风电场动态等值方法研究
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摘要
随着风电场建设规模的日益扩大,风电对接入电力系统的影响也越来越大。所以,对于含有风电场的电力系统,需要建立正确的数学模型,借以实现对该系统进行仿真分析。由于风力发电机的单机容量相对较小,大型风电场往往由数百台风力发电机组成。对于大型互联电力系统,有必要研究接入风电场的动态等值方法,以减少含风电电力系统的分析规模和仿真时间。本文针对恒速恒频风力发电机组,研究其动态等值问题,主要工作如下:
1、介绍了恒速恒频发电机组的数学模型,包括空气动力系统模型、传动机构模型、异步发电机模型以及桨距角控制环节模型,并在DigSILENT软件平台上实现了恒速恒频风电机组的建模。
2、介绍了可用于大维数系统优化问题求解的猴群算法,并加以改进,将其成功的引入到风电场的动态等值问题中;进而基于DIgSILENT软件平台,使用DPL语言实现了该算法的编程应用。
3、介绍了动态等值的定义及流程,以及风电场动态等值的具体实现过程。
4、采用临界清除时间作为等值方法的评价标准,对不同型号的异步发电机进行动态等值分析。结果表明,采用猴群算法进行风电场动态等值前后的系统,临界清除时间基本一致,说明了猴群算法应用于风电场等值的有效性;与加权法相比,该算法具有明显的精度优势;与遗传算法相比,该算法更稳定、收敛更快。
With the increase of wind farm penetration on power systems, the wind farms begin to have a more and more important influence on power systems. In order to analyze dynamic performance of power systems with wind farms, adequate wind farms models need to be developed. Compared to conventional power plants, large wind farms consist of a large number of generators of small size, sometimes up to several thousands. As a result, when doing dynamic simulation for a large interconnected power system, in order to reduce the complexity of power system analysis and the simulation time, equivalent wind farm models have to be developed. This paper will focus on the dynamic equivalence of fixed speed wind turbines,and the main research achievements are as follows:
1. A detailed model of fixed speed wind turbine is developed, including the wind power model, drive train model, generation system model and pitch angle control model. This model has been implemented in DIgSILENT.
2. In this paper, monkey algorithm is studied, which is used to solve the optimization of multivariate systems. It is improved, and then proposed to be applied to dynamic equivalence of wind farms. This algorithm is realized by DPL in DIgSILENT.
3. The definition and processes of dynamic equivalence is introduced. inluding how to apply to wind farms.
4. In this paper, the critical clearing time is considered to be the evaluation criteria of equivalence method, and dynamic equivalence of several different types of fixed speed wind turbines is analyzed. The critical clearing time of the equivalent system is very similar to the real system, which validates that the algorithm can be applied to dynamic equivalence of wind farms, and has high accuracy. Compared to weighted method, the method in this paper has much higher accuracy. Compared to genetic algorithm, monkey algorithm is more stable and converges faster.
1、介绍了恒速恒频发电机组的数学模型,包括空气动力系统模型、传动机构模型、异步发电机模型以及桨距角控制环节模型,并在DigSILENT软件平台上实现了恒速恒频风电机组的建模。
2、介绍了可用于大维数系统优化问题求解的猴群算法,并加以改进,将其成功的引入到风电场的动态等值问题中;进而基于DIgSILENT软件平台,使用DPL语言实现了该算法的编程应用。
3、介绍了动态等值的定义及流程,以及风电场动态等值的具体实现过程。
4、采用临界清除时间作为等值方法的评价标准,对不同型号的异步发电机进行动态等值分析。结果表明,采用猴群算法进行风电场动态等值前后的系统,临界清除时间基本一致,说明了猴群算法应用于风电场等值的有效性;与加权法相比,该算法具有明显的精度优势;与遗传算法相比,该算法更稳定、收敛更快。
With the increase of wind farm penetration on power systems, the wind farms begin to have a more and more important influence on power systems. In order to analyze dynamic performance of power systems with wind farms, adequate wind farms models need to be developed. Compared to conventional power plants, large wind farms consist of a large number of generators of small size, sometimes up to several thousands. As a result, when doing dynamic simulation for a large interconnected power system, in order to reduce the complexity of power system analysis and the simulation time, equivalent wind farm models have to be developed. This paper will focus on the dynamic equivalence of fixed speed wind turbines,and the main research achievements are as follows:
1. A detailed model of fixed speed wind turbine is developed, including the wind power model, drive train model, generation system model and pitch angle control model. This model has been implemented in DIgSILENT.
2. In this paper, monkey algorithm is studied, which is used to solve the optimization of multivariate systems. It is improved, and then proposed to be applied to dynamic equivalence of wind farms. This algorithm is realized by DPL in DIgSILENT.
3. The definition and processes of dynamic equivalence is introduced. inluding how to apply to wind farms.
4. In this paper, the critical clearing time is considered to be the evaluation criteria of equivalence method, and dynamic equivalence of several different types of fixed speed wind turbines is analyzed. The critical clearing time of the equivalent system is very similar to the real system, which validates that the algorithm can be applied to dynamic equivalence of wind farms, and has high accuracy. Compared to weighted method, the method in this paper has much higher accuracy. Compared to genetic algorithm, monkey algorithm is more stable and converges faster.
引文
[1]李代广,风与风能,北京:化学工业出版社,2009,30-37.
[2]李俊峰,时璟丽,施鹏飞等,风力12在中国,北京:化学工业出版社,2005,13-19.
[3]宫靖远,贺德馨,孙如林等,风电场工程技术手册,北京:机械工业出版社,2004,7-27.
[4]孙建锋,风电场建模和仿真研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,2004.
[5] PRABHA KUNDUR,电力系统稳定与控制,北京:中国电力出版社,2002,201-205.
[6]刘取,电力系统稳定性及发电机励磁控制,北京:中国电力出版社,2007,4-6.
[7] M. Poller and S. Achilles,Aggregated wind park models for analyzing power system dynamics[EB/OL],http://www.digsilent.de/Publications/.
[8] J. G. Slootweg and W. L. Kling,Aggregated modeling of wind parks in power system dynamics simulations , in Proc. 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, Bologna, Italy, June 23-26, 2003.
[9] J. G. Slootweg and W. L. Kling,Modeling of large wind farms in power system simulations,in IEEE PES 2002 Summer Meeting, July 21-25, 2002, pp. 503-508.
[10] L. M. Fernandez, J. R. Saenz, and F. Jurado,Dynamic models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines,Renewable Energy,2006,31(8):1203-1230.
[11] Vladislav Akhmatov,Hans Knudsen,An aggregate model of a grid-connected, large-scale, offshore wind farm for power stability investigations-importance of windmill mechanical system,International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,2002,24(9):709-717.
[12] P. Ledesma, J. Usaola, and J. L. Rodriguez,Transient stability of a fixed speed wind farm,Renewable Energy,2003,28(9):1341-1355.
[13] Nunes MVA, Pec-as JA, Zu¨rn HH, et al,In?uence of the variable-speed wind generators in transient stability margin of the conventional generators integrated in electrical grids,IEEE Trans Energy Convers,2004,19(4):692–701.
[14] Usaola J, Ledesma P, Rodriguez JM, et al,Transient stability studies in grid with great wind power generation. Modelling issues and operation requirements,IEEE Power Eng Soc General Meeting 2003,3:1534–1541.
[15] Luis M. Fernandeza, Francisco Juradob, Jose Ramon Saenz,Aggregated dynamic model for wind farms with doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,Renewable Energy,2008,33(1):129-140.
[16]张慧群,基于遗传算法的风电场异步发电机动态等值研究,硕士学位论文,河海大学,2007.
[17]孙建锋,焦连伟,吴俊玲,等,风电场发电机动态等值问题的研究,电网技术,2004,28(7):58-61.
[18]刁瑞盛,徐政,常勇,几种常见风力发电系统的技术比较,能源工程,2006,2:20-25.
[19]潘文霞,陈允平,风电系统及其电压特性研究,河海大学学报,2001,29(1):88-92.
[20] Anca D. Hansen, Clemens Jauch, Poul S?rensen, et al,Dynamic wind turbine models in power system simulation tool DIgSILENT.Roskilde:Ris? National Laboratory,2003.
[21]闫广新,晁勤,刘新刚,等,含变速双馈风电机组风电场的等值问题,可再生能源,2008,26(1):21-23.
[22]汤涌,卜广全,侯俊贤,等,PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序用户手册,北京:中国电力科学研究院,2008,175-189.
[23] Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca,Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators,New York:GE-Power Systems Energy Consulting,2003,11-23.
[24] Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul S?rensen, et al,Wind Turbine Blockset in Matlab/Simulink,Aalborghus:Aalborg University,2004,21-27.
[25]倪以信,陈寿孙,张宝霖,动态电力系统的理论和分析,北京:清华大学出版社,2002,85-88.
[26] Dommel H W,电力系统电磁暂态计算理论,北京:水利电力出版社,1991,56-68.
[27] J.B.Ekanayake,L.Holdsworth,N.Jenkins,Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)wind turbines,Electric Power Systems Research 67(2003):207-215.
[28] Vladislav Akhmatov,风力发电用感应发电机,北京:中国电力出版社,2009,60-65.
[29] Anca D. Hansen, Clemens Jauch, Poul S?rensen, et al,Dynamic wind turbine models in power system simulation tool DIgSILENT , Ris? National Laboratory,Roskilde December 2003.
[30]李作红,李建华,李常信,风电场静态电压稳定研究,电网与清洁能源,2008,24(3):45-50.
[31]潘文霞,大型风电场电压稳定性分析与控制研究,硕士学位论文,河海大学,2004.
[32] ZHOU F Q, JOOS G, ABBEY C,Voltage Stability in Weak Connection Wind Farms , Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2005,2:1483-1488.
[33] SMITH J, BROOKS D,Voltage impacts of Distributed Wind Generation on Rural Distribution Feeders , Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition,2001,1:492-497.
[34] HA L T, SAHA T K,Investigation of Power Loss and Voltage Stability Limits for Large Wind Farm Eonnections to a Subtransmission Network,Proceedings of IEEE power Engineering Society General Meeting,Atlanta:Pisc Ataway,2004:2251-2256.
[35]胡家兵,孙丹,贺益康,等,电网电压骤降下双馈风力发电机建模与控制,电力系统自动化,2006,30(8):21-26.
[36] XIA Y, SHIMOMURA M, PASERBA J,Active Power Control for Preventing Voltage Instability Using an Adjustable Speed Machine,Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2001:866-871.
[37] CARTWRIGHT P, HOLDSWORTH L, EKANA YA KE J, et al,Coordinated Voltage Control Strategy for a Doubly-fed Induction Generator Based Wind Farm,IEEE Proceedings: Generation, Transmission and Distribution,2004,151(4):495-502.
[38] TAN OT, THOTTAPPILLIL R , Static Var Compensators for Critical Synchronous Motor Loads During Voltage Dips,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(3):1517-1523.
[39] CHEN J H, L EE W J, CHEN M S,Using a Static Var Compensator to Balance a Distribution System,IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,1999,35(2):298-304.
[40]李东东,陈陈,风力发电系统动态仿真的风速模型,中国电机工程学报,2005,25(21):41-44.
[41]傅旭,李海伟,李冰寒,大规模风电场并网对电网的影响及对策综述,陕西电力,2010,38(1):53-57.
[42]李锋,陆一川,大规模风力发电对电力系统的影响,中国电力,2006,39(11):80-84.
[43]张节潭,程浩忠,黄微,等,含风电场的电源规划综述,电力系统及其自动化学报,2009,21(2):35-41.
[44] Ruiqing Zhao,Wansheng Tang,Monkey Algorithm for Global Numerical Optimization,Journal of Uncertain Systems,2008,2(3):164-175.
[45] S. Koziel, and Z. Michalewicz,Evolutionary algorithms, homomorphous mappings, and constrained parameter optimization,Evolutionary Computation,1999,7:19-44.
[46]余贻鑫,陈礼义,电力系统的安全性与稳定性,北京:科学出版社,1988,40~80.
[47]刁瑞盛,风力发电对电网的影响研究,硕士学位论文,浙江大学,2006.
[48]吕涛,韩祯祥,电力系统仿真软件DIgSILENT介绍,华东电力,2004,32(12):37-41.
[2]李俊峰,时璟丽,施鹏飞等,风力12在中国,北京:化学工业出版社,2005,13-19.
[3]宫靖远,贺德馨,孙如林等,风电场工程技术手册,北京:机械工业出版社,2004,7-27.
[4]孙建锋,风电场建模和仿真研究,硕士学位论文,清华大学,2004.
[5] PRABHA KUNDUR,电力系统稳定与控制,北京:中国电力出版社,2002,201-205.
[6]刘取,电力系统稳定性及发电机励磁控制,北京:中国电力出版社,2007,4-6.
[7] M. Poller and S. Achilles,Aggregated wind park models for analyzing power system dynamics[EB/OL],http://www.digsilent.de/Publications/.
[8] J. G. Slootweg and W. L. Kling,Aggregated modeling of wind parks in power system dynamics simulations , in Proc. 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, Bologna, Italy, June 23-26, 2003.
[9] J. G. Slootweg and W. L. Kling,Modeling of large wind farms in power system simulations,in IEEE PES 2002 Summer Meeting, July 21-25, 2002, pp. 503-508.
[10] L. M. Fernandez, J. R. Saenz, and F. Jurado,Dynamic models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines,Renewable Energy,2006,31(8):1203-1230.
[11] Vladislav Akhmatov,Hans Knudsen,An aggregate model of a grid-connected, large-scale, offshore wind farm for power stability investigations-importance of windmill mechanical system,International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,2002,24(9):709-717.
[12] P. Ledesma, J. Usaola, and J. L. Rodriguez,Transient stability of a fixed speed wind farm,Renewable Energy,2003,28(9):1341-1355.
[13] Nunes MVA, Pec-as JA, Zu¨rn HH, et al,In?uence of the variable-speed wind generators in transient stability margin of the conventional generators integrated in electrical grids,IEEE Trans Energy Convers,2004,19(4):692–701.
[14] Usaola J, Ledesma P, Rodriguez JM, et al,Transient stability studies in grid with great wind power generation. Modelling issues and operation requirements,IEEE Power Eng Soc General Meeting 2003,3:1534–1541.
[15] Luis M. Fernandeza, Francisco Juradob, Jose Ramon Saenz,Aggregated dynamic model for wind farms with doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,Renewable Energy,2008,33(1):129-140.
[16]张慧群,基于遗传算法的风电场异步发电机动态等值研究,硕士学位论文,河海大学,2007.
[17]孙建锋,焦连伟,吴俊玲,等,风电场发电机动态等值问题的研究,电网技术,2004,28(7):58-61.
[18]刁瑞盛,徐政,常勇,几种常见风力发电系统的技术比较,能源工程,2006,2:20-25.
[19]潘文霞,陈允平,风电系统及其电压特性研究,河海大学学报,2001,29(1):88-92.
[20] Anca D. Hansen, Clemens Jauch, Poul S?rensen, et al,Dynamic wind turbine models in power system simulation tool DIgSILENT.Roskilde:Ris? National Laboratory,2003.
[21]闫广新,晁勤,刘新刚,等,含变速双馈风电机组风电场的等值问题,可再生能源,2008,26(1):21-23.
[22]汤涌,卜广全,侯俊贤,等,PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序用户手册,北京:中国电力科学研究院,2008,175-189.
[23] Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca,Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators,New York:GE-Power Systems Energy Consulting,2003,11-23.
[24] Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul S?rensen, et al,Wind Turbine Blockset in Matlab/Simulink,Aalborghus:Aalborg University,2004,21-27.
[25]倪以信,陈寿孙,张宝霖,动态电力系统的理论和分析,北京:清华大学出版社,2002,85-88.
[26] Dommel H W,电力系统电磁暂态计算理论,北京:水利电力出版社,1991,56-68.
[27] J.B.Ekanayake,L.Holdsworth,N.Jenkins,Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)wind turbines,Electric Power Systems Research 67(2003):207-215.
[28] Vladislav Akhmatov,风力发电用感应发电机,北京:中国电力出版社,2009,60-65.
[29] Anca D. Hansen, Clemens Jauch, Poul S?rensen, et al,Dynamic wind turbine models in power system simulation tool DIgSILENT , Ris? National Laboratory,Roskilde December 2003.
[30]李作红,李建华,李常信,风电场静态电压稳定研究,电网与清洁能源,2008,24(3):45-50.
[31]潘文霞,大型风电场电压稳定性分析与控制研究,硕士学位论文,河海大学,2004.
[32] ZHOU F Q, JOOS G, ABBEY C,Voltage Stability in Weak Connection Wind Farms , Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2005,2:1483-1488.
[33] SMITH J, BROOKS D,Voltage impacts of Distributed Wind Generation on Rural Distribution Feeders , Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition,2001,1:492-497.
[34] HA L T, SAHA T K,Investigation of Power Loss and Voltage Stability Limits for Large Wind Farm Eonnections to a Subtransmission Network,Proceedings of IEEE power Engineering Society General Meeting,Atlanta:Pisc Ataway,2004:2251-2256.
[35]胡家兵,孙丹,贺益康,等,电网电压骤降下双馈风力发电机建模与控制,电力系统自动化,2006,30(8):21-26.
[36] XIA Y, SHIMOMURA M, PASERBA J,Active Power Control for Preventing Voltage Instability Using an Adjustable Speed Machine,Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2001:866-871.
[37] CARTWRIGHT P, HOLDSWORTH L, EKANA YA KE J, et al,Coordinated Voltage Control Strategy for a Doubly-fed Induction Generator Based Wind Farm,IEEE Proceedings: Generation, Transmission and Distribution,2004,151(4):495-502.
[38] TAN OT, THOTTAPPILLIL R , Static Var Compensators for Critical Synchronous Motor Loads During Voltage Dips,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(3):1517-1523.
[39] CHEN J H, L EE W J, CHEN M S,Using a Static Var Compensator to Balance a Distribution System,IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,1999,35(2):298-304.
[40]李东东,陈陈,风力发电系统动态仿真的风速模型,中国电机工程学报,2005,25(21):41-44.
[41]傅旭,李海伟,李冰寒,大规模风电场并网对电网的影响及对策综述,陕西电力,2010,38(1):53-57.
[42]李锋,陆一川,大规模风力发电对电力系统的影响,中国电力,2006,39(11):80-84.
[43]张节潭,程浩忠,黄微,等,含风电场的电源规划综述,电力系统及其自动化学报,2009,21(2):35-41.
[44] Ruiqing Zhao,Wansheng Tang,Monkey Algorithm for Global Numerical Optimization,Journal of Uncertain Systems,2008,2(3):164-175.
[45] S. Koziel, and Z. Michalewicz,Evolutionary algorithms, homomorphous mappings, and constrained parameter optimization,Evolutionary Computation,1999,7:19-44.
[46]余贻鑫,陈礼义,电力系统的安全性与稳定性,北京:科学出版社,1988,40~80.
[47]刁瑞盛,风力发电对电网的影响研究,硕士学位论文,浙江大学,2006.
[48]吕涛,韩祯祥,电力系统仿真软件DIgSILENT介绍,华东电力,2004,32(12):37-41.