风电场建模和仿真研究
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摘要
由于日趋严重的环境与资源问题以及风能利用的成本低廉和技术成熟等原因,风力发电成为电力系统中相对增长最快的新能源发电技术,发展风电成为改善电力系统经济运行极为重要的措施。近几年,风力发电机组单机容量和风电场建设规模都日益扩大,但风力的随机性和间歇性会对电力系统稳定运行产生一定的影响,因此对于含有风电场的电力系统,需要建立正确的数学模型并对该系统进行仿真分析。
作为分析的基础,本文建立了风速、风电机组和风电场的数学模型。风电机组的数学模型主要包括风轮机模型、传动机构模型和异步发电机模型,仿真分析了风电机组对于风速四种分量的响应。风电场模型研究中,考虑到尾流效应和地理位置等因素,风电场中各台风机位置处的风速并不相同,因此研究了风能分布的Jensen模型和Lissaman模型,并以72机的风电场为例计算分析,结果表明了风能分布模型在大规模风电场模型分析中的重要性。由于大量异步发电机并列运行模型的仿真会极大的浪费仿真时间,因此,本文提出了风电场电气部分参数的等值模型,并以三机系统为例,用Simulink仿真工具箱验证其有效性。综合风能分布模型和电气等值算法,本文提出了风电场仿真分析的流程图。
基于上述模型,本文对风电场—无穷大系统进行了简单的仿真分析,主要包括小干扰稳定分析,风电场的并网、负荷扰动以及联络线故障时的暂态分析。然后以达里风电场所在系统为例,在稳态分析和暂态分析的基础上计算风电场允许接入最大容量。
最后,本文研究了双馈电机的数学模型,用电力系统静态分析和暂态仿真分析的方法比较双馈发电机和普通异步发电机的特性,研究表明双馈电机对提高风电场短路容量比和改善功率因数都有显著的作用。
Because of pressure of environment protection and energy resources, wind energy is developing fastest among all kinds of renewable resources due to its low cost and technical maturity. Wind generation has been an important measure in improving economical operation of power system. In recent years, capacity of wind generators and the scale of wind farm are becoming larger and larger, but the randomicity and intermittence of wind will produce disturbance on power system. Mathematical model of wind generators and wind farm should be established.
As the basis of the analysis, wind speed, wind generators and wind farm are modeled. Wind generator model includes wind turbine model, transferring structure model and asynchronous generator model. Response of wind generators to four kinds of wind speed is simulated and analyzed. In the course of wind farm modeling, wind distribution Jensen and Lissaman model is established by reason of factor of wind wake effect and geographic location, different wind speed of 72 wind turbines in a wind farm is calculated, the results show the important role of wind distribution model on large scale wind farm researching. Aggregation arithmetic of electrical parameters of wind farm is designed because simulation of a great deal of asynchronous generators operation could cost so much time. A three-wind –generator wind farm connected to infinite bus is simulated to validate the aggregation arithmetic model. Base on wind distribution and electrical aggregation, arithmetic and flow chart of wind farm simulation is established.
A simple wind farm connected to infinite bus is simulated and analyzed, which includes small signal disturbance analysis, transient analysis when wind farm starts to be connected, load fluctuates and fault of line in power system is occurred. Then the system involving DaLi wind farm is introduced to calculate the maximum capacity of wind farm connected to grid by steady analysis and transient analysis.
The model of doubly-fed induction generators is established and operation mechanism is analyzed. Characteristics of doubly-fed induction generators and
normal asynchronous generators is compared by steady analysis and transient analysis. The results show that doubly-fed induction generators have remarkable role in enhancing wind farm short-circuit capacity ratio and improving power factor.
作为分析的基础,本文建立了风速、风电机组和风电场的数学模型。风电机组的数学模型主要包括风轮机模型、传动机构模型和异步发电机模型,仿真分析了风电机组对于风速四种分量的响应。风电场模型研究中,考虑到尾流效应和地理位置等因素,风电场中各台风机位置处的风速并不相同,因此研究了风能分布的Jensen模型和Lissaman模型,并以72机的风电场为例计算分析,结果表明了风能分布模型在大规模风电场模型分析中的重要性。由于大量异步发电机并列运行模型的仿真会极大的浪费仿真时间,因此,本文提出了风电场电气部分参数的等值模型,并以三机系统为例,用Simulink仿真工具箱验证其有效性。综合风能分布模型和电气等值算法,本文提出了风电场仿真分析的流程图。
基于上述模型,本文对风电场—无穷大系统进行了简单的仿真分析,主要包括小干扰稳定分析,风电场的并网、负荷扰动以及联络线故障时的暂态分析。然后以达里风电场所在系统为例,在稳态分析和暂态分析的基础上计算风电场允许接入最大容量。
最后,本文研究了双馈电机的数学模型,用电力系统静态分析和暂态仿真分析的方法比较双馈发电机和普通异步发电机的特性,研究表明双馈电机对提高风电场短路容量比和改善功率因数都有显著的作用。
Because of pressure of environment protection and energy resources, wind energy is developing fastest among all kinds of renewable resources due to its low cost and technical maturity. Wind generation has been an important measure in improving economical operation of power system. In recent years, capacity of wind generators and the scale of wind farm are becoming larger and larger, but the randomicity and intermittence of wind will produce disturbance on power system. Mathematical model of wind generators and wind farm should be established.
As the basis of the analysis, wind speed, wind generators and wind farm are modeled. Wind generator model includes wind turbine model, transferring structure model and asynchronous generator model. Response of wind generators to four kinds of wind speed is simulated and analyzed. In the course of wind farm modeling, wind distribution Jensen and Lissaman model is established by reason of factor of wind wake effect and geographic location, different wind speed of 72 wind turbines in a wind farm is calculated, the results show the important role of wind distribution model on large scale wind farm researching. Aggregation arithmetic of electrical parameters of wind farm is designed because simulation of a great deal of asynchronous generators operation could cost so much time. A three-wind –generator wind farm connected to infinite bus is simulated to validate the aggregation arithmetic model. Base on wind distribution and electrical aggregation, arithmetic and flow chart of wind farm simulation is established.
A simple wind farm connected to infinite bus is simulated and analyzed, which includes small signal disturbance analysis, transient analysis when wind farm starts to be connected, load fluctuates and fault of line in power system is occurred. Then the system involving DaLi wind farm is introduced to calculate the maximum capacity of wind farm connected to grid by steady analysis and transient analysis.
The model of doubly-fed induction generators is established and operation mechanism is analyzed. Characteristics of doubly-fed induction generators and
normal asynchronous generators is compared by steady analysis and transient analysis. The results show that doubly-fed induction generators have remarkable role in enhancing wind farm short-circuit capacity ratio and improving power factor.
引文
陈树勇. “大型并网风力发电场规划方法研究”博士论文. 中国电力科学研究院. 1998
全球风力发电装机情况,http://www.bmp.com.cn
截至2003年底全国风电场装机统计数据,http://www.bmp.com.cn
Gerdes.G, Santjer.F. 风电机的发电质量及其对电网的影响. 风力发电. 1999(2)
吴学光, 王伟胜, 戴慧珠. 风电系统电压波动特性研究. 风力发电. 1998(4)
蔺红, 晁勤. 风电系统建模与仿真分析. 风力发电. 2000(3)
A.Papantoniou. Modeling and simulation of the effects of grid conneceted wind farms on the Cyprus Electricity gird. Electrotechnical Conference 2000, 10th Mediterranean, Vol.3, Pp:1145-1148
M.Davidson. Interaction of a wind farm with the distribution network and its effect on voltage quality. Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks(Digest No. 1996/194), IEE Colloquium on the Impact of, 15 Oct. 1996, Pp:9/1-9/5
J.G.Slootweg, W.L.Kling. Modeling of large wind farms in power system simulations. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, Vol.1, Pp:503-508
Andres, E.Feijoo, Jose Cidras. Modeling of wind farm in the load flow analysis., IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.15, Pp:110-115
José Cidrás, et al. A Linear Dynamic Model for asynchronous Wind Turbines With Mechanical Fluctuations. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2002, pp:681-687.
J.G.Slootweg, Wind Power Modeling and Impact On Power System Dynamics, Ph.D thesis, 2003.
Siegfried Heier,Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,John Wiley&Sons, 1998.
吴运东. 世界并网型风电机技术发展趋势. 风力发电. 2001(1)
J.G.Slootweg, H.polinder, W.L.Kling. Dynamic modelling of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2001, Vol.1.1, July 2001, Pages:644-649
K.Raiambal, C.Chellamuthu. Modeling and simulation of grid connected wind electric generating system, Proceedings of IEEE TENCON, 2002.
申洪, 梁军, 戴慧珠. 基于电力系统暂态稳定分析的风电场穿透功率极限计算. 电网技术, Vol.26 No.8, 2002
J.B.Ekanayake, L.Holdsworth, N.Jenkins. Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines, Electric Power Systems Research 67 (2003). Pp:207-215
Wu Xueguang, et al. Application of models of the wind energy conversion system to wind power dynamic analysis, Power System Technology, 1998. Proceedings. POWERCON '98. International Conference on, Vol.2, Aug. 1998,pp:1406-1411
潘文霞, 陈允平. 风电系统及其电压特性研究, 河海大学学报, 29(1)2001
鞠平, 韩敬东, 倪腊琴等. 电力系统动态等值的在线测辨研究(I)——模型及其可辨识性, 电力系统自动化, Vol.23 No.4, 1999
N.M.Kirby, M.J.Luckett, L.Xu. HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms. Power Engineering Journal, Vol.16 Issue:3, June 2002, Pp:135-141
M.A.B.Amora, U.H.Bezerra. Assessment of the effects of wind farms connected in a power system. 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
施妙根, 顾丽珍. 科学和工程计算基础, 清华大学出版社, 1999
鞠平, 马大强. 电力系统负荷建模, 水利电力出版社,1995
Vladislav Akhmatov, Hans Knudsen. An aggregate model of a grid-connected, large-scale, offshore wind farm for power stability investigations-importance of windmill mechanical system, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 24(2002), pp:709-717
沈善德. 电力系统辨识, 清华大学出版社,1993.12
倪以信, 陈寿孙, 张宝霖. 动态电力系统的理论和分析, 清华大学出版社, 2002.
Andres E.Feijoo, Jose Cidras. Modeling of wind farm in the load flow analysis, IEEE Transaction on power system, Vol.15 No.1, February 2000
张志涌, 徐彦琴. MATLAB教程-基于6.X版本. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001
陈桂明, 张明照编著. 应用MATLAB建模与仿真, 北京:科学出版社, 2001
H.W.Zaininger, D.J.Bell. Potential dynamic impacts of wind turbines on utility systems. IEEE Trans on power apparatus and system, 1981,100(12): 4821-4829
Anca D.Hansen, Poul Sorensen, Lorand Janosi. Wind farm modeling for power quality. IECON’01:The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp1959-1964
樊艳芳. 电压不平衡与风电厂运行之间相互影响的研究, 电力系统自动化学报, Vol.14 No.4, Aug.2002
Junji Tamura, Massahiro Ueno, Yoshiharu Mstsumura. Transient stability simulation of power system including wind generators by PSCAD/EMTDC, 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
J.G.Slootweg, H.Polinder, W.L.Kling. Initialization of wind turbine models in power system dynamics simulations, 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
Saad-Saoud Z, Jenkins N. Simple wind farm dynamic model, IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1995, 142(5):pp545–548.
连继中, 马维林. 双馈异步发电技术在风力发电中的应用. 防爆电机, 2002(3)
韦忠朝, 黄声华, 陶醒世. 变速恒频双馈发电机运行原理及稳态性能分析, 华中理工大学学报, Vol.24 No.5, 1996
A.Tapia, G.Tapia, J.X.Ostolaza, et al. Reactive power control of a wind farm made up with doubly fed induction(I),2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
A.Tapia, G.Tapia, J.X.Ostolaza, et al. Reactive power control of a wind farm made up with doubly fed induction(II),2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
Mitsutoshi Yamamoto, Osamu Motoyoshi. Active and reactive power control for doubly-fed wound rotor induction generator, IEEE transactions on power electronics, Vol.6 No.4, October 1991
Shibashis Bhowmik, Rene Spee, Johan H.R. Performance optimization for doubly fed wind power generation systems, IEEE transaction on industrial applications. Vol.35 No.4, July/August 1999
Rajib Datta, V.T.Ranganathan. Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly fed wound rotor induction machine-a comparison with alternative schemes, IEEE transaction on energy conversion, Vol.17 No.3, September 2002
王娜, 刘志强, 魏学森. 基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的双馈调速系统的建模与仿真, 天津理工学院学报, vol18 No.4, Dec. 2002
全球风力发电装机情况,http://www.bmp.com.cn
截至2003年底全国风电场装机统计数据,http://www.bmp.com.cn
Gerdes.G, Santjer.F. 风电机的发电质量及其对电网的影响. 风力发电. 1999(2)
吴学光, 王伟胜, 戴慧珠. 风电系统电压波动特性研究. 风力发电. 1998(4)
蔺红, 晁勤. 风电系统建模与仿真分析. 风力发电. 2000(3)
A.Papantoniou. Modeling and simulation of the effects of grid conneceted wind farms on the Cyprus Electricity gird. Electrotechnical Conference 2000, 10th Mediterranean, Vol.3, Pp:1145-1148
M.Davidson. Interaction of a wind farm with the distribution network and its effect on voltage quality. Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks(Digest No. 1996/194), IEE Colloquium on the Impact of, 15 Oct. 1996, Pp:9/1-9/5
J.G.Slootweg, W.L.Kling. Modeling of large wind farms in power system simulations. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE, Vol.1, Pp:503-508
Andres, E.Feijoo, Jose Cidras. Modeling of wind farm in the load flow analysis., IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.15, Pp:110-115
José Cidrás, et al. A Linear Dynamic Model for asynchronous Wind Turbines With Mechanical Fluctuations. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2002, pp:681-687.
J.G.Slootweg, Wind Power Modeling and Impact On Power System Dynamics, Ph.D thesis, 2003.
Siegfried Heier,Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,John Wiley&Sons, 1998.
吴运东. 世界并网型风电机技术发展趋势. 风力发电. 2001(1)
J.G.Slootweg, H.polinder, W.L.Kling. Dynamic modelling of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2001, Vol.1.1, July 2001, Pages:644-649
K.Raiambal, C.Chellamuthu. Modeling and simulation of grid connected wind electric generating system, Proceedings of IEEE TENCON, 2002.
申洪, 梁军, 戴慧珠. 基于电力系统暂态稳定分析的风电场穿透功率极限计算. 电网技术, Vol.26 No.8, 2002
J.B.Ekanayake, L.Holdsworth, N.Jenkins. Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines, Electric Power Systems Research 67 (2003). Pp:207-215
Wu Xueguang, et al. Application of models of the wind energy conversion system to wind power dynamic analysis, Power System Technology, 1998. Proceedings. POWERCON '98. International Conference on, Vol.2, Aug. 1998,pp:1406-1411
潘文霞, 陈允平. 风电系统及其电压特性研究, 河海大学学报, 29(1)2001
鞠平, 韩敬东, 倪腊琴等. 电力系统动态等值的在线测辨研究(I)——模型及其可辨识性, 电力系统自动化, Vol.23 No.4, 1999
N.M.Kirby, M.J.Luckett, L.Xu. HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms. Power Engineering Journal, Vol.16 Issue:3, June 2002, Pp:135-141
M.A.B.Amora, U.H.Bezerra. Assessment of the effects of wind farms connected in a power system. 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
施妙根, 顾丽珍. 科学和工程计算基础, 清华大学出版社, 1999
鞠平, 马大强. 电力系统负荷建模, 水利电力出版社,1995
Vladislav Akhmatov, Hans Knudsen. An aggregate model of a grid-connected, large-scale, offshore wind farm for power stability investigations-importance of windmill mechanical system, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 24(2002), pp:709-717
沈善德. 电力系统辨识, 清华大学出版社,1993.12
倪以信, 陈寿孙, 张宝霖. 动态电力系统的理论和分析, 清华大学出版社, 2002.
Andres E.Feijoo, Jose Cidras. Modeling of wind farm in the load flow analysis, IEEE Transaction on power system, Vol.15 No.1, February 2000
张志涌, 徐彦琴. MATLAB教程-基于6.X版本. 北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001
陈桂明, 张明照编著. 应用MATLAB建模与仿真, 北京:科学出版社, 2001
H.W.Zaininger, D.J.Bell. Potential dynamic impacts of wind turbines on utility systems. IEEE Trans on power apparatus and system, 1981,100(12): 4821-4829
Anca D.Hansen, Poul Sorensen, Lorand Janosi. Wind farm modeling for power quality. IECON’01:The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp1959-1964
樊艳芳. 电压不平衡与风电厂运行之间相互影响的研究, 电力系统自动化学报, Vol.14 No.4, Aug.2002
Junji Tamura, Massahiro Ueno, Yoshiharu Mstsumura. Transient stability simulation of power system including wind generators by PSCAD/EMTDC, 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
J.G.Slootweg, H.Polinder, W.L.Kling. Initialization of wind turbine models in power system dynamics simulations, 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
Saad-Saoud Z, Jenkins N. Simple wind farm dynamic model, IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1995, 142(5):pp545–548.
连继中, 马维林. 双馈异步发电技术在风力发电中的应用. 防爆电机, 2002(3)
韦忠朝, 黄声华, 陶醒世. 变速恒频双馈发电机运行原理及稳态性能分析, 华中理工大学学报, Vol.24 No.5, 1996
A.Tapia, G.Tapia, J.X.Ostolaza, et al. Reactive power control of a wind farm made up with doubly fed induction(I),2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
A.Tapia, G.Tapia, J.X.Ostolaza, et al. Reactive power control of a wind farm made up with doubly fed induction(II),2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Conferrence.
Mitsutoshi Yamamoto, Osamu Motoyoshi. Active and reactive power control for doubly-fed wound rotor induction generator, IEEE transactions on power electronics, Vol.6 No.4, October 1991
Shibashis Bhowmik, Rene Spee, Johan H.R. Performance optimization for doubly fed wind power generation systems, IEEE transaction on industrial applications. Vol.35 No.4, July/August 1999
Rajib Datta, V.T.Ranganathan. Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly fed wound rotor induction machine-a comparison with alternative schemes, IEEE transaction on energy conversion, Vol.17 No.3, September 2002
王娜, 刘志强, 魏学森. 基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的双馈调速系统的建模与仿真, 天津理工学院学报, vol18 No.4, Dec. 2002