚为一类,山东临沂和山东泰山资源聚为一类,揭示环境条件对桔梗种质分化的影响。山东淄博、安徽亳州各自聚为一类表明人工选择对桔梗种质资源分化具有明显作用。
4.初步明确了紫花桔梗、白花桔梗在干物质积累和氮磷钾矿质元素吸收规律。紫花桔梗干物质积累量大于白花桔梗。白花桔梗不同器官干物质积累量顺序为茎>根>叶>花和果实,紫花桔梗为茎>根>花和果实>叶,白花桔梗根干物质分配比例高于紫花桔梗,而花和果实反之。整个生育期内白花桔梗和紫花桔梗对氮磷钾吸收量为N>K>P,白花桔梗氮磷钾吸收比率为1:0.51:0.95,紫花桔梗为1:0.28:0.51,白花桔梗对磷钾的吸收比率高于紫花桔梗,说明白花桔梗与紫花桔梗具有品种差异性。
5.首次通过对开花期不同器官碳水化合物含量变化的研究,确定桔梗开花所需碳水化合物的来源、开花对白花桔梗、紫花桔梗根产量和品质的影响,为调控桔梗开花和提高桔梗根产量和品质奠定理论基础。从开花当日开始白花桔梗和紫花桔梗花株根淀粉、可溶性糖含量持续下降,去花株则保持缓慢上升趋势。白花桔梗根淀粉含量高于紫花桔梗,可溶性糖含量低于紫花桔梗。白花桔梗、紫花桔梗茎淀粉和可溶性糖含量变化趋势基本一致,白花桔梗去花株与花株茎淀粉、可溶性糖含量差值小于紫花桔梗。白花桔梗花株、去花株叶片淀粉含量高于紫花桔梗,开花期内去花株叶片淀粉含量明显高于花株叶片。紫花桔梗去花株叶片淀粉含量除开花后5 d、10 d外均低于花株叶片。白花桔梗花株叶片可溶性糖含量与去花株叶片差异不显著,而紫花桔梗去花株叶片可溶性糖含量明显高于花株叶片。明确了紫花桔梗开花所需碳水化合物的量比白花桔梗多。
6.建立了适合优良桔梗栽培的调控措施。去花处理桔梗根外观品质和主要成分含量优于去果处理和对照,打顶处理促进分枝不利于提高桔梗根产量和品质。产量以去花处理最高,其次为去果处理。乙烯利处理白花桔梗和紫花桔梗根产量均高于乙矮合剂处理,紫花桔梗、白花桔梗均以0.07%乙烯利最佳。
Platycodon grandiflorum is a traditional Chinese herb plant, its root has been used for centuries to treat diseases, and has extensive pharmacological effects. While quantity need for this herb increased and wild resource dropped off year after year, the planting area was added, but there existed severity farrago in cultivate regions. In this study, the hereditary diversity of eighteen germplasms from eleven provinces was analysised by agronomic characters, physiological traits, yield and quality method. These results can be used for breeding optimun varieties. Understanding the requirement characteristic of P.grandiflorum for nutrients and the effects of reproductive growth on the yield and quality, which is important for the cultivar of P.grandiflorum. The results are as follows:
1. Establishing firstly screening criteria of excellent seeding and germplasms of P.grandiflorum. The screening criteria of excellent one-year seeding was as follows: steam diameter exceeds 3.0 mm, leaf thickness is within 360-370μm, leaf area per plant exceeds 210 cm2, and the excellent seeding come from Shandongzibo, Anhuibozhou, Shandongtaishan, Shandonglinyi, Beijing. According to function, two-year excellent germplasm of P. grandiflorum was divided into edible and medicinal use. Germplasm of P. grandiflorum coming from Neimengchifeng, Shandongzibo, Huhehaote contained the content of total saponin and saponin-D less than 6.0% and 2.0 mg.g~(-1) respectively, and the content of soluble protein and sugar higher than 3.0%, 50% respectively, they were suitable to edible exploitation. Germplasm of P. grandiflorum coming from Abhuibozhou, Shandonglinyi, Jilinlongjing contained the content of total saponin and saponin-D higher than 6.0% and 3.0 mg.g~(-1) ,respectively, they were suitable to edible exploitation.
2. There existed significant or high significant positive correlation between one-year old plant and two-year old plant among leaf thickness, branches, leaf area per plant, root length, root branches and root fresh weight. Leaf area per plant of one-year old plant significant or high significant positively correlated with root diameter, root length, root fresh weight of two-year old plant; there existed significant or high significant positively correlated between leaf thickness of one-year old plant with root length of two-year old plant, and root fresh weight of one-year old plant with steam diameter, leaf length, root diameter, root length, root fresh weight of two-year old plant. There existed significant correlation of protein, total saponin between one-year and two-year old plant. The agronomic characters and quality of two-year old plant can be predicted by analyzing the agronomic characters and main components of one-year old plant. By using the relationship between main characters within one and two year plant of P. grandiflorum, we firstly set up new prediction method, which could short the period required for screening excellent germplasm of P. grandiflorum.
3. Using clustering analysis we definituded the relationship between germplasm diversity of P.grandiflorum with environmental conditions and artificial selection. Clustering analysis showed that cultivated germplasms from Neimeng, Jilin, Liaoning. Beijing, Henan, Zhejiang took together for one class, indicating germplasm resources in different regions exchanged frequently. Geremplasms from Shandongzibo, Anhuibozhou, Shanxishangluo separated respectively, proclaiming P. grandiflorum existed significantly regional disparity. Germplasm resources from Shandonglinyi and Shandongtaishan gather to one class, showing the obvious effect of artificial selection on the germplasm differentiation.
4. Clearing and definiting preliminary the rule of dry matter accumulation and absorption of NPK of the white and the purple. Dry matter accumulation of P. grandiflorum during the whole growth stage showed slow-fast-slow tendency. The dry matter accumulation in the puple was higher than the white, there was difference of the dry matter accumulation order in different organ, the white was stem > root >leaf >flower and fruit, the puple was stem > root >flower and fruit > leaf . Root dry matter accumulation ratio in white was greater than the puple, and was less than the puple in flower and fruit, which illustrated that there was variety in different
NPK uptake of the puple and white during the whole growth stage was N>K>P, NPK uptake ratio in the white was 1:0.51:0.95, and was 1:0.28:0.51 in the puple, PK uptake ratio was higher in the white than in the puple. NK accumulation ratio in root was higher in the white than in the puple, P accumulation ratio in the white was lower than in the puple during the early stage, and higher than the puple during the late stage, NPK accumulation in flower and fruit was lower in the white than in the puple during the experiment, which illustrating variety between different germplasm of P. grandiflourm.
5. Ascertaining first the resource of carbohydrate needed by flowering through the studies on content changes of carbohydrate in different organs during flowering, and the effects on flowering on the yield and quantity of P. grandiflorum, which laid the theoretical foundation for the flowering regulation and increased the yield and quantity of P. grandiflorum. The starch and soluble sugar contents in root of the white and puple plant continued to decline, while they remained slowly rising trend in root of the deflowering plant from deflowering day. The root starch content in the white was higher than in the puple, and the soluble sugar content was lower in the white than in the puple. The trends of starch and soluble sugar content in stem were similar in the white and the puple, the differences of starch and soluble sugar content between flower and deflower plant were higher in the puple than in the white. During flowering, the starch content in leaves of flower and deflower plant of the white was higher than the puple, and the starch content in leaves of deflower plant was higher than the flower plant in both the white and the puple. The starch content in deflower plant of the puple was lower than the flower plant except the 5th day and 20th day. There was no significant differences in the white between the flower and deflower plant, while soluble sugar content in deflower leaves was significantly higher than in flower leaves in the puple plant, which clearing the need of carbohydrate in the puple plant was more than the white during flowering.
6. Establishing control measures suitable to the cultivation of P. grandiflorum. The root appearance quality and main component contents of deflower treatment were better than defruit and CK treatments, deapexing was of no advantage to promote root yield and quality. The highest yield was deflowering, the second was defruiting. The yields treated by Ethephon was superior than treated by ethephon-cycocel. The optimum treatment in both the puple and the white was 0.07% ethephon.
1.建立了一年生桔梗种苗和两年生桔梗优良种质的筛选标准。一年生种苗筛选标准:茎粗3.0 cm以上,叶片厚360-370μm,单株叶面积大210 cm2。优良种苗来源:山东淄博、安徽亳州、泰山、山东临沂、北京。两年生桔梗优良种质资源筛选标准为:株高30 cm,茎粗6.0 mm以上,叶长4.5-6.0 cm、宽1.8-2.6 cm、叶片厚370-390μm,单株叶面积280-360 cm~2。两年生表现优良的资源为内蒙赤峰、山东淄博、呼和浩特总皂苷含量低于6.0%、皂苷-D低于2.0mg.g~(-1)、蛋白质高于3.0%、可溶性糖高于50%适用于食用桔梗开发;安徽亳州、山东临沂、吉林龙井总皂苷含量高于6.0%、皂苷-D高于3.0mg.g~(-1)适用于药用桔梗开发。
2.一年生桔梗与两年生桔梗叶片厚、分枝数、单株叶面积、根长、分根数、单根鲜重呈显著或极显著正相关,一年生桔梗的单株叶面积与两年生桔梗根粗、根长、单根鲜重;叶片厚与两年生桔梗根长;单根鲜重与两年生桔梗茎粗;叶长、根粗、根长、单根鲜重呈显著或极显著正相关。一年生与两年生桔梗总皂苷、蛋白质显著正相关。首次利用不同生长年限桔梗主要性状之间的相关性,建立利用一年生桔梗主要形态指标和主要成分预测两年生桔梗的主要性状,缩短优良种质筛选所需的年限。
3.利用聚类分析明确了桔梗种质资源多样性与环境条件和人为选择的关系。内蒙、吉林、辽宁、北京、河南、浙江栽培桔梗聚为一类表明不同地区种质交流频繁。陕西商洛单独聚为一类,山东临沂和山东泰山资源聚为一类,揭示环境条件对桔梗种质分化的影响。山东淄博、安徽亳州各自聚为一类表明人工选择对桔梗种质资源分化具有明显作用。
4.初步明确了紫花桔梗、白花桔梗在干物质积累和氮磷钾矿质元素吸收规律。紫花桔梗干物质积累量大于白花桔梗。白花桔梗不同器官干物质积累量顺序为茎>根>叶>花和果实,紫花桔梗为茎>根>花和果实>叶,白花桔梗根干物质分配比例高于紫花桔梗,而花和果实反之。整个生育期内白花桔梗和紫花桔梗对氮磷钾吸收量为N>K>P,白花桔梗氮磷钾吸收比率为1:0.51:0.95,紫花桔梗为1:0.28:0.51,白花桔梗对磷钾的吸收比率高于紫花桔梗,说明白花桔梗与紫花桔梗具有品种差异性。
5.首次通过对开花期不同器官碳水化合物含量变化的研究,确定桔梗开花所需碳水化合物的来源、开花对白花桔梗、紫花桔梗根产量和品质的影响,为调控桔梗开花和提高桔梗根产量和品质奠定理论基础。从开花当日开始白花桔梗和紫花桔梗花株根淀粉、可溶性糖含量持续下降,去花株则保持缓慢上升趋势。白花桔梗根淀粉含量高于紫花桔梗,可溶性糖含量低于紫花桔梗。白花桔梗、紫花桔梗茎淀粉和可溶性糖含量变化趋势基本一致,白花桔梗去花株与花株茎淀粉、可溶性糖含量差值小于紫花桔梗。白花桔梗花株、去花株叶片淀粉含量高于紫花桔梗,开花期内去花株叶片淀粉含量明显高于花株叶片。紫花桔梗去花株叶片淀粉含量除开花后5 d、10 d外均低于花株叶片。白花桔梗花株叶片可溶性糖含量与去花株叶片差异不显著,而紫花桔梗去花株叶片可溶性糖含量明显高于花株叶片。明确了紫花桔梗开花所需碳水化合物的量比白花桔梗多。
6.建立了适合优良桔梗栽培的调控措施。去花处理桔梗根外观品质和主要成分含量优于去果处理和对照,打顶处理促进分枝不利于提高桔梗根产量和品质。产量以去花处理最高,其次为去果处理。乙烯利处理白花桔梗和紫花桔梗根产量均高于乙矮合剂处理,紫花桔梗、白花桔梗均以0.07%乙烯利最佳。
Platycodon grandiflorum is a traditional Chinese herb plant, its root has been used for centuries to treat diseases, and has extensive pharmacological effects. While quantity need for this herb increased and wild resource dropped off year after year, the planting area was added, but there existed severity farrago in cultivate regions. In this study, the hereditary diversity of eighteen germplasms from eleven provinces was analysised by agronomic characters, physiological traits, yield and quality method. These results can be used for breeding optimun varieties. Understanding the requirement characteristic of P.grandiflorum for nutrients and the effects of reproductive growth on the yield and quality, which is important for the cultivar of P.grandiflorum. The results are as follows:
1. Establishing firstly screening criteria of excellent seeding and germplasms of P.grandiflorum. The screening criteria of excellent one-year seeding was as follows: steam diameter exceeds 3.0 mm, leaf thickness is within 360-370μm, leaf area per plant exceeds 210 cm2, and the excellent seeding come from Shandongzibo, Anhuibozhou, Shandongtaishan, Shandonglinyi, Beijing. According to function, two-year excellent germplasm of P. grandiflorum was divided into edible and medicinal use. Germplasm of P. grandiflorum coming from Neimengchifeng, Shandongzibo, Huhehaote contained the content of total saponin and saponin-D less than 6.0% and 2.0 mg.g~(-1) respectively, and the content of soluble protein and sugar higher than 3.0%, 50% respectively, they were suitable to edible exploitation. Germplasm of P. grandiflorum coming from Abhuibozhou, Shandonglinyi, Jilinlongjing contained the content of total saponin and saponin-D higher than 6.0% and 3.0 mg.g~(-1) ,respectively, they were suitable to edible exploitation.
2. There existed significant or high significant positive correlation between one-year old plant and two-year old plant among leaf thickness, branches, leaf area per plant, root length, root branches and root fresh weight. Leaf area per plant of one-year old plant significant or high significant positively correlated with root diameter, root length, root fresh weight of two-year old plant; there existed significant or high significant positively correlated between leaf thickness of one-year old plant with root length of two-year old plant, and root fresh weight of one-year old plant with steam diameter, leaf length, root diameter, root length, root fresh weight of two-year old plant. There existed significant correlation of protein, total saponin between one-year and two-year old plant. The agronomic characters and quality of two-year old plant can be predicted by analyzing the agronomic characters and main components of one-year old plant. By using the relationship between main characters within one and two year plant of P. grandiflorum, we firstly set up new prediction method, which could short the period required for screening excellent germplasm of P. grandiflorum.
3. Using clustering analysis we definituded the relationship between germplasm diversity of P.grandiflorum with environmental conditions and artificial selection. Clustering analysis showed that cultivated germplasms from Neimeng, Jilin, Liaoning. Beijing, Henan, Zhejiang took together for one class, indicating germplasm resources in different regions exchanged frequently. Geremplasms from Shandongzibo, Anhuibozhou, Shanxishangluo separated respectively, proclaiming P. grandiflorum existed significantly regional disparity. Germplasm resources from Shandonglinyi and Shandongtaishan gather to one class, showing the obvious effect of artificial selection on the germplasm differentiation.
4. Clearing and definiting preliminary the rule of dry matter accumulation and absorption of NPK of the white and the purple. Dry matter accumulation of P. grandiflorum during the whole growth stage showed slow-fast-slow tendency. The dry matter accumulation in the puple was higher than the white, there was difference of the dry matter accumulation order in different organ, the white was stem > root >leaf >flower and fruit, the puple was stem > root >flower and fruit > leaf . Root dry matter accumulation ratio in white was greater than the puple, and was less than the puple in flower and fruit, which illustrated that there was variety in different
NPK uptake of the puple and white during the whole growth stage was N>K>P, NPK uptake ratio in the white was 1:0.51:0.95, and was 1:0.28:0.51 in the puple, PK uptake ratio was higher in the white than in the puple. NK accumulation ratio in root was higher in the white than in the puple, P accumulation ratio in the white was lower than in the puple during the early stage, and higher than the puple during the late stage, NPK accumulation in flower and fruit was lower in the white than in the puple during the experiment, which illustrating variety between different germplasm of P. grandiflourm.
5. Ascertaining first the resource of carbohydrate needed by flowering through the studies on content changes of carbohydrate in different organs during flowering, and the effects on flowering on the yield and quantity of P. grandiflorum, which laid the theoretical foundation for the flowering regulation and increased the yield and quantity of P. grandiflorum. The starch and soluble sugar contents in root of the white and puple plant continued to decline, while they remained slowly rising trend in root of the deflowering plant from deflowering day. The root starch content in the white was higher than in the puple, and the soluble sugar content was lower in the white than in the puple. The trends of starch and soluble sugar content in stem were similar in the white and the puple, the differences of starch and soluble sugar content between flower and deflower plant were higher in the puple than in the white. During flowering, the starch content in leaves of flower and deflower plant of the white was higher than the puple, and the starch content in leaves of deflower plant was higher than the flower plant in both the white and the puple. The starch content in deflower plant of the puple was lower than the flower plant except the 5th day and 20th day. There was no significant differences in the white between the flower and deflower plant, while soluble sugar content in deflower leaves was significantly higher than in flower leaves in the puple plant, which clearing the need of carbohydrate in the puple plant was more than the white during flowering.
6. Establishing control measures suitable to the cultivation of P. grandiflorum. The root appearance quality and main component contents of deflower treatment were better than defruit and CK treatments, deapexing was of no advantage to promote root yield and quality. The highest yield was deflowering, the second was defruiting. The yields treated by Ethephon was superior than treated by ethephon-cycocel. The optimum treatment in both the puple and the white was 0.07% ethephon.
引文
1白岩,刘明,牛燕.植物生长调节剂在人参生产中的应用[J].农业与技术,1999,19(6):45-46.
2白宝璋,田纪春,王清连.植物生理学[M].北京:北京农业科技出版社,1996.
3白宝璋,王本昌,张俊英. B9对人参某些生理特性的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,(11):29-31.
4蔡葛平,郭燕红,姚辉,陈士林,周铜水.矮壮素和赤霉素对黄芩生物量及根中黄酮类成分产量的影响中国农学通报,2008,24,7:213-217.
5曹凑贵,严力蛟,刘黎明,等.生态学概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:83-85.
6曹福亮,方升佐.耐盐杨树新无性系的筛选--杨树新无性系耐盐水平的综合评定[J].江苏林业科技,1994,3:1-6.
7曹福亮,黄敏仁,桂仁意,等.银杏主要栽培品种遗传多样性分析[J].南京林业大学学报,Vol.29,No.6:1-5.
8曹福亮,徐立安,丁翠柏.银杏叶用林优良品种和优良单株选择[J].江苏林业科技,1996,23(1):12-14.
9陈娟,杨重军,郭玉海.知母有效成分及氮、磷、钾累积规律研究[J].中国中药杂志,2007,32(5):1504-1507.
10陈爱葵,周厚高,宁云芬.百合摘顶处理对鳞茎发育的影响[J].广东教育学院学报,2004,24(2):84-86.
11陈存及,邱尔发,梁一池,等.毛竹不同种源光合特性研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(6):15-19。
12陈仕江,张明,李泉森,等.植物生长调节剂对金钗石斛药用化学成分的影响[J].中草药,2001,32(10):884-886.
13陈兴福,杨文钰,刘红昌.麦冬氮、磷、钾吸收与积累特性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(16):1233-1237.
14陈元生,罗战勇,郭尚志,等.穿心莲种质资源的评价与利用初报[J].广州农业科学,2005,1:5-7.
15单成钢,苏学合,等.剪枝处理对桔梗结实特性的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33,(15):1807-1809.
16单成钢,王志芬,苏学合,等.桔梗种质资源农艺性状的主成分及聚类分析[J].现代中药研究与实践,2008,22(1):25-29.
17丁长江,卫永第,安占元等.桔梗中挥发油化学成分分析[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1996,22(5):471.
18丰亚南,郑国生,王宗正,高辉远. 2007.牡丹开花前后碳水化合物的分配与光和速率的关系[J].园艺学报,34(1):153 - 156.
19冯丽贞,刘爱琴.不同种源杉木硝酸还原酶活力的比较研究[J].福建林学院学报,18(4):335-337.
20冯秀娟,徐卲玺.人参主要农艺性状的遗传分析[J].人参研究,1998,2:16-25.
21冯玉龙,姜淑梅,王文章.长白落叶松几种酶活力及在种源早期选择中的应用[J].林业科学,2002,38(2):15-20.
22付承新.桔梗生物学的研究[J].植物研究,1985,5(1):71-80.
23高山林.药用植物遗传育种的现状与展望[J].世界科学技术·中药现代化,2001,3(6):58-62.
24高文远,唐雪梅,李志亮,肖培根.直立和侧伏型桔梗的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(3):144-154.
25高文远.桔梗卫星搭载后超微结构的变化[J]..中国中药杂志,1999,24(5):37-38.
26高彦仪,陈卫国.兰州百合摘花增产的试验报告[J].甘肃农业科技,1990,(10):14-16.
27高云芳,陈超,张海洋,等,桔梗总皂若对大鼠高脂血症的影响[J].中草药,2000,(10):764-765.
28高志民,王雁,李振坚,等.牡丹开花前后营养变化分析研究[J].林业科学研究,2007, 20(3):390-393.
29高致明,张彦玲,孙华,等.不同浸种方式和培养液对桔梗种子发芽率的影响[J].山东农业科学,2006,2:46-47.
30弓晓杰,陈丽荣,孙印石,等.桔梗中抑制酪氨酸酶活性成分的研究[J].中药材,2004,(27),24:257-259.
31龚建军,赵桂琴,马雪琴.矮壮素与乙烯利对燕麦株高、产量及其构成因素的调节作用[J].草业科学,25(5):74-77.
32龚月桦,张晓丽,王俊儒.生长延缓剂对忍冬枝条生长和花蕾产量与品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报2009,15(4):981-984.
33巩毅刚,王俊杰.中国长白山中的一颗明珠——野生桔梗“九桔兰花”[J].农业与技术,1998,18(2):14.
34管春英. 2005.改变库源关系对大豆品质和产量的影响. [D].长春:吉林农业大学.
35郭宝林,林生,冯毓秀,等.丹参主要居群的遗传关系及药材道地性的初步研究[J].中草药,2002,33(12):1113-1116.
36郭宝林,杨俊霞,李永慈,等.主成分分析法在仁用杏品种主要经济性状选种上的应用研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(6):53-56.
37郭靖,王英平.桔梗种质资源研究进展[J].特种经济动植物,2006,2:78-81.
38国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(2000年版一部)〔M〕.北京:化学工业出版社,2000,225.
39韩森,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1997, 17(2):147- 151.
40何美莲,程小卫,陈家宽,等.桔梗皂昔类成分及其质l分析[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(6):457-460.
41何群明,李涛,田理.验方咽炎I号袋泡茶治疗慢性咽炎的疗效分析[J].中华医学杂志,2005(7)5:14.
42何亚维,黄泉秀,李红阳,等.桔梗不同生长期及主要器官中皂苷和糖含量分析[J].南京中医学院学报,1992,8(l):30- 31.
43胡国宣,王艳秋,聂小兰.枯梗种子发芽率的研究[J].中国好生植物资源,1995,2:61-63.
44黄江,蒋慧萍,陈廷速,等.罗汉果不同种质亲缘关系的RAPD分析[J].福建果树,2006,1:15-17.
45黄家总,邱明珠,傅家瑞,等.贮藏条件对益母草、桔梗和白术种子发芽率的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2000,8(4):365-368.
46黄泉秀,何亚雄,赵耕先,等.桔梗中糖类化合物测定方法的研究[J].中药材,1990,13(1) :32.
47黄泽元,汪芳安.低糖低甜度桔梗脯研制[J].食品工业科技,1999,20(4) :49-50.
48姜晓莉,闫洪革. PGR在人参西洋参上应用研究[J].特产研究,2000,3:41-43.
49矫艳春.桔梗资源的开发利用[J].人参研究,2000,12(2) :21-22.
50金则新,柯世省,钟章成.大血藤叶的生长及光合生理生态特性研究[J].植物研究,2002,22(2):184-189.
51孔德良,严宁,胡红.开花对两种灼兰光合作用和同化产物分配的影响[J].云南植物研究,2006,28(6):639-644.
52李朝阳,杨朝霞,陈功锡,等.不同居群盾叶薯蓣生长、叶形态及皂苷元含量的研究[J].生命科学研究,2003(1):25-29.
53李赫男.植物生长调节物质-HKL-4对黄花乌头产量和品质的影响[D].中国农业科学院,2007.
54李洪刚,杜秉祥,梁效渊,等.桔梗种子催芽方法试验结果[J].农业与技术, 1996(1) :10.
55李洪刚,杜秉祥,梁效渊,等.桔梗种子催芽方法试验结果[J].农业与技术,1996,(1) :1.
56李今,邵锦靛.药用植物桔梗的传粉效率与结实率研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2001,24(2) :73-75.
57李莲华,李虎林,李云善,等.桔梗营养生长期N、P、K含量的变化[J].延边大学学报,2003,25(3):159-163.
58李松,杨靖民,刘晓坤,等.桔梗吸肥规律研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2009,31(1):62-94.
59李挺,宫光前,李从勇.药食兼用桔梗太桔l号及高产栽培技术[J].中国农技推广,2004,.3:56
60李志刚,林鉴钊,杨丽涛,等.乙烯利处理对甘蔗茎形态解剖结构的影响[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(3):48-51.
61李先恩,杨世林,杨峻山.地黄不同品种经济和产量性状的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(9):596-597.
62李先恩,杨世林,杨峻山.地黄性状的比较与相关分析[J].中国中药杂志,2001,23(6):560-562.
63李先恩.开花前后山茱萸枝条内糖的变化[J].中药材.1997,3(12):631-638.
64李先恩.开花前后山茱萸枝条内糖的变化[J].中草药,1998 29(1):42-44.
65林寿全,童玉鼓.国产六种甘草资源的利用研究[J].植物分类学报,1977,15(2) :47-56.
66刘伯衡,李学禹.新疆产甘草属植物化学成分的研究[J].干旱区研究,1992,9(1) :39-46.
67刘昌林,彭智聪,徐,华,等.痰净喷雾剂质量标准的研究[J].中成药,1999,21(9):455-457.
68刘桂丰,杨传平,刘关君,等.白桦不同种源种子形态特征及发芽率[J].东北林业大学学报,27(4):1-4.
69刘鸣远,付承新.桔梗生物学的研究[J].植物研究,1985,5(1) :71-80.
70刘旭.种质创新的由来与发展[J].作物品种资源1999,(2):1-4.
71刘旭云,蒋海玉.红花优异种质资源的研究及利用[J].云南农业大学学报,1996,(11),4:219-225.
72刘兆荣,段德明.人参氮、磷、钾吸收,积累与分配的动态变化[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,16(1) :48-52.
73刘自刚,张雁,王新军,等.桔梗种子活力研究进展[J].种子,2006,25(4):48.
74刘自刚,张雁,王新军,等.桔梗种子活力研究进展[J].种子,2006,(25):448-51.
75龙绮群.桔梗野生品与家种品总皂苷含量的比较[J].中药材,1989,12 (3) :37-38.
76龙绮群.桔梗野生品与家种品总皂甙含量的比较[J].中药材,1989,12(3) ::37-38.
77芦金清,刘合刚,潘宏林,等.两种不同方法侧定桔梗总皂成含量的比较[J].湖北中医学院学报.2000,2(2) ::47-48.
78芦金清,徐伟平,刘合刚,等. .湖北产栽培桔梗与野生桔梗的质量比较[J].湖北中医学院报,2002,24(3) :48-49.
79陆汉豪,冯飞.不同产地何首乌中醇溶性浸出物及总蒽醌含量的比较[J].中国中药杂志,1999,24(1):22-23.
80马凤鸣,高继国.硝酸还原酶活力作为甜菜氮素营养诊断及预测产糖量指标的研究[J].中国林业科学,2001,29(5):17-21.
81马全民.多效唑对杭白菊的生理效应及增产作用的研究[J].中药材,1991,14(8) :5-7.
82马瑞昌,宋书娟.冰草属牧草硝酸还原酶的活力与其产量的关系[J].中国草地,1998,(2) :52-54.
83马小军,汪小全,肖培根,等.国产人参种质资源研究进展李莲花[J].中国中药杂志,2000,35(5):289-292.
84马小军,汪小全,徐昭玺,等.人参不同栽培群体遗传关系的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,2000,42(6) :587-590.
85聂华堂,钟广炎,陈竹生.叶片过氧化物酶活性作为柑桔短枝品系预选指标初探[J].果树科学,2003,(3):96-101.
86聂盛贤,魏云.四川与其它产地桔梗总皂苷含量测定的比较[J].湖北中医杂志,2002,24(3):48-49.
87潘扬,彭国平,赵耕先,等.比色法测定不同采集时期桔梗中总皂苷含量的研究[J].中国野生植物资源,1994,3:15-17.
88彭向东,高山林.朱丹妮.桔梗同源四倍体株系的鉴定和桔梗皂试D含量的比较[J].药用生物技术,2004,11(6) :351-355.
89齐迎春,胡诚.多效唑在中药材上的应用[J].中国林副特产,2000,2:51.
90邱尔发,陈存及,梁一池,等.不同种源毛竹叶表叶绿素浓度动态[J].福建林学院学报,2002,22(4):312-315.
91阮美娟,低糖桔梗脯的研制[J].食品科学,1996,17(7) :41-44.
92施东,冯继承.桔梗采收期的研究[J].黑龙江中医药,2006,19(5):365.
93石俊英,董其亭,巩丽丽,等.不同产地桔梗中总皂苷成分与质量的相关性研究[J],山东中医药大学学报,2006,30(3):247-251.
94史春余,王振林,赵秉强.钾素营养对甘薯某些生理特征和产量形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):81-85.
95舒峦,高山林,桔梗研究进展,中国野生植物资源,2001,20(2) :4-6.
96宋春凤,徐坤.芋对氮磷钾吸收分配规律的研究[J],植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(4):403-406.
97孙红梅,李天来,李云飞.百合鳞茎发育过程中碳水化合物含量及淀粉酶活性变化[J].植物研究,2005,(25),1:59-64.
98孙丽娜,严一字,吴基日,等.市场上流通桔梗种子的质量分析[J].中国种业,2005,(12):47-48.
99孙丽娜.桔梗种质资源比较研究[D].延边大学,2007.
100汤诗杰,盛宁,陆长根,等.不同地理种源杜仲叶片中绿原酸和总黄酮的含量[J].植物资源与环境1999,8(1) :59-60.
101汤诗杰,盛宁,陆长根,等.不同地理种源杜仲(Eucommiaulmoides Oliv.)叶片中绿原酸和总黄酮的含量[J].植物资源与环境,1999,8(1) :59-60.
102田长恩,刘金龙,周光来. PP333在一年生当归上应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1996,(27),11:684-685.
103田长恩. PP333在一年生当归上应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1996,27(11) :684-685.
104童再康,斯金平,刘饶.不同种源厚朴酚类物质含量变异与遗传的初步研究[J].2000,13(3) :257-261.
105王玲,付志文,董其亭,蔡爱民.桔梗配方施肥方法研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(6):697-698.
106王义,张美萍,王春德,等.中药材品质与植物生物学研究的关系[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(3) :112-116.
1076王光华,刘晓冰.生殖生长期源库改变对大豆产量和品质的影响[J].大豆科学,1999,18,(3):236-241.
108王立平,吴京姬,孙丽娜,等.桔梗单倍体染色体核型分析[J].北方园艺,2007,(3):170-171.
109王秋玉,李凤娟,闫绍鹏.硝酸还原酶和可溶性蛋白对红皮云杉种源生长的影响[J].东北林业大学学报2003,(31):59-61.
110王文杰.环境条件对伊贝母生物碱含量的影响[J].中草药,1989,12(2) :3-5.
111王小华,熊丽,屈云慧,等.中国桔梗多倍体诱导与鉴定[J].云南植物研究2006,28(6) :593-598.
112王英平,索滨华.人参摘蕾对同化产物在植株体内及皂苷中分配的影响[J].特产研究,1996,4:32-35.
113王志芬,苏学合,闰树林,等.太空搭载桔梗种子SPI代的生物学效应研究[J].核农学报,2004,18(4):323-324.
114王志芬,苏学合,闫树林,等.桔梗根型特征分析[J].山东农业科学,2006,4:25-26.
115魏建和,黄璐琦,陈士林,等.桔梗柱头、花粉活力及自交亲和性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5) :367-368.
116魏建和,杨成民,陈士林,等.桔梗不同种质的比较研究——桔梗的杂交有花色、种色的新类型与分离[J].中草药,2002,33(5):455-458.
117魏胜利.乌拉尔甘草地理变异和种源选择.东北林业大学[D],200.3
118温学森,桔梗新栽培变种[J].植物研究,1996,16(3):298.
119吴卫,郑有良,陈黎,等.川产鱼腥草种质资源的同工酶分析[J].中药材,25(10):695-698.
120吴基日,严一字,吴松权,等.桔梗自花传粉结实率低的原因及其解决方法[J].延边大学农学学报,2005,27(l) :56-60.
121夏文孝,田丽洁.桔梗不同生长发育期的皂苷含量测定.现代应用药学,1994,11(5):18-19.
122肖春桥,李家儒,朱广慧.多效唑对盾叶薯蓣叶片活性氧代谢与膜脂过氧化反应的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2003,21(2) :170-174.
123谢宗万.中药材品种论述「M].北京:人民出版社,1963.
124谢利娟,韩蕾,李永红,等.矮壮素对盆栽黄芩的矮化效果.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(4):92-93.
125解玮佳,李兆光,徐春莲,等.矮壮素对乌头生长特性的影响[J]浙江农业科学,2009,1;82-84.
126邢世岩,吴德军,等.叶用银杏种源、性别及无性系的因子和聚类分析[J].中南林学院学报.2000,20(2):26-31.
127徐宝军,郑毅男.桔梗中抑制酪氨酸酶活性成分的研究[J].药学实践杂志,2000,(18)5:34-36.
128徐宝军.桔梗化学成分及生物活性研究〔D〕.长春:吉林农业大学,1999.
129许崇德,韩文彬.不同生长年限对桔梗质量的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(9):598-560.
130许传莲,杨腊虎,郑毅南,等.应用HPLC法侧定不同产地桔梗中桔梗皂苷-D[J].吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(4):35-38.
131许翔鸿,余国奠,王峥涛.野生延胡索种质资源现状及其质量评价[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(5):399-341.
132薛萍,李柏海,肖新华,等.银杏叶中化学成分地理种源的变异[J].经济林研究,2000,18(3):31-33.
133严一字,吴荃日,吴松权,等.桔梗种子成熟天数与成熟度及发芽率的关系[J].延边大学农学学报,2005,27(4) ::244- 248.
134严一字.桔梗种质资源及种子生物学特性研究[D].东北林业大学,2007,11.
135杨换杰,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗小抱子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞化学研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报1996,12(3):84.
136杨焕杰,田国伟.桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞化学研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,1996,3:35-39.
137杨继祥.药用植物栽培学.北京:农业出版社, 1995.
138杨九艳,王连侠,李风云.桔梗的染色体核型分析[J].内蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(3) :185-186.
139杨九艳.桔梗的染色体核型分析[2].蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(6) :134-150.
140杨美全,曾维群,罗建,等.枯梗花芽分化观察[J].西南农业大学学报,1994,16(2) :153-155.
141杨美全,曾维群,罗建,等.桔梗种子生物学特性研究[J].基层中药杂志,1994,8(l) :16-17.
142姚艳红,王思宏,等.长白山桔梗和沙参中粗纤维、还原糖及蛋白质的测定[J].延边大学学报,2001,10:29-32.
143于英,王秀全,刘霞,等.摘花序、打顶对北柴胡生育性状及根部产量的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报2003,25,(3):303-306.
139俞旭平,盛束军,王志安,等.种衣剂对桔梗种子田间发芽率的影响.中国中药杂志[J].2001,26(7) [J].495-496.
144袁勇,黄慧莲,刘贤旺,等.无机肥料对中药有效成分含量的影响[J].江西林业科技,2000,(l):29-30.
145翟素萍,熊丽,屈云慧.中国桔梗重瓣新品种快速育成的方法[J].2004,云南省农业科学院花卉研究所.专利号:200410079514.7
146张锋,王建华,余松烈,等.源库比改变对白首乌产量形成的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5):372 - 375.
147张锋,王建华,余松烈,等.不同栽培密度下白首乌干物质积累和分配规律的研究[J].中草药,2006,37(10):1558-1561.
148张磊,黄蓓蓓,开国银,等.中国红花遗传多样性的AFLP分子标记[J].药学学报,2006, 41(1) 2006:91-96.
149张鼎华,王德水,邱燕.毛竹硝酸还原酶活性的初步研究[J].福建林业科技,30(2):22-27.
150张恩和.生长抑制剂对当归早期抽苔阻抑效应研究[J].中国中药杂志,1999,24(1) :18-20.
151张红瑞,高致明.控制生殖生长对丹参根有效成分含量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(22):6811-6812.
152张华锋,季彪俊.植物种质资源研究概论[J].宜春学院学报,2005,27(2):92-95.
153张慧玲.植物生长调节剂对柴胡产量及品质的影响[D].河南农业大学,2006.
154张康健,王蓝.中国杜仲次生代谢物[M].北京∶科学出版社,2002
155张丽萍,汪宗喜,程家高,等.安徽铜陵药用牡丹不同生长期物质的积累和氮、磷、钾的吸收动态[J].2005,19(5):8-11.
156张玲,王德群.安徽省桔梗科药用植物资源研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,2003,(22),6:21-23.
157张美萍,申家恒.桔梗胚胎学研究1.小抱子发生和雄配子体发育[J].吉林农业大学学报,1991,13(4) :32-34,101.
158赵洁,程井辰.石刁柏茎段脱分化过程中三种同工酶变化的研究[J].华中师范大学学报,1994,28(3):394-398.
159赵敏,徐兆飞,王荣华,等桔梗种子内源抑制物质特性的初步研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28〔l) :51-54.
160赵荣梅,刘丽,郭巧生.外源物质对桔梗种子发芽影响的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006(31),12:966-968.
161赵世杰.植物生理学实验指导[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
162赵淑春.桔梗等3种植物营养成分的测定[J].食品科学,1994:47.
158赵兴,贺福根.桔梗施肥量及叶枯病防治研究[J].中国林副特产,2004, 4:37-38.
163赵杨景,陈四保,高光耀,等.道地与非道地当归栽培土壤的理化性质[J].中国中药杂志,2002,(27),2:19-22.
164郑晓琴,梁国鲁,李晓林.盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zengiberensis C.H.Wright)自然变异类型间的比较研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(3) :267-270
165郑毅男,贾继红.白花枯梗与紫花桔梗中氮基酸成分的比较[J].中药材,1985,(2) :24.
166郑毅男.白花桔梗与紫花桔梗中氨基酸成分的比较「J〕,中药材,1985,20(2) :24.
163钟国跃,周华蓉,凌云,等.黄花蒿优质种质资源的研究中草药[J].1998,29(4):264-267.
167周长征,郭学东,王青.对实施中药材GAP的几点建议[J].首都医药,2000, 11:7-9.
168周成明.多效唑和赤霉素对地黄生长发育的影响[J].中药材,1989,12(8) :3-4.
169周光来. PP333在党参生产中应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1998,29(2) :121-123.
170朱丹妮,舒娈,郅慧,等. HPLC-ELSD法测定桔梗中桔梗皂苷D的含量[J].植物资源与环境学报,2001,10(4) :11-13.
171朱广慧,万开军.稀土对桔梗种子发芽率的影响[J].信阳农学院学报, 1996,6(4) : 1-4.
172朱莲华,王智华.不同产地何首乌的质量分析[J].中成药,1999,21(1):36-38.
173朱社敏,费远志.各种桔梗溶血作用的比较[J].中草药,1991 22(7):324.
174左晓燕,刘辉,薛世跃,等.怀牛膝氮磷钾吸收、分配及积累特点的初步研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(16):1955-1999.
175左月明,王振月,崔红花,等.不同地理种源秦皮的树皮及叶中秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素的含量测定[J].中成药,2003,25(7):552-554.
176 Ahn J CH Wang B, Tada, H, ET AL. Plyaecytlenes in haiy roots of Playtedoon grandiflorm[J],Phytohcemistry. 1996,42(l):69-72.
177 Choi S T. The role of scale on growth and flowering of Lilium spp[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 1998,39(6):780-783.
178 Caldwell C D.A comparision of ethephon alone and in combination with CCC or DPC applied to spring barley[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1988, 68:941-946.
179 Chen J F. Sutdies on The flower breeding of Chinese bell flower. Rresarch of the rural development administration[J]. Horticulture,1992,34(1):72-75.
180 Cho C Y, Kim J Y, Kim Y S, et al. Augmentation of macrophage functions by an aqueous extract isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum[J]. Cancer Letters, 2001, (166): 17-25.
181 Cho J H, Physiological and ecological studies on the Chinese bellflower, Platycodon grandiflorun DC.1 Studies on seed germination growth and flowering[J]. Journal of the Koresn Society for Horticultural S cience.1984,(25),3,187-193.
182 Cock shull, K.E.. Disbudding and its effect on dry matter distribution in Chrysanthemum morifolium[J]. J.Hort.Sci. 1982.,57, 205–207.
183 Comai L, Tyagi A P, Winter K, Holmes-Davis R, Reynolds S H,Stevens Y, Byers B·Phenotypic instability andrapidgene silencing in newly formed Arabidopsis allotraploids[J]. Plant Cell, 2000,12: 1 551-1559.
184 Ganga M, Chezhiyan N. Influence of the antimitoticagents colchicines and oryzalinon in vitro regeneration and chromosome doubling of diploid bananas (Musaspp.) [J]. Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology, 2002,7 7:572-57.
185 Gao Y F,Chen C, Zhang H X et al.Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum feding on rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia[J]. Trad.Chin. Med Materials, 2000, (10):46-47.
186 Geiger D R. Control partitioning and export of carbon in leaves of higher plant [J]. Bot. Gaz., 1979, 140: 421-248.
187 Goi M, Nagayama Y, Hasegawa A, Tanaka M. Year-round production of Platycodon grandiflorum A DC.[J]. Technical Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University,1994,46(2):87.
188 Gucc, R, Flore, J.A. The effects of fruiting or fruit removal on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter distribution of tomato[J]. Adv.Hortic.Sci. 1989,3, 120-125.
189Halevy AH, Shlomo E, Ziv O. Improving cut flower production of balloon flower[J]. Hortscience,2002,37(5):759-761.
190 Healy W E.Temperature influences bud development in the Easter lilyNelliewhite[J].Hortscience,1984,19(6):843-84.
191 Inada A, Murata H, Somekava M, et al. Phytochemical studies of seeds of medicinal plants II. A new dihydroflavonol glycoside and a new 3-methyl-1-butanol glycoside from seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum a decandolle [J].Chem Pharm Bull, 1992, 40 (11): 3081-3083.
192 Kim Hyun Tse, Seong JaeDuck, Kim GeumSoog, Han Sangik, Lim GeunJse, Kwack YongHo, SuhDuck Yong. Kim SoonShul. A new high-yielding and white color balloon flower cultivar“Jangbeak”[J]. Korean Journal of Breeding, 2004, 36(1):69-70.
193 Kim SW.Liu JR,Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in zygotic embryo cultures of balloon flower[J].Poant Cell.Tissue and Organ Culture, 1999, 58(3):227-230.
194 Kim Y S, Lee B E, Kim K J, et al. Antiumor and immunomodulatory activities of the Platycodon grandiflorum cultivated for more than 20 years[J].Yakhk Hoeji J Pharm Soc Korea, 1998, (42): 382-387.
195 Kubo M, Asano T, Matsuda H, et al. Studies on rehamanniae radix.III. The relation between changes of constituents and improvable effects on roots of Rehamannia glutinosa [J].Yaligali Zasshi, 1996(2):158-168.
196 Lee J H, Choi Y H, Kang H S,et al. An aqueous extract of platycodi radix inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappa B nuclear translocation in human cultured airway epithelial cells [J].Int.J Mol Med, 2004,13(6):843-847.
197 Liu C.H., Chen J.Z., Liu Y.C., Li J. Effects of fruit-thinning on fruits development pig mentation and carbohydrate concentration in plant organs of W ample [J]. Acta. Horit.Sinica. 2008, 35, 869–872.
198 Lubbers A.E., Lechowicz M.J. Effects of leaf removal on reproduction vs. blow ground storage in Trillium grandiflorum [J].Ecol. 1989, 70, 85–96.
199 Ma B L. Apical development of spring barley in relation to chlormequat and ethephon [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1991, 83:270-274.
200 Ma B L.Chlormequat and ethephon timing and grain production of spring barley [J].Agronomy Journal,1992,84:934-939.
201 Marcelis, L.F.M. Sink strength as a determinant of dry matter partitioning in the whole plants[J]. J. Exp. Bot. 1996, 47, 1281–1291.
202 Martienssen R A, Colot V. DNA methylation and epigenetic inheritance in plants andfilamentous fungi[J].Science,2001,293:1070-1074.
203 Neil Hamon. Bell flower Platycodon grabdiflorum[J]. Canadian Pharm Journal, 1999, (124): 422~426.
204 Nishizawa, T., Shishido, Y. Changes in sugar and starch concentrations of forced June-bearing strawberry plants as influenced by fruiting[J].J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1998. 123, 52–55.
205 Obeso J R. The costs of reproduction in plants[J]. New Phytol, 2002, 155:321 - 348.
206 Osborn TC, Pires JC, Birchler JA,et al. Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids[J]. Trends in Genetics, 2003 19 (3): 141- 147
207 Park B H, Oliverira N, Pearson S. Temperature affects growth and flowering of the balloon flower. [J]. Hortscience,1998,33(2):233-236.
208 Paul, M.J., Foyer, C.H.. Sink regulation of photosynthesis[J]. J. Exp. Bot. 2001,52, 1383–1400.
209 Peet, M.M., Kramer, P.J. Effects of decreasing source/sink ratio in soybeans on photosynthesis, photorespiration, transpiration and yield[J]. Plant Cell Environ. 1980,3, 201–206.
210 Primack R B, Stacy E. Cost of reproduction in the pink lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium acaule (Orchidaceae):an eleven-year experimental study of three population[J].Amer J Bot., 1998,85(12):1672 - 1679.
211 Sachs, R.M., Hackett, W.P. Source-sink relationships and flowering.In: Meudt, W.J. (Ed.), Strategies of Plant Reproduction, Beltsville Symposiumon Agricultural Research Totowa [J]. N.J. Allenheld, Osmun, 1983,.263–272.
212 Shaaltiel Y, Glazer A, Bocion P F,et al. Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide and zone[J].Pestic.Biochem.Physiol, 1988,31:13 23.
213 Simmons S R.Spring wheat and barley responses to ethephon[J].Agronomy Journal,1988,80:829-834.
214 Sonw A A, Whigham D F. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor Orchidaceae[J].Ecology, 1989,70(5):1286 - 1293.
215 Tada Y Kanciwa, J. Shoji. Studies on the Saponins of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DCI[J]. Chem Pharm Bull,1975, 23(11):2965~2972.
216 Tagaki K.Lee E B. Pharmacological Studies on Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.Ⅲ[J]YakuZasshi. 1972.92(8):969-973.
217 Tsegaw and Zelleke. Removal of reproductive growth increases yield and quality of potato (Solamum tuberosum L.) [J]. Trop.Agric. 2002, 79 (2002), pp. 125-128.
218 Tsuyoshi S,Kazuo K,Ta, motsu N. Acomparative study on commercial ,botanical gardens and wild samples of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum by HPLC analysis[J]. Planta Medica, 1999,65:428-431.
219 Wang T, Gregg L. Developmental stage light and foilage removal affect flowering and bulb weight of Easter lily[J].Hortscience,1992,27(2):824-826.
220 Zhou, R., Quebedeaux, B. Changes in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in mature apple leaves in response to whole plant source–sink manipulation [J]. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2003,128, 113–119.
2白宝璋,田纪春,王清连.植物生理学[M].北京:北京农业科技出版社,1996.
3白宝璋,王本昌,张俊英. B9对人参某些生理特性的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,(11):29-31.
4蔡葛平,郭燕红,姚辉,陈士林,周铜水.矮壮素和赤霉素对黄芩生物量及根中黄酮类成分产量的影响中国农学通报,2008,24,7:213-217.
5曹凑贵,严力蛟,刘黎明,等.生态学概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:83-85.
6曹福亮,方升佐.耐盐杨树新无性系的筛选--杨树新无性系耐盐水平的综合评定[J].江苏林业科技,1994,3:1-6.
7曹福亮,黄敏仁,桂仁意,等.银杏主要栽培品种遗传多样性分析[J].南京林业大学学报,Vol.29,No.6:1-5.
8曹福亮,徐立安,丁翠柏.银杏叶用林优良品种和优良单株选择[J].江苏林业科技,1996,23(1):12-14.
9陈娟,杨重军,郭玉海.知母有效成分及氮、磷、钾累积规律研究[J].中国中药杂志,2007,32(5):1504-1507.
10陈爱葵,周厚高,宁云芬.百合摘顶处理对鳞茎发育的影响[J].广东教育学院学报,2004,24(2):84-86.
11陈存及,邱尔发,梁一池,等.毛竹不同种源光合特性研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(6):15-19。
12陈仕江,张明,李泉森,等.植物生长调节剂对金钗石斛药用化学成分的影响[J].中草药,2001,32(10):884-886.
13陈兴福,杨文钰,刘红昌.麦冬氮、磷、钾吸收与积累特性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(16):1233-1237.
14陈元生,罗战勇,郭尚志,等.穿心莲种质资源的评价与利用初报[J].广州农业科学,2005,1:5-7.
15单成钢,苏学合,等.剪枝处理对桔梗结实特性的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33,(15):1807-1809.
16单成钢,王志芬,苏学合,等.桔梗种质资源农艺性状的主成分及聚类分析[J].现代中药研究与实践,2008,22(1):25-29.
17丁长江,卫永第,安占元等.桔梗中挥发油化学成分分析[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1996,22(5):471.
18丰亚南,郑国生,王宗正,高辉远. 2007.牡丹开花前后碳水化合物的分配与光和速率的关系[J].园艺学报,34(1):153 - 156.
19冯丽贞,刘爱琴.不同种源杉木硝酸还原酶活力的比较研究[J].福建林学院学报,18(4):335-337.
20冯秀娟,徐卲玺.人参主要农艺性状的遗传分析[J].人参研究,1998,2:16-25.
21冯玉龙,姜淑梅,王文章.长白落叶松几种酶活力及在种源早期选择中的应用[J].林业科学,2002,38(2):15-20.
22付承新.桔梗生物学的研究[J].植物研究,1985,5(1):71-80.
23高山林.药用植物遗传育种的现状与展望[J].世界科学技术·中药现代化,2001,3(6):58-62.
24高文远,唐雪梅,李志亮,肖培根.直立和侧伏型桔梗的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(3):144-154.
25高文远.桔梗卫星搭载后超微结构的变化[J]..中国中药杂志,1999,24(5):37-38.
26高彦仪,陈卫国.兰州百合摘花增产的试验报告[J].甘肃农业科技,1990,(10):14-16.
27高云芳,陈超,张海洋,等,桔梗总皂若对大鼠高脂血症的影响[J].中草药,2000,(10):764-765.
28高志民,王雁,李振坚,等.牡丹开花前后营养变化分析研究[J].林业科学研究,2007, 20(3):390-393.
29高致明,张彦玲,孙华,等.不同浸种方式和培养液对桔梗种子发芽率的影响[J].山东农业科学,2006,2:46-47.
30弓晓杰,陈丽荣,孙印石,等.桔梗中抑制酪氨酸酶活性成分的研究[J].中药材,2004,(27),24:257-259.
31龚建军,赵桂琴,马雪琴.矮壮素与乙烯利对燕麦株高、产量及其构成因素的调节作用[J].草业科学,25(5):74-77.
32龚月桦,张晓丽,王俊儒.生长延缓剂对忍冬枝条生长和花蕾产量与品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报2009,15(4):981-984.
33巩毅刚,王俊杰.中国长白山中的一颗明珠——野生桔梗“九桔兰花”[J].农业与技术,1998,18(2):14.
34管春英. 2005.改变库源关系对大豆品质和产量的影响. [D].长春:吉林农业大学.
35郭宝林,林生,冯毓秀,等.丹参主要居群的遗传关系及药材道地性的初步研究[J].中草药,2002,33(12):1113-1116.
36郭宝林,杨俊霞,李永慈,等.主成分分析法在仁用杏品种主要经济性状选种上的应用研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(6):53-56.
37郭靖,王英平.桔梗种质资源研究进展[J].特种经济动植物,2006,2:78-81.
38国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(2000年版一部)〔M〕.北京:化学工业出版社,2000,225.
39韩森,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1997, 17(2):147- 151.
40何美莲,程小卫,陈家宽,等.桔梗皂昔类成分及其质l分析[J].中药新药与临床药理,2005,16(6):457-460.
41何群明,李涛,田理.验方咽炎I号袋泡茶治疗慢性咽炎的疗效分析[J].中华医学杂志,2005(7)5:14.
42何亚维,黄泉秀,李红阳,等.桔梗不同生长期及主要器官中皂苷和糖含量分析[J].南京中医学院学报,1992,8(l):30- 31.
43胡国宣,王艳秋,聂小兰.枯梗种子发芽率的研究[J].中国好生植物资源,1995,2:61-63.
44黄江,蒋慧萍,陈廷速,等.罗汉果不同种质亲缘关系的RAPD分析[J].福建果树,2006,1:15-17.
45黄家总,邱明珠,傅家瑞,等.贮藏条件对益母草、桔梗和白术种子发芽率的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2000,8(4):365-368.
46黄泉秀,何亚雄,赵耕先,等.桔梗中糖类化合物测定方法的研究[J].中药材,1990,13(1) :32.
47黄泽元,汪芳安.低糖低甜度桔梗脯研制[J].食品工业科技,1999,20(4) :49-50.
48姜晓莉,闫洪革. PGR在人参西洋参上应用研究[J].特产研究,2000,3:41-43.
49矫艳春.桔梗资源的开发利用[J].人参研究,2000,12(2) :21-22.
50金则新,柯世省,钟章成.大血藤叶的生长及光合生理生态特性研究[J].植物研究,2002,22(2):184-189.
51孔德良,严宁,胡红.开花对两种灼兰光合作用和同化产物分配的影响[J].云南植物研究,2006,28(6):639-644.
52李朝阳,杨朝霞,陈功锡,等.不同居群盾叶薯蓣生长、叶形态及皂苷元含量的研究[J].生命科学研究,2003(1):25-29.
53李赫男.植物生长调节物质-HKL-4对黄花乌头产量和品质的影响[D].中国农业科学院,2007.
54李洪刚,杜秉祥,梁效渊,等.桔梗种子催芽方法试验结果[J].农业与技术, 1996(1) :10.
55李洪刚,杜秉祥,梁效渊,等.桔梗种子催芽方法试验结果[J].农业与技术,1996,(1) :1.
56李今,邵锦靛.药用植物桔梗的传粉效率与结实率研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2001,24(2) :73-75.
57李莲华,李虎林,李云善,等.桔梗营养生长期N、P、K含量的变化[J].延边大学学报,2003,25(3):159-163.
58李松,杨靖民,刘晓坤,等.桔梗吸肥规律研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2009,31(1):62-94.
59李挺,宫光前,李从勇.药食兼用桔梗太桔l号及高产栽培技术[J].中国农技推广,2004,.3:56
60李志刚,林鉴钊,杨丽涛,等.乙烯利处理对甘蔗茎形态解剖结构的影响[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(3):48-51.
61李先恩,杨世林,杨峻山.地黄不同品种经济和产量性状的比较研究[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(9):596-597.
62李先恩,杨世林,杨峻山.地黄性状的比较与相关分析[J].中国中药杂志,2001,23(6):560-562.
63李先恩.开花前后山茱萸枝条内糖的变化[J].中药材.1997,3(12):631-638.
64李先恩.开花前后山茱萸枝条内糖的变化[J].中草药,1998 29(1):42-44.
65林寿全,童玉鼓.国产六种甘草资源的利用研究[J].植物分类学报,1977,15(2) :47-56.
66刘伯衡,李学禹.新疆产甘草属植物化学成分的研究[J].干旱区研究,1992,9(1) :39-46.
67刘昌林,彭智聪,徐,华,等.痰净喷雾剂质量标准的研究[J].中成药,1999,21(9):455-457.
68刘桂丰,杨传平,刘关君,等.白桦不同种源种子形态特征及发芽率[J].东北林业大学学报,27(4):1-4.
69刘鸣远,付承新.桔梗生物学的研究[J].植物研究,1985,5(1) :71-80.
70刘旭.种质创新的由来与发展[J].作物品种资源1999,(2):1-4.
71刘旭云,蒋海玉.红花优异种质资源的研究及利用[J].云南农业大学学报,1996,(11),4:219-225.
72刘兆荣,段德明.人参氮、磷、钾吸收,积累与分配的动态变化[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,16(1) :48-52.
73刘自刚,张雁,王新军,等.桔梗种子活力研究进展[J].种子,2006,25(4):48.
74刘自刚,张雁,王新军,等.桔梗种子活力研究进展[J].种子,2006,(25):448-51.
75龙绮群.桔梗野生品与家种品总皂苷含量的比较[J].中药材,1989,12 (3) :37-38.
76龙绮群.桔梗野生品与家种品总皂甙含量的比较[J].中药材,1989,12(3) ::37-38.
77芦金清,刘合刚,潘宏林,等.两种不同方法侧定桔梗总皂成含量的比较[J].湖北中医学院学报.2000,2(2) ::47-48.
78芦金清,徐伟平,刘合刚,等. .湖北产栽培桔梗与野生桔梗的质量比较[J].湖北中医学院报,2002,24(3) :48-49.
79陆汉豪,冯飞.不同产地何首乌中醇溶性浸出物及总蒽醌含量的比较[J].中国中药杂志,1999,24(1):22-23.
80马凤鸣,高继国.硝酸还原酶活力作为甜菜氮素营养诊断及预测产糖量指标的研究[J].中国林业科学,2001,29(5):17-21.
81马全民.多效唑对杭白菊的生理效应及增产作用的研究[J].中药材,1991,14(8) :5-7.
82马瑞昌,宋书娟.冰草属牧草硝酸还原酶的活力与其产量的关系[J].中国草地,1998,(2) :52-54.
83马小军,汪小全,肖培根,等.国产人参种质资源研究进展李莲花[J].中国中药杂志,2000,35(5):289-292.
84马小军,汪小全,徐昭玺,等.人参不同栽培群体遗传关系的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,2000,42(6) :587-590.
85聂华堂,钟广炎,陈竹生.叶片过氧化物酶活性作为柑桔短枝品系预选指标初探[J].果树科学,2003,(3):96-101.
86聂盛贤,魏云.四川与其它产地桔梗总皂苷含量测定的比较[J].湖北中医杂志,2002,24(3):48-49.
87潘扬,彭国平,赵耕先,等.比色法测定不同采集时期桔梗中总皂苷含量的研究[J].中国野生植物资源,1994,3:15-17.
88彭向东,高山林.朱丹妮.桔梗同源四倍体株系的鉴定和桔梗皂试D含量的比较[J].药用生物技术,2004,11(6) :351-355.
89齐迎春,胡诚.多效唑在中药材上的应用[J].中国林副特产,2000,2:51.
90邱尔发,陈存及,梁一池,等.不同种源毛竹叶表叶绿素浓度动态[J].福建林学院学报,2002,22(4):312-315.
91阮美娟,低糖桔梗脯的研制[J].食品科学,1996,17(7) :41-44.
92施东,冯继承.桔梗采收期的研究[J].黑龙江中医药,2006,19(5):365.
93石俊英,董其亭,巩丽丽,等.不同产地桔梗中总皂苷成分与质量的相关性研究[J],山东中医药大学学报,2006,30(3):247-251.
94史春余,王振林,赵秉强.钾素营养对甘薯某些生理特征和产量形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):81-85.
95舒峦,高山林,桔梗研究进展,中国野生植物资源,2001,20(2) :4-6.
96宋春凤,徐坤.芋对氮磷钾吸收分配规律的研究[J],植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(4):403-406.
97孙红梅,李天来,李云飞.百合鳞茎发育过程中碳水化合物含量及淀粉酶活性变化[J].植物研究,2005,(25),1:59-64.
98孙丽娜,严一字,吴基日,等.市场上流通桔梗种子的质量分析[J].中国种业,2005,(12):47-48.
99孙丽娜.桔梗种质资源比较研究[D].延边大学,2007.
100汤诗杰,盛宁,陆长根,等.不同地理种源杜仲叶片中绿原酸和总黄酮的含量[J].植物资源与环境1999,8(1) :59-60.
101汤诗杰,盛宁,陆长根,等.不同地理种源杜仲(Eucommiaulmoides Oliv.)叶片中绿原酸和总黄酮的含量[J].植物资源与环境,1999,8(1) :59-60.
102田长恩,刘金龙,周光来. PP333在一年生当归上应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1996,(27),11:684-685.
103田长恩. PP333在一年生当归上应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1996,27(11) :684-685.
104童再康,斯金平,刘饶.不同种源厚朴酚类物质含量变异与遗传的初步研究[J].2000,13(3) :257-261.
105王玲,付志文,董其亭,蔡爱民.桔梗配方施肥方法研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(6):697-698.
106王义,张美萍,王春德,等.中药材品质与植物生物学研究的关系[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(3) :112-116.
1076王光华,刘晓冰.生殖生长期源库改变对大豆产量和品质的影响[J].大豆科学,1999,18,(3):236-241.
108王立平,吴京姬,孙丽娜,等.桔梗单倍体染色体核型分析[J].北方园艺,2007,(3):170-171.
109王秋玉,李凤娟,闫绍鹏.硝酸还原酶和可溶性蛋白对红皮云杉种源生长的影响[J].东北林业大学学报2003,(31):59-61.
110王文杰.环境条件对伊贝母生物碱含量的影响[J].中草药,1989,12(2) :3-5.
111王小华,熊丽,屈云慧,等.中国桔梗多倍体诱导与鉴定[J].云南植物研究2006,28(6) :593-598.
112王英平,索滨华.人参摘蕾对同化产物在植株体内及皂苷中分配的影响[J].特产研究,1996,4:32-35.
113王志芬,苏学合,闰树林,等.太空搭载桔梗种子SPI代的生物学效应研究[J].核农学报,2004,18(4):323-324.
114王志芬,苏学合,闫树林,等.桔梗根型特征分析[J].山东农业科学,2006,4:25-26.
115魏建和,黄璐琦,陈士林,等.桔梗柱头、花粉活力及自交亲和性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5) :367-368.
116魏建和,杨成民,陈士林,等.桔梗不同种质的比较研究——桔梗的杂交有花色、种色的新类型与分离[J].中草药,2002,33(5):455-458.
117魏胜利.乌拉尔甘草地理变异和种源选择.东北林业大学[D],200.3
118温学森,桔梗新栽培变种[J].植物研究,1996,16(3):298.
119吴卫,郑有良,陈黎,等.川产鱼腥草种质资源的同工酶分析[J].中药材,25(10):695-698.
120吴基日,严一字,吴松权,等.桔梗自花传粉结实率低的原因及其解决方法[J].延边大学农学学报,2005,27(l) :56-60.
121夏文孝,田丽洁.桔梗不同生长发育期的皂苷含量测定.现代应用药学,1994,11(5):18-19.
122肖春桥,李家儒,朱广慧.多效唑对盾叶薯蓣叶片活性氧代谢与膜脂过氧化反应的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2003,21(2) :170-174.
123谢宗万.中药材品种论述「M].北京:人民出版社,1963.
124谢利娟,韩蕾,李永红,等.矮壮素对盆栽黄芩的矮化效果.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(4):92-93.
125解玮佳,李兆光,徐春莲,等.矮壮素对乌头生长特性的影响[J]浙江农业科学,2009,1;82-84.
126邢世岩,吴德军,等.叶用银杏种源、性别及无性系的因子和聚类分析[J].中南林学院学报.2000,20(2):26-31.
127徐宝军,郑毅男.桔梗中抑制酪氨酸酶活性成分的研究[J].药学实践杂志,2000,(18)5:34-36.
128徐宝军.桔梗化学成分及生物活性研究〔D〕.长春:吉林农业大学,1999.
129许崇德,韩文彬.不同生长年限对桔梗质量的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(9):598-560.
130许传莲,杨腊虎,郑毅南,等.应用HPLC法侧定不同产地桔梗中桔梗皂苷-D[J].吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(4):35-38.
131许翔鸿,余国奠,王峥涛.野生延胡索种质资源现状及其质量评价[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(5):399-341.
132薛萍,李柏海,肖新华,等.银杏叶中化学成分地理种源的变异[J].经济林研究,2000,18(3):31-33.
133严一字,吴荃日,吴松权,等.桔梗种子成熟天数与成熟度及发芽率的关系[J].延边大学农学学报,2005,27(4) ::244- 248.
134严一字.桔梗种质资源及种子生物学特性研究[D].东北林业大学,2007,11.
135杨换杰,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗小抱子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞化学研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报1996,12(3):84.
136杨焕杰,田国伟.桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞化学研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,1996,3:35-39.
137杨继祥.药用植物栽培学.北京:农业出版社, 1995.
138杨九艳,王连侠,李风云.桔梗的染色体核型分析[J].内蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(3) :185-186.
139杨九艳.桔梗的染色体核型分析[2].蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(6) :134-150.
140杨美全,曾维群,罗建,等.枯梗花芽分化观察[J].西南农业大学学报,1994,16(2) :153-155.
141杨美全,曾维群,罗建,等.桔梗种子生物学特性研究[J].基层中药杂志,1994,8(l) :16-17.
142姚艳红,王思宏,等.长白山桔梗和沙参中粗纤维、还原糖及蛋白质的测定[J].延边大学学报,2001,10:29-32.
143于英,王秀全,刘霞,等.摘花序、打顶对北柴胡生育性状及根部产量的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报2003,25,(3):303-306.
139俞旭平,盛束军,王志安,等.种衣剂对桔梗种子田间发芽率的影响.中国中药杂志[J].2001,26(7) [J].495-496.
144袁勇,黄慧莲,刘贤旺,等.无机肥料对中药有效成分含量的影响[J].江西林业科技,2000,(l):29-30.
145翟素萍,熊丽,屈云慧.中国桔梗重瓣新品种快速育成的方法[J].2004,云南省农业科学院花卉研究所.专利号:200410079514.7
146张锋,王建华,余松烈,等.源库比改变对白首乌产量形成的影响[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5):372 - 375.
147张锋,王建华,余松烈,等.不同栽培密度下白首乌干物质积累和分配规律的研究[J].中草药,2006,37(10):1558-1561.
148张磊,黄蓓蓓,开国银,等.中国红花遗传多样性的AFLP分子标记[J].药学学报,2006, 41(1) 2006:91-96.
149张鼎华,王德水,邱燕.毛竹硝酸还原酶活性的初步研究[J].福建林业科技,30(2):22-27.
150张恩和.生长抑制剂对当归早期抽苔阻抑效应研究[J].中国中药杂志,1999,24(1) :18-20.
151张红瑞,高致明.控制生殖生长对丹参根有效成分含量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(22):6811-6812.
152张华锋,季彪俊.植物种质资源研究概论[J].宜春学院学报,2005,27(2):92-95.
153张慧玲.植物生长调节剂对柴胡产量及品质的影响[D].河南农业大学,2006.
154张康健,王蓝.中国杜仲次生代谢物[M].北京∶科学出版社,2002
155张丽萍,汪宗喜,程家高,等.安徽铜陵药用牡丹不同生长期物质的积累和氮、磷、钾的吸收动态[J].2005,19(5):8-11.
156张玲,王德群.安徽省桔梗科药用植物资源研究[J].安徽中医学院学报,2003,(22),6:21-23.
157张美萍,申家恒.桔梗胚胎学研究1.小抱子发生和雄配子体发育[J].吉林农业大学学报,1991,13(4) :32-34,101.
158赵洁,程井辰.石刁柏茎段脱分化过程中三种同工酶变化的研究[J].华中师范大学学报,1994,28(3):394-398.
159赵敏,徐兆飞,王荣华,等桔梗种子内源抑制物质特性的初步研究[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28〔l) :51-54.
160赵荣梅,刘丽,郭巧生.外源物质对桔梗种子发芽影响的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006(31),12:966-968.
161赵世杰.植物生理学实验指导[M]北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
162赵淑春.桔梗等3种植物营养成分的测定[J].食品科学,1994:47.
158赵兴,贺福根.桔梗施肥量及叶枯病防治研究[J].中国林副特产,2004, 4:37-38.
163赵杨景,陈四保,高光耀,等.道地与非道地当归栽培土壤的理化性质[J].中国中药杂志,2002,(27),2:19-22.
164郑晓琴,梁国鲁,李晓林.盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zengiberensis C.H.Wright)自然变异类型间的比较研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2003,11(3) :267-270
165郑毅男,贾继红.白花枯梗与紫花桔梗中氮基酸成分的比较[J].中药材,1985,(2) :24.
166郑毅男.白花桔梗与紫花桔梗中氨基酸成分的比较「J〕,中药材,1985,20(2) :24.
163钟国跃,周华蓉,凌云,等.黄花蒿优质种质资源的研究中草药[J].1998,29(4):264-267.
167周长征,郭学东,王青.对实施中药材GAP的几点建议[J].首都医药,2000, 11:7-9.
168周成明.多效唑和赤霉素对地黄生长发育的影响[J].中药材,1989,12(8) :3-4.
169周光来. PP333在党参生产中应用的初步研究[J].中草药,1998,29(2) :121-123.
170朱丹妮,舒娈,郅慧,等. HPLC-ELSD法测定桔梗中桔梗皂苷D的含量[J].植物资源与环境学报,2001,10(4) :11-13.
171朱广慧,万开军.稀土对桔梗种子发芽率的影响[J].信阳农学院学报, 1996,6(4) : 1-4.
172朱莲华,王智华.不同产地何首乌的质量分析[J].中成药,1999,21(1):36-38.
173朱社敏,费远志.各种桔梗溶血作用的比较[J].中草药,1991 22(7):324.
174左晓燕,刘辉,薛世跃,等.怀牛膝氮磷钾吸收、分配及积累特点的初步研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008,33(16):1955-1999.
175左月明,王振月,崔红花,等.不同地理种源秦皮的树皮及叶中秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素的含量测定[J].中成药,2003,25(7):552-554.
176 Ahn J CH Wang B, Tada, H, ET AL. Plyaecytlenes in haiy roots of Playtedoon grandiflorm[J],Phytohcemistry. 1996,42(l):69-72.
177 Choi S T. The role of scale on growth and flowering of Lilium spp[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 1998,39(6):780-783.
178 Caldwell C D.A comparision of ethephon alone and in combination with CCC or DPC applied to spring barley[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1988, 68:941-946.
179 Chen J F. Sutdies on The flower breeding of Chinese bell flower. Rresarch of the rural development administration[J]. Horticulture,1992,34(1):72-75.
180 Cho C Y, Kim J Y, Kim Y S, et al. Augmentation of macrophage functions by an aqueous extract isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum[J]. Cancer Letters, 2001, (166): 17-25.
181 Cho J H, Physiological and ecological studies on the Chinese bellflower, Platycodon grandiflorun DC.1 Studies on seed germination growth and flowering[J]. Journal of the Koresn Society for Horticultural S cience.1984,(25),3,187-193.
182 Cock shull, K.E.. Disbudding and its effect on dry matter distribution in Chrysanthemum morifolium[J]. J.Hort.Sci. 1982.,57, 205–207.
183 Comai L, Tyagi A P, Winter K, Holmes-Davis R, Reynolds S H,Stevens Y, Byers B·Phenotypic instability andrapidgene silencing in newly formed Arabidopsis allotraploids[J]. Plant Cell, 2000,12: 1 551-1559.
184 Ganga M, Chezhiyan N. Influence of the antimitoticagents colchicines and oryzalinon in vitro regeneration and chromosome doubling of diploid bananas (Musaspp.) [J]. Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology, 2002,7 7:572-57.
185 Gao Y F,Chen C, Zhang H X et al.Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum feding on rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia[J]. Trad.Chin. Med Materials, 2000, (10):46-47.
186 Geiger D R. Control partitioning and export of carbon in leaves of higher plant [J]. Bot. Gaz., 1979, 140: 421-248.
187 Goi M, Nagayama Y, Hasegawa A, Tanaka M. Year-round production of Platycodon grandiflorum A DC.[J]. Technical Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University,1994,46(2):87.
188 Gucc, R, Flore, J.A. The effects of fruiting or fruit removal on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter distribution of tomato[J]. Adv.Hortic.Sci. 1989,3, 120-125.
189Halevy AH, Shlomo E, Ziv O. Improving cut flower production of balloon flower[J]. Hortscience,2002,37(5):759-761.
190 Healy W E.Temperature influences bud development in the Easter lilyNelliewhite[J].Hortscience,1984,19(6):843-84.
191 Inada A, Murata H, Somekava M, et al. Phytochemical studies of seeds of medicinal plants II. A new dihydroflavonol glycoside and a new 3-methyl-1-butanol glycoside from seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum a decandolle [J].Chem Pharm Bull, 1992, 40 (11): 3081-3083.
192 Kim Hyun Tse, Seong JaeDuck, Kim GeumSoog, Han Sangik, Lim GeunJse, Kwack YongHo, SuhDuck Yong. Kim SoonShul. A new high-yielding and white color balloon flower cultivar“Jangbeak”[J]. Korean Journal of Breeding, 2004, 36(1):69-70.
193 Kim SW.Liu JR,Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in zygotic embryo cultures of balloon flower[J].Poant Cell.Tissue and Organ Culture, 1999, 58(3):227-230.
194 Kim Y S, Lee B E, Kim K J, et al. Antiumor and immunomodulatory activities of the Platycodon grandiflorum cultivated for more than 20 years[J].Yakhk Hoeji J Pharm Soc Korea, 1998, (42): 382-387.
195 Kubo M, Asano T, Matsuda H, et al. Studies on rehamanniae radix.III. The relation between changes of constituents and improvable effects on roots of Rehamannia glutinosa [J].Yaligali Zasshi, 1996(2):158-168.
196 Lee J H, Choi Y H, Kang H S,et al. An aqueous extract of platycodi radix inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappa B nuclear translocation in human cultured airway epithelial cells [J].Int.J Mol Med, 2004,13(6):843-847.
197 Liu C.H., Chen J.Z., Liu Y.C., Li J. Effects of fruit-thinning on fruits development pig mentation and carbohydrate concentration in plant organs of W ample [J]. Acta. Horit.Sinica. 2008, 35, 869–872.
198 Lubbers A.E., Lechowicz M.J. Effects of leaf removal on reproduction vs. blow ground storage in Trillium grandiflorum [J].Ecol. 1989, 70, 85–96.
199 Ma B L. Apical development of spring barley in relation to chlormequat and ethephon [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1991, 83:270-274.
200 Ma B L.Chlormequat and ethephon timing and grain production of spring barley [J].Agronomy Journal,1992,84:934-939.
201 Marcelis, L.F.M. Sink strength as a determinant of dry matter partitioning in the whole plants[J]. J. Exp. Bot. 1996, 47, 1281–1291.
202 Martienssen R A, Colot V. DNA methylation and epigenetic inheritance in plants andfilamentous fungi[J].Science,2001,293:1070-1074.
203 Neil Hamon. Bell flower Platycodon grabdiflorum[J]. Canadian Pharm Journal, 1999, (124): 422~426.
204 Nishizawa, T., Shishido, Y. Changes in sugar and starch concentrations of forced June-bearing strawberry plants as influenced by fruiting[J].J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1998. 123, 52–55.
205 Obeso J R. The costs of reproduction in plants[J]. New Phytol, 2002, 155:321 - 348.
206 Osborn TC, Pires JC, Birchler JA,et al. Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids[J]. Trends in Genetics, 2003 19 (3): 141- 147
207 Park B H, Oliverira N, Pearson S. Temperature affects growth and flowering of the balloon flower. [J]. Hortscience,1998,33(2):233-236.
208 Paul, M.J., Foyer, C.H.. Sink regulation of photosynthesis[J]. J. Exp. Bot. 2001,52, 1383–1400.
209 Peet, M.M., Kramer, P.J. Effects of decreasing source/sink ratio in soybeans on photosynthesis, photorespiration, transpiration and yield[J]. Plant Cell Environ. 1980,3, 201–206.
210 Primack R B, Stacy E. Cost of reproduction in the pink lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium acaule (Orchidaceae):an eleven-year experimental study of three population[J].Amer J Bot., 1998,85(12):1672 - 1679.
211 Sachs, R.M., Hackett, W.P. Source-sink relationships and flowering.In: Meudt, W.J. (Ed.), Strategies of Plant Reproduction, Beltsville Symposiumon Agricultural Research Totowa [J]. N.J. Allenheld, Osmun, 1983,.263–272.
212 Shaaltiel Y, Glazer A, Bocion P F,et al. Cross tolerance to herbicidal and environmental oxidants of plant biotypes tolerant to paraquat, sulfur dioxide and zone[J].Pestic.Biochem.Physiol, 1988,31:13 23.
213 Simmons S R.Spring wheat and barley responses to ethephon[J].Agronomy Journal,1988,80:829-834.
214 Sonw A A, Whigham D F. Costs of flower and fruit production in Tipularia discolor Orchidaceae[J].Ecology, 1989,70(5):1286 - 1293.
215 Tada Y Kanciwa, J. Shoji. Studies on the Saponins of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DCI[J]. Chem Pharm Bull,1975, 23(11):2965~2972.
216 Tagaki K.Lee E B. Pharmacological Studies on Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.Ⅲ[J]YakuZasshi. 1972.92(8):969-973.
217 Tsegaw and Zelleke. Removal of reproductive growth increases yield and quality of potato (Solamum tuberosum L.) [J]. Trop.Agric. 2002, 79 (2002), pp. 125-128.
218 Tsuyoshi S,Kazuo K,Ta, motsu N. Acomparative study on commercial ,botanical gardens and wild samples of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum by HPLC analysis[J]. Planta Medica, 1999,65:428-431.
219 Wang T, Gregg L. Developmental stage light and foilage removal affect flowering and bulb weight of Easter lily[J].Hortscience,1992,27(2):824-826.
220 Zhou, R., Quebedeaux, B. Changes in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in mature apple leaves in response to whole plant source–sink manipulation [J]. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2003,128, 113–119.