GMSK跳频信号参数盲估计和盲检测算法的研究
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摘要
跳频技术是扩频技术的一种，是80年代以来出现的一种新颖的通信方式。跳频通信具有良好的抗干扰性，低截获概率及组网能力，因此跳频技术的一出现，便在军事领域得到了极大的发展，采用跳频技术的短波电台在军事通信中得到了广泛应用，极大地提高了军事装备的抗截获和抗干扰能力，向通信对抗提出了严峻的挑战。开展对跳频通信对抗的研究，寻求截获，分选识别跳频通信信号方法，已成了当前通信对抗领域紧迫而困难的任务之一。
近几年来，现代信号处理的三大热点——谱估计、高阶统计量方法、时频分析等理论和技术日臻成熟和完善，逐渐被应用到通信对抗领域，使得目前通信对抗信号处理技术的研究达到了一个高潮。
目前，运用常规的通信对抗技术已经无法对跳频电台起到真正有效的对抗作用，因此，应用现代信号处理技术，研究对跳频信号的盲侦收、处理新算法，已经成了目前通信对抗领域的一大研究热点。由于跳频信号的时变特性以及时频分析技术在分析时变非平稳信号方面的强大功能，因此，如何应用时频分析技术来处理跳频通信信号，是目前跳频信号侦收算法研究领域的一大方向。本文的工作正是在这一领域所做的一种探索。
第一章介绍了短波通信和短波跳频电台在军事领域中的广泛应用，以及现代信号处理技术特别是时频分析技术对促进跳频通信对抗研究的重要意义。
第二章介绍了跳频通信以及GMSK调制的基本原理，在Matlab Simulink环境下给出了基于GMSK方式的跳频短波发射机仿真模型。
第三章用“平滑伪WVD(SPWVD)”时频分析技术分别研究了对高速跳和低速跳的跳频信号的参数盲估计算法，并对这两种算法，分别在Matlab的环境下做了仿真和性能分析。
第四章对用多跳自相关技术做跳频信号盲检测以及用特征矩阵联合对角化技术(JADE)做跳频信号盲分离的算法做了研究和仿真。
Frequency-Hopping (FH) is a novel spread spectrum communication technique,which develops very fast in military field due to its LPI/LPD (Low Probability of Intercept / Detection) properties and immunity against interferences,The extensive application of HF (high frequency) frequency-hopping radios in military has greatly enhanced the ability of military equipments against jamming and interception and brought up a new austere challenge for communication countermeasures. So researching the surveillance,interception and classification methods for FH signals has been a difficult and pressing task in communication countermeasure fields.
In recent years,the three hot-points of Modern Signal Processing theory - Spectrum Estimation,Higher Order Cumulants,Time-Frequency Analysis have become more and more mature and greatly promoted the research work for communication countermeasure techniques.
Nowadays,the research of new surveillance and interception algorithms for FH signals using modern signals processing technique has become a hot topic since the conventional communication countermeasure techniques don't work any more. FH signals are time-variant and non-stationary signals,while time-frequency analysis is a powerful tool to analyze this kind of signals. So how to deal with FH signals using time-frequency analysis technique is a important aspect in the research fields of FH surveillance algorithms. In this paper we will do some efforts in this field.
Chapter 1 introduces the extensive application of HF/VHF communication and HF/VHF radios in military field,and points out the significance for promoting the research work of FH communication countermeasure using modern signal processing techniques,especially time-frequency analysis.
Chapter 2 introduces the theory of frequency-hopping and OMSK,at the same time gives out a FH-GMSK radio model in High Frequency band under the MATLAB simulink environment.
Chapter 3 respectively proposes the parameter blind estimation algorithms for high-speed-hop and low-speed-hop FH signals based on Smoothed Pseudo WVD (SPWVD) . Furthermore,the simulation results are given to demonstrate the algorithms performance.
Chapter 4 gives out the blind detection algorithm of unknown FH signal using Multi-Hop Autocorrelation technique and blind signal separation algorithm using Joint Approximate Diagonalisation of Eigen-matrices (JADE) technique. Some elementary simulation results are also presented here.
近几年来，现代信号处理的三大热点——谱估计、高阶统计量方法、时频分析等理论和技术日臻成熟和完善，逐渐被应用到通信对抗领域，使得目前通信对抗信号处理技术的研究达到了一个高潮。
目前，运用常规的通信对抗技术已经无法对跳频电台起到真正有效的对抗作用，因此，应用现代信号处理技术，研究对跳频信号的盲侦收、处理新算法，已经成了目前通信对抗领域的一大研究热点。由于跳频信号的时变特性以及时频分析技术在分析时变非平稳信号方面的强大功能，因此，如何应用时频分析技术来处理跳频通信信号，是目前跳频信号侦收算法研究领域的一大方向。本文的工作正是在这一领域所做的一种探索。
第一章介绍了短波通信和短波跳频电台在军事领域中的广泛应用，以及现代信号处理技术特别是时频分析技术对促进跳频通信对抗研究的重要意义。
第二章介绍了跳频通信以及GMSK调制的基本原理，在Matlab Simulink环境下给出了基于GMSK方式的跳频短波发射机仿真模型。
第三章用“平滑伪WVD(SPWVD)”时频分析技术分别研究了对高速跳和低速跳的跳频信号的参数盲估计算法，并对这两种算法，分别在Matlab的环境下做了仿真和性能分析。
第四章对用多跳自相关技术做跳频信号盲检测以及用特征矩阵联合对角化技术(JADE)做跳频信号盲分离的算法做了研究和仿真。
Frequency-Hopping (FH) is a novel spread spectrum communication technique,which develops very fast in military field due to its LPI/LPD (Low Probability of Intercept / Detection) properties and immunity against interferences,The extensive application of HF (high frequency) frequency-hopping radios in military has greatly enhanced the ability of military equipments against jamming and interception and brought up a new austere challenge for communication countermeasures. So researching the surveillance,interception and classification methods for FH signals has been a difficult and pressing task in communication countermeasure fields.
In recent years,the three hot-points of Modern Signal Processing theory - Spectrum Estimation,Higher Order Cumulants,Time-Frequency Analysis have become more and more mature and greatly promoted the research work for communication countermeasure techniques.
Nowadays,the research of new surveillance and interception algorithms for FH signals using modern signals processing technique has become a hot topic since the conventional communication countermeasure techniques don't work any more. FH signals are time-variant and non-stationary signals,while time-frequency analysis is a powerful tool to analyze this kind of signals. So how to deal with FH signals using time-frequency analysis technique is a important aspect in the research fields of FH surveillance algorithms. In this paper we will do some efforts in this field.
Chapter 1 introduces the extensive application of HF/VHF communication and HF/VHF radios in military field,and points out the significance for promoting the research work of FH communication countermeasure using modern signal processing techniques,especially time-frequency analysis.
Chapter 2 introduces the theory of frequency-hopping and OMSK,at the same time gives out a FH-GMSK radio model in High Frequency band under the MATLAB simulink environment.
Chapter 3 respectively proposes the parameter blind estimation algorithms for high-speed-hop and low-speed-hop FH signals based on Smoothed Pseudo WVD (SPWVD) . Furthermore,the simulation results are given to demonstrate the algorithms performance.
Chapter 4 gives out the blind detection algorithm of unknown FH signal using Multi-Hop Autocorrelation technique and blind signal separation algorithm using Joint Approximate Diagonalisation of Eigen-matrices (JADE) technique. Some elementary simulation results are also presented here.
引文
【1】沈琪琪，朱德生．短波通信．西安电子科技大学出版社，1995
【2】通信业务常识．http://www.atcisc.com.cn/zsyd/main.html
【3】李苏廷，雷渭侣．短波通信发展综述．广东通信技术，1995．4，pp．1-6
【4】查光明，熊贤炸．扩频通信．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
【5】孙剑川，凌涛．短波战术跳频通信系统的技术现状和发展．通信与广播电视，2002．3，pp．1-6
【6】刘宗祥．外军陆地战术超短波电台德特点及装备情况浅析．移动通信，1991．2，pp．36-40
【7】周希元，刘志杰，张建立．跳频通信侦察干扰的技术可行性．无线电工程，1995．3，第25卷，pp．47-52
【8】邹红星，周小波，李衍达．时频分析：回溯与前瞻．电子学报，2000．9，Vol．28，pp．78-84
【9】S.Barbarossa, "Parameter estimation of spread spectrum frequency hopping signals using time-frequency distributions". Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, First IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on, pp.213-216, 1997
【10】Jeffery D.Laster. Robust GMSK demodulation using demodulator diversity and BER estimation, doctorial thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1997.3
【11】彭伟军，宋文涛，罗汉文．GMSK在跳频通信中的应用及其性能分析．通信学报，2002．11，Vol．21，pp．41-47
【12】LAM Y M, WJITKE P H. Frequency-hopped spread-spectrum transmission with band-efficient modulations and simplified non-coherent sequence estimation [J]. IEEE Trans Communication, 1990, 38(12): 2184-2195
【13】王秉钧，孙学军等．扩频通信—国家自然科学基金资助课题．天津大学出版社，1993年.
【14】技术讲座—扩频通信，http://www.mc21st.com/techfield/systech/ss/s06-04.htm
【15】梅文华 杨义先，跳频通信地址编码理论，国防工业出版社，1996
【16】朱近康著，扩展频谱通信及其应用．中国科学技术大学出版社，1993
【17】樊昌信，詹道庸等．通信原理(第4版)．国防工业出版社，1996
【18】郭梯云，杨家玮等．通信工程丛书—数字移动通信．人民邮电出版社，1985
【19】杨留清，张闽申等．通信工程丛书—数字移动通信系统．人民邮电出版社，1995
【20】Alfredo Linz, Alan Hendrickson. Efficient Implementation of an I-Q GMSK Modulator. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-Ⅱ: analog and digital signal processing, Vol. 43, NO. 1,jan, 1996, pp.14-23
【21】Char-Dir Chung and A.Polydoros, "Parameter Estimation of Random FH signals Using Autocorrelation Techniques." IEEE Trans. On Communications, Vol. 43,No 2/3/4,pp.1097-1106, 1995
【22】Monique.P. Fargues and Howard F. Overdyk, "wavelet-based detection of frequency hopping signals", Signals, Systems & Computers, 1997. Conference Record of the Thirty-First Asilomar Conference on, Volume: 1, pp.515-518,1997
【23】M.K.Simon, U.Cheng, L.Aydin, A.Polydoros. "Hop timing estimation for non-coherent frequency-hopped M-FSK intercept receivers", IEEE Trans. on Commun., pp. 1141-1153, Vol,43,No.2/3/4, February/March/April 1995
【24】L.Aydin, A.Polydoros, "Hop timing estimation for FH signals using a coarsely channelized receiver", IEEE Transaction on communication, pp.516-526, Vol.44, No.4 April 1995
【25】Xiangqian Liu, Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos, Ananthram Swami. Blind high-resolution localization and tracking of multiple frequency hopped signals. IEEE Transactions on signal processing, Vol.50, NO.4, April, 2002
【26】S.Barbarossa, "Analysis of multicomponent LFM signals by a combined Wigner-Hough transform", IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing. Vol.43, No.6, pp. 1511-1515 ,June 1995
【27】S.Barbarossa. "Analysis of nonlinear FM signals by pattern recognition of their time-frequency representation",IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.3, No.4, pp.112-115,April 1996
【28】F. Auger and P. Flandrin, "Improving the readability of time-frequency and time-scale representations by the reassignment method," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing ,Vol,43 ,no.5, pp. 1068-1089,May 1995.
【29】胡广书．数字信号处理—理论、算法与实现．清华大学出版社，1997
【30】B.Boashash. Estimation and interpreting the instantaneous frequency of a signal-part Ⅰ: Fundamentals. Part-Ⅱ: Algorithms and Applications. Proc. IEEE, Vol.80, No.4, April, 1992
【31】张贤达．现代信号处理．清华大学出版社，1995
【32】http://www-isis.enst.fr/Applications/tftb/iutsn.univ-nantes.fr/auger/tftb.html
【33】Time-frequency toolbox for use with matlab: Tutorial
【34】Time-frequency toolbox for use with matlab: Reference guide
【35】赵俊，张朝阳等．一种基于时频分析的跳频信号参数盲估计方法，电路与系统学报录用
【36】曹千芊，张朝阳等。多跳频信号的盲分离与参数盲估计，已投电子学报
【37】[美]L.科恩 著 白居宪 译．《时—频分析：理论与应用》．西安交通大学出版社，1998
【38】刘乃安，曾兴雯等．高速突发通信中的自适应门限技术及其性能．电子学报，1998．1，Vol．26，PP．111-114
【39】候俊才，董绍平．自适应门限恒虚警检测的研究．系统工程与电子技术，1994．7，pp．6-12
【40】Larry W. Nemsick, Evaggelos Geraniotis ,"Adaptive Multi-channel Detection of Frequency Hopping Signals ",IEEE Transactions on commun, Vol.40,No.9,Sept, 1992
【41】J.D.Edell, "Wideband, Non-coherent, Frequency Hopped Waveforms and Their Hybirds in Low Probability of Intercept Communications," Naval Research Laboratory ,Washington .DC,Report 8025,Nov. 1976
【42】I.E.Miller, J.S.Lee, "Frequency Hopping Signal Detection Using Partial Band Coverage", IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.29, No.2, 1993
【43】A.Polydoros and K.T. Woo ,"LPI Detection of Frequency Hopping Signal Using Autocorrelation Techniques," IEEE Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. SAC-3, pp714-pp726,sept, 1985
【44】S.Hinedi and A.Polydoros,"DS/LPI Autocorrelation Detection in Noise Plus Random-Tone Interference ,"IEEE Transaction on Communications ,pp.805-pp817,june 1990
【45】(美)范特里斯(H.L.Van Trees)著；毛士艺等译，《检测、估计和调制理论 卷Ⅰ 检测、估计和线性调制理论》，北京：国防工业出版社，1983．6
【46】张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．国防工业出版社，2000
【47】A.Belouchrani,K.Abed-Meraim,J.F. Cardoso and E.Moulines, "A blind source separation technique using second order statistics ",IEEE trans, on Signal Processing,vol.45,no.2,pp434-444,February 1997
【48】J.F. Cardoso and A.Souloumiac "Bind beamforming for non-Gaussian signals ", IEEE proceedings-F, vol. 140,pp.362-370,December 1993
【49】Juha karhunen, "Neural Approaches to Independent Component Analysis and Source Separation, "Proc 4th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN '96),1996
【50】Moustakides, G.V.," Optimum adaptive blind source separation algorithms" Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2002 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 2, page(s): Ⅱ- 1645 -Ⅱ-1648, 2002
【51】P. Comon. Independent component analysis, a new concept, signal processing elsevier, Vol.36, pp.287-314, Apr. 1994
【52】盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅，《概率论与数理统计(第二版)》，杭州：浙江大学出版社，1989
【53】Xiangqian Liu, Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos, Ananthram Swami. Blind separation of FHSS signals using PARAFAC analysis and quadrilinear least squares. MILCOM 2001. Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force. Vol.2, pp.1340-1344
【54】K.T. Wong, Blind beamforming/geolocation for wideband-FFHs with unknown hop-sequences. IEEE trans, on Aerospace and Electronics Systems, 37(1):65-67, Jan.2001
【2】通信业务常识．http://www.atcisc.com.cn/zsyd/main.html
【3】李苏廷，雷渭侣．短波通信发展综述．广东通信技术，1995．4，pp．1-6
【4】查光明，熊贤炸．扩频通信．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
【5】孙剑川，凌涛．短波战术跳频通信系统的技术现状和发展．通信与广播电视，2002．3，pp．1-6
【6】刘宗祥．外军陆地战术超短波电台德特点及装备情况浅析．移动通信，1991．2，pp．36-40
【7】周希元，刘志杰，张建立．跳频通信侦察干扰的技术可行性．无线电工程，1995．3，第25卷，pp．47-52
【8】邹红星，周小波，李衍达．时频分析：回溯与前瞻．电子学报，2000．9，Vol．28，pp．78-84
【9】S.Barbarossa, "Parameter estimation of spread spectrum frequency hopping signals using time-frequency distributions". Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, First IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on, pp.213-216, 1997
【10】Jeffery D.Laster. Robust GMSK demodulation using demodulator diversity and BER estimation, doctorial thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1997.3
【11】彭伟军，宋文涛，罗汉文．GMSK在跳频通信中的应用及其性能分析．通信学报，2002．11，Vol．21，pp．41-47
【12】LAM Y M, WJITKE P H. Frequency-hopped spread-spectrum transmission with band-efficient modulations and simplified non-coherent sequence estimation [J]. IEEE Trans Communication, 1990, 38(12): 2184-2195
【13】王秉钧，孙学军等．扩频通信—国家自然科学基金资助课题．天津大学出版社，1993年.
【14】技术讲座—扩频通信，http://www.mc21st.com/techfield/systech/ss/s06-04.htm
【15】梅文华 杨义先，跳频通信地址编码理论，国防工业出版社，1996
【16】朱近康著，扩展频谱通信及其应用．中国科学技术大学出版社，1993
【17】樊昌信，詹道庸等．通信原理(第4版)．国防工业出版社，1996
【18】郭梯云，杨家玮等．通信工程丛书—数字移动通信．人民邮电出版社，1985
【19】杨留清，张闽申等．通信工程丛书—数字移动通信系统．人民邮电出版社，1995
【20】Alfredo Linz, Alan Hendrickson. Efficient Implementation of an I-Q GMSK Modulator. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-Ⅱ: analog and digital signal processing, Vol. 43, NO. 1,jan, 1996, pp.14-23
【21】Char-Dir Chung and A.Polydoros, "Parameter Estimation of Random FH signals Using Autocorrelation Techniques." IEEE Trans. On Communications, Vol. 43,No 2/3/4,pp.1097-1106, 1995
【22】Monique.P. Fargues and Howard F. Overdyk, "wavelet-based detection of frequency hopping signals", Signals, Systems & Computers, 1997. Conference Record of the Thirty-First Asilomar Conference on, Volume: 1, pp.515-518,1997
【23】M.K.Simon, U.Cheng, L.Aydin, A.Polydoros. "Hop timing estimation for non-coherent frequency-hopped M-FSK intercept receivers", IEEE Trans. on Commun., pp. 1141-1153, Vol,43,No.2/3/4, February/March/April 1995
【24】L.Aydin, A.Polydoros, "Hop timing estimation for FH signals using a coarsely channelized receiver", IEEE Transaction on communication, pp.516-526, Vol.44, No.4 April 1995
【25】Xiangqian Liu, Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos, Ananthram Swami. Blind high-resolution localization and tracking of multiple frequency hopped signals. IEEE Transactions on signal processing, Vol.50, NO.4, April, 2002
【26】S.Barbarossa, "Analysis of multicomponent LFM signals by a combined Wigner-Hough transform", IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing. Vol.43, No.6, pp. 1511-1515 ,June 1995
【27】S.Barbarossa. "Analysis of nonlinear FM signals by pattern recognition of their time-frequency representation",IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.3, No.4, pp.112-115,April 1996
【28】F. Auger and P. Flandrin, "Improving the readability of time-frequency and time-scale representations by the reassignment method," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing ,Vol,43 ,no.5, pp. 1068-1089,May 1995.
【29】胡广书．数字信号处理—理论、算法与实现．清华大学出版社，1997
【30】B.Boashash. Estimation and interpreting the instantaneous frequency of a signal-part Ⅰ: Fundamentals. Part-Ⅱ: Algorithms and Applications. Proc. IEEE, Vol.80, No.4, April, 1992
【31】张贤达．现代信号处理．清华大学出版社，1995
【32】http://www-isis.enst.fr/Applications/tftb/iutsn.univ-nantes.fr/auger/tftb.html
【33】Time-frequency toolbox for use with matlab: Tutorial
【34】Time-frequency toolbox for use with matlab: Reference guide
【35】赵俊，张朝阳等．一种基于时频分析的跳频信号参数盲估计方法，电路与系统学报录用
【36】曹千芊，张朝阳等。多跳频信号的盲分离与参数盲估计，已投电子学报
【37】[美]L.科恩 著 白居宪 译．《时—频分析：理论与应用》．西安交通大学出版社，1998
【38】刘乃安，曾兴雯等．高速突发通信中的自适应门限技术及其性能．电子学报，1998．1，Vol．26，PP．111-114
【39】候俊才，董绍平．自适应门限恒虚警检测的研究．系统工程与电子技术，1994．7，pp．6-12
【40】Larry W. Nemsick, Evaggelos Geraniotis ,"Adaptive Multi-channel Detection of Frequency Hopping Signals ",IEEE Transactions on commun, Vol.40,No.9,Sept, 1992
【41】J.D.Edell, "Wideband, Non-coherent, Frequency Hopped Waveforms and Their Hybirds in Low Probability of Intercept Communications," Naval Research Laboratory ,Washington .DC,Report 8025,Nov. 1976
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