单片锂电池充电管理芯片的设计
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摘要
随着现代电子技术的发展,电子设备日益趋于便携化的同时对他们的供电电池也提出了轻便、高效的要求。锂离子电池正是以其能量密度高、供电电压高、无记忆效应、无污染的特点逐渐取代传统的镍镉、镍氢电池、铅酸电池被广泛应用于现代便携式电子产品中。相对于其他化学电池,锂离子电池在性能优异的同时也显得更为精致和脆弱,因此对锂电池充电过程的控制要求更为严格,需要高精度的电压、电流设置,分阶段的充电模式和完善的保护电路。
本论文设计了一款适于对各种锂电池充电进行管理的电流控制模式PWM开关电源芯片。芯片对锂离子电池的充电过程设有恒流模式、恒压模式及BURST模式以保证充电过程的高效和节能。当电量释放完毕的锂离子电池被置入芯片作为负载时,系统自动检测并选择一个恒定的较大的电流进行充电,此阶段芯片工作占空比不变,工作频率随着电池电压的升高而升高;电池电压接近设定的终止电压时转为恒压充电模式,芯片开始减小占空比,充电电流亦随之减小,工作频率稳定不变;电池电压达到终止值时系统将关闭以防止电池过冲对其自身带来的损伤。当电池电压由于某种原因下降时,系统自动进入BURST模式,以较低的工作频率、小的电流对电池电量进行缓慢地补充。芯片内置了逐周限流电路、过压保护电路及欠压锁定电路以保证芯片安全运行。
论文首先对锂离子电池特性和开关电源原理的简要说明,然后介绍了芯片各模块并对关键模块给出了设计过程和仿真结果,最后对芯片整体运行的各个工作模式进行了仿真。芯片采用了CSMC 0.5um BCD工艺,在仿真方面使用的是Cadence的Spectre仿真工具。
With the development of modern electronic technology, electronic devices tend to be portable. This trend also made their batteries portable and efficient. Lithium-ion battery with its high energy power density, high power supply voltage, no memory effect, no pollution gradually replace the traditional nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride batteries, lead acid batteries are widely used in modern portable electronic products. Compared with other chemical batteries, lithium-ion batteries have excellent performance and also more delicate and fragile therefore the charging process must be strictly controlled. They require high accuracy voltage and current settings, different charging mode and comprehensive protection circuitry.
This paper designed a current control model PWM switching power supply chip. It is suitable for the charging management of all kinds of lithium batteries. In order to ensure efficient charging and energy saving, this chip offers constant current mode, constant voltage mode and BURST mode. When the completely released lithium-ion battery is placed in chip as its load, the system automatically detects and chooses a larger constant current to charge the battery. At this stage, duty cycle is constant and the operating frequency increased as the battery voltage rises. When the battery voltage approaches the termination value, the chip enters into constant voltage charging mode. The system began to reduce the duty cycle, the charging current also reduces. At this stage chip works in the same frequency. When battery voltage reaches the termination value, the system will shut down in order to prevent battery damage caused by its overshoot. When the battery voltage falls for some reason, the system automatically enters BURST mode. The chip work with lower frequency, lower current to complement battery energy slowly. Cycle-by-cycle current limit, OVPT and UVLO circuit are built-in the chip to ensure the safe operation of chips.
Firstly, this paper characteristic of lithium-ion battery and a brief description of the principle of switching power supply; secondly, introduced each module of the system and for the key modules we give the design process and simulation results; finally, each operating mode and the overall operation of the chip are simulated. This chip is build on CSMC 0.5um BCD process and used in the simulation is Cadence Spectre simulation tools.
本论文设计了一款适于对各种锂电池充电进行管理的电流控制模式PWM开关电源芯片。芯片对锂离子电池的充电过程设有恒流模式、恒压模式及BURST模式以保证充电过程的高效和节能。当电量释放完毕的锂离子电池被置入芯片作为负载时,系统自动检测并选择一个恒定的较大的电流进行充电,此阶段芯片工作占空比不变,工作频率随着电池电压的升高而升高;电池电压接近设定的终止电压时转为恒压充电模式,芯片开始减小占空比,充电电流亦随之减小,工作频率稳定不变;电池电压达到终止值时系统将关闭以防止电池过冲对其自身带来的损伤。当电池电压由于某种原因下降时,系统自动进入BURST模式,以较低的工作频率、小的电流对电池电量进行缓慢地补充。芯片内置了逐周限流电路、过压保护电路及欠压锁定电路以保证芯片安全运行。
论文首先对锂离子电池特性和开关电源原理的简要说明,然后介绍了芯片各模块并对关键模块给出了设计过程和仿真结果,最后对芯片整体运行的各个工作模式进行了仿真。芯片采用了CSMC 0.5um BCD工艺,在仿真方面使用的是Cadence的Spectre仿真工具。
With the development of modern electronic technology, electronic devices tend to be portable. This trend also made their batteries portable and efficient. Lithium-ion battery with its high energy power density, high power supply voltage, no memory effect, no pollution gradually replace the traditional nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride batteries, lead acid batteries are widely used in modern portable electronic products. Compared with other chemical batteries, lithium-ion batteries have excellent performance and also more delicate and fragile therefore the charging process must be strictly controlled. They require high accuracy voltage and current settings, different charging mode and comprehensive protection circuitry.
This paper designed a current control model PWM switching power supply chip. It is suitable for the charging management of all kinds of lithium batteries. In order to ensure efficient charging and energy saving, this chip offers constant current mode, constant voltage mode and BURST mode. When the completely released lithium-ion battery is placed in chip as its load, the system automatically detects and chooses a larger constant current to charge the battery. At this stage, duty cycle is constant and the operating frequency increased as the battery voltage rises. When the battery voltage approaches the termination value, the chip enters into constant voltage charging mode. The system began to reduce the duty cycle, the charging current also reduces. At this stage chip works in the same frequency. When battery voltage reaches the termination value, the system will shut down in order to prevent battery damage caused by its overshoot. When the battery voltage falls for some reason, the system automatically enters BURST mode. The chip work with lower frequency, lower current to complement battery energy slowly. Cycle-by-cycle current limit, OVPT and UVLO circuit are built-in the chip to ensure the safe operation of chips.
Firstly, this paper characteristic of lithium-ion battery and a brief description of the principle of switching power supply; secondly, introduced each module of the system and for the key modules we give the design process and simulation results; finally, each operating mode and the overall operation of the chip are simulated. This chip is build on CSMC 0.5um BCD process and used in the simulation is Cadence Spectre simulation tools.
引文
[1]戴永年,杨斌,姚耀春,等.锂离子电池发展状况.电池,2005,3:193-195
[2]郭炳焜,徐徽,王先友,等.锂离子电池.长沙:中南大学出版社,2002,10-41
[3]吴宇平,万春荣,姜长印,等.锂离子二次电池.北京:化学工业出版社,2002,336-349
[4]张洪为.锂离子电池原理及充电管理的设计探讨.Texas Instruments,2004,11:1-15
[5]嵇维贵,冉峰,徐华美.智能功率开关电源IC设计.半导体技术,2004,29(1):68-72
[6]刘军.开关电源的应用与发展.大众用电,2002,(12):16-17
[7]朱伟民.开关电源IC的绿色设计.电子与封装,2007,7(1):1-3
[8]沙占友.单片开关电源的发展趋势.电气时代,2003,(8):49-51
[9]周志敏.浅析AC/DC电源的模块化.电源技术应用,2002,5(3):113-115
[10]华伟.通信开关电源的五种PWM反馈控制模式研究.通信电源技术,2001,2:12-16
[11] Abraham I. Pressman. Switching Power Supply Design. New York; McGraw-Hill, 1998, 154-158
[12] C. Deisch. Simple Control Method Changes Power Converter into Current Source. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf, 1978, 300-306
[13] Raymond A. Mack. Demystifying Switching Power Supplies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005, 121-129
[14] Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovi?. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, 161-165
[15]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2001,319-323
[16]郑如定.锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池概述.通信电源技术,2002,(5):18-21
[17] Elias MFM, Nor K. M, Rahim N. A, et al. Lithium-ion battery charger for high energy application. Power Engineering Conference, 2003: 283-288
[18] Azim Lotjou, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Yong Fu, et al. Security-Constrained Unit Commitment with AC/DC Transmission Systems. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 2010, 25: 531-542
[19] Hsieh G. C, Chen L. R, Huang K. S. Fuzzy-controlled Li-ion Battery Charge system with Active State of Charge Controllers. IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, 2001, 48: 585-593
[20] Thomas G. Benefits of performance standards for Lithium-ion and Lithium-ion polymer batteries. Battery Conference on Application and Advances, 2002, (7): 223-225
[21] Bo Zhang. Power Semiconductor Devices and Smart Power ICs.成都:电子科技大学出版社,2001,16-29
[22] Lima F, Ramalho J.N, Duarte J, et al. A novel universal battery charger for NiCd, NiMh, Li-ion and Li-polymer. Solid-State Circuits Conference, 20003. ESSCIRC’03,Proceedings of the 29th European, 2003, 209-212
[23] John Chatzakis, Kostas Kalailtzakis, Nicholas C. Voulgaris. Designing a new generalized battery management system. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, 2003, 50(5):990-999
[24]李芊.采用频率抖动技术减小EMI.国外电子元器件,2001,(12):62-63
[25] Li Cai, Zhihui Yang, Wei Chen. EMI Reduction of Switching Power Supply by Frequency Jitter. Fortieth IAS Annual Meeting, 2005, 4: 2790-2793
[26]谢晋雄,李军.频率扰动法降低开关电源电磁干扰的试验研究.电力电子技术,2006,(5):77-79
[27] Kuisma, M. Variable frequency switching in power supply EMI-control. IEEE AES Systems Magazine, 2003, (18): 18-19
[28]樊晓燕,王兴君.锂离子电池充电器中基准源的设计.现代电子技术,2004,(24):27-29
[29] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg (,冯军,李智群) .CMOS模拟集成电路设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005,125-130
[30] Keith Billings.开关电源手册(,张占松,汪仁煌,谢丽萍).北京:人民邮电出版社,2006,72-80
[31] Chia-Hsiang Lin, chi-Lin Chen, Yu-Huei Lee, et al. Fast charging technique for Li-Ion battery charger. ICECS 2008.15th IEEE Interactional conference on, 2008, 618-621
[32] Nilkamal Fernandopulle, Robert T. H. Alden. Domain of Stability of AC/DC Power Systems. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Canadian Conference on, 2004, 1: 433-438
[33]施敏.现代半导体器件物理(,刘晓彦,贾霖,康晋峰)..北京:科学出版社,2001,141-145
[34]施敏.现代半导体器件物理(,刘晓彦,贾霖,康晋峰) .北京:科学出版社,2001,160-164
[35]田锦明,王松林,来新泉,等.AC/DC开关电源脉宽调制芯片的低功耗设计.电子科技,2006,(6):7-10
[36] Ke-Hong Chen, Hong-Wei Huang, Sy-Yen Kuo. On-Chip Conpensated Error Amplifier for Fast Transient DC-DC Converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2007, 54: 1150-1154
[37] J. Roh. High-Performance Error Amplifier for Fast Transient DC-DC Converts. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, 2005, 52: 591-595
[38] Nilkamal Fernandopulle, Robert T. H. Alden. Improved Dynamic Security Assessment for AC/DC Power Systems Using Energy Functions. Power systems, IEEE trans on, 2003, 18: 1470-1477
[39]杨克俊.电磁兼容原理与设计技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004,43-44
[40] Feng Lin, Dan Y Chen. Reduction of power supply EMI emission by switching frequency modulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 1994, 9(1): 132-137
[41] Sanjaya Maniktala. Switching Power Supply A to Z. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006, 129-134
[42]张兰红,陈道炼.反激变换器开关应力控制技术研究.电力电子技术,2002,36(2): 29-35
[43]李桂宏,谢式键.集成电路设计宝典.北京:电子工业出版社,2006,179-187
[2]郭炳焜,徐徽,王先友,等.锂离子电池.长沙:中南大学出版社,2002,10-41
[3]吴宇平,万春荣,姜长印,等.锂离子二次电池.北京:化学工业出版社,2002,336-349
[4]张洪为.锂离子电池原理及充电管理的设计探讨.Texas Instruments,2004,11:1-15
[5]嵇维贵,冉峰,徐华美.智能功率开关电源IC设计.半导体技术,2004,29(1):68-72
[6]刘军.开关电源的应用与发展.大众用电,2002,(12):16-17
[7]朱伟民.开关电源IC的绿色设计.电子与封装,2007,7(1):1-3
[8]沙占友.单片开关电源的发展趋势.电气时代,2003,(8):49-51
[9]周志敏.浅析AC/DC电源的模块化.电源技术应用,2002,5(3):113-115
[10]华伟.通信开关电源的五种PWM反馈控制模式研究.通信电源技术,2001,2:12-16
[11] Abraham I. Pressman. Switching Power Supply Design. New York; McGraw-Hill, 1998, 154-158
[12] C. Deisch. Simple Control Method Changes Power Converter into Current Source. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf, 1978, 300-306
[13] Raymond A. Mack. Demystifying Switching Power Supplies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005, 121-129
[14] Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovi?. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, 161-165
[15]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2001,319-323
[16]郑如定.锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池概述.通信电源技术,2002,(5):18-21
[17] Elias MFM, Nor K. M, Rahim N. A, et al. Lithium-ion battery charger for high energy application. Power Engineering Conference, 2003: 283-288
[18] Azim Lotjou, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Yong Fu, et al. Security-Constrained Unit Commitment with AC/DC Transmission Systems. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 2010, 25: 531-542
[19] Hsieh G. C, Chen L. R, Huang K. S. Fuzzy-controlled Li-ion Battery Charge system with Active State of Charge Controllers. IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, 2001, 48: 585-593
[20] Thomas G. Benefits of performance standards for Lithium-ion and Lithium-ion polymer batteries. Battery Conference on Application and Advances, 2002, (7): 223-225
[21] Bo Zhang. Power Semiconductor Devices and Smart Power ICs.成都:电子科技大学出版社,2001,16-29
[22] Lima F, Ramalho J.N, Duarte J, et al. A novel universal battery charger for NiCd, NiMh, Li-ion and Li-polymer. Solid-State Circuits Conference, 20003. ESSCIRC’03,Proceedings of the 29th European, 2003, 209-212
[23] John Chatzakis, Kostas Kalailtzakis, Nicholas C. Voulgaris. Designing a new generalized battery management system. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, 2003, 50(5):990-999
[24]李芊.采用频率抖动技术减小EMI.国外电子元器件,2001,(12):62-63
[25] Li Cai, Zhihui Yang, Wei Chen. EMI Reduction of Switching Power Supply by Frequency Jitter. Fortieth IAS Annual Meeting, 2005, 4: 2790-2793
[26]谢晋雄,李军.频率扰动法降低开关电源电磁干扰的试验研究.电力电子技术,2006,(5):77-79
[27] Kuisma, M. Variable frequency switching in power supply EMI-control. IEEE AES Systems Magazine, 2003, (18): 18-19
[28]樊晓燕,王兴君.锂离子电池充电器中基准源的设计.现代电子技术,2004,(24):27-29
[29] Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg (,冯军,李智群) .CMOS模拟集成电路设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005,125-130
[30] Keith Billings.开关电源手册(,张占松,汪仁煌,谢丽萍).北京:人民邮电出版社,2006,72-80
[31] Chia-Hsiang Lin, chi-Lin Chen, Yu-Huei Lee, et al. Fast charging technique for Li-Ion battery charger. ICECS 2008.15th IEEE Interactional conference on, 2008, 618-621
[32] Nilkamal Fernandopulle, Robert T. H. Alden. Domain of Stability of AC/DC Power Systems. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Canadian Conference on, 2004, 1: 433-438
[33]施敏.现代半导体器件物理(,刘晓彦,贾霖,康晋峰)..北京:科学出版社,2001,141-145
[34]施敏.现代半导体器件物理(,刘晓彦,贾霖,康晋峰) .北京:科学出版社,2001,160-164
[35]田锦明,王松林,来新泉,等.AC/DC开关电源脉宽调制芯片的低功耗设计.电子科技,2006,(6):7-10
[36] Ke-Hong Chen, Hong-Wei Huang, Sy-Yen Kuo. On-Chip Conpensated Error Amplifier for Fast Transient DC-DC Converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2007, 54: 1150-1154
[37] J. Roh. High-Performance Error Amplifier for Fast Transient DC-DC Converts. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, 2005, 52: 591-595
[38] Nilkamal Fernandopulle, Robert T. H. Alden. Improved Dynamic Security Assessment for AC/DC Power Systems Using Energy Functions. Power systems, IEEE trans on, 2003, 18: 1470-1477
[39]杨克俊.电磁兼容原理与设计技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004,43-44
[40] Feng Lin, Dan Y Chen. Reduction of power supply EMI emission by switching frequency modulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 1994, 9(1): 132-137
[41] Sanjaya Maniktala. Switching Power Supply A to Z. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006, 129-134
[42]张兰红,陈道炼.反激变换器开关应力控制技术研究.电力电子技术,2002,36(2): 29-35
[43]李桂宏,谢式键.集成电路设计宝典.北京:电子工业出版社,2006,179-187