天津市慢性病患者卫生服务需求与利用趋势研究
|
摘要
目的：天津市第四次卫生服务调查是在认真总结1993年、1998年和2003年三次卫生服务调查经验的基础上,围绕当前卫生改革与发展及工作重点开展的调查工作。利用这四次卫生服务调查,结合本文关于天津市居民慢性病患者对卫生服务的利用需求趋势分析,探讨近15年来天津市各地区水平居民慢性病疾病谱的变化、居民医疗服务需求量变化、就诊和住院医疗机构的变化趋势、自我医疗的变化趋势、住院率变化、就诊和住院费用的变化趋势、居民对医疗卫生系统的反应变化趋势等,了解天津市居民慢性病的卫生服务需要及需求水平,为天津市卫生改革政策和慢性病防治策略的制定提供科学依据。
方法：采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法对住户居民进行卫生服务调查,然后对收集的有关慢性病的数据进行描述性和单因素统计学分析,对15年间天津市居民慢性病患者对卫生服务需求利用情况进行趋势分析,为进一步推进城镇和农村卫生改革与发展,合理制定天津市卫生发展战略和政策提供科学依据。
结果：分析结果显示,天津市居民慢病患病率近15年来一直呈上升趋势,天津市慢性病防治面临挑战；居民高血压和循环系统慢病患病率居高不下,是影响居民健康的主要慢性病；慢病患者治疗和住院比例不断上升,显示居民对卫生服务需求在不断增加；慢病患者对三级医院需求比例下降,“看病难”现象有所缓解；慢性病患者卫生服务费用总体呈上升趋势,“看病贵”现象仍然存在。
结论：慢性病防治工作是天津市今后相当长时期内最主要的卫生工作。天津市的社区卫生服务一直走在全国前列,我们应该充分利用这点,采取以社区为基础,结合社区防疫站、医院和卫生局的职能,在全人群和目标人群中开展慢病综合防治的策略,利用社区卫生服务体系这个平台,把慢病防治列为重要的工作,使慢病防治成为社区卫生服务体系中的重要任务。按照建立建设覆盖城乡居民基本医疗保健制度的要求,开创出符合天津地区的慢病防治的局面。
Objective:The forth Health services survey in Tianjin was basically summarized on the past 3 surveys which were held in 1993,1998 and 2003, based on the precious experiences that we've been through all the former 3 surveys, the forth one was designed to focus on the current health reform and development situation in Tianjin. This study mainly relied on all the Tianjin residents chronic disease statistics that resulted from all the four health service surveys, including patients'health service demands and usages. It mainly explored certain chronic disease items by analyzing the statistic trends which had cross the past 15 years, the items include Chronic disease spectrum, residents' medical services demands, residents'option trends of medical institutions, self-medication trends, hospitalization rates trends, medication fee of treatments or hospitalization, patients'satisfaction extend to the medical situation and so on. We may understand Tianjin residents'medical demands and usages that referred to chronic disease, and we would offer certain proper policy strategies that would be helpful for Tianjin health reform and chronic disease control.
Method:All the four health service surveys were based on Multi-stage stratified random sampling method, then the author collected all the chronic disease-related statistics, and made the descriptive and univariate statistical analysis. The author also concerned more about those residents who were suffered from chronic diseases and focused more on their health service demands and usages, then made the trend analysis. All the results were served for promoting urban and rural health reform and development in Tianjin, and further properly offer policy strategies for health development in Tianjin.
Results:The statistical results showed that chronic diseases morbidity of Tianjin residents has been rising for the past 15 years, Tianjin had to face the challenge of controlling the chronic diseases morbidity. Morbidity of hypertension and circulatory system diseases have been on the top all the time, and obviously been the major chronic disease that affect residents' health situation. The treatment rate and hospitalization rate of chronic disease patients showed a rising trend for the past years, which indicate an increasing demand for health service. The demands trend of treating in Tertiary hospitals had been decreased, which indicate that the social phenomenon of "Difficult to getting medical treatment" had been relieved. Moreover, the total health service fee that the patients should pay had been rising all the time, which shows that we still have to face the phenomenon of "expensive to getting medical treatment".
Conclusion:Chronic disease prevention and control will become the most important health work in Tianjin for quite a long time. We should notice that community health service in Tianjin has been leading in the nation for a long time. The adoption of a community-based, combining of community epidemic prevention stations, hospitals and health bureau functions, and implement the integrated control strategy among the target population and the whole population, using community health service system platform, serve the chronic disease controlling as an important task in community health service system. According to the requirement of constructing an urban-rural covered primary health-care system, we could create a whole new situation of controlling chronic diseases in Tianjin.
方法：采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法对住户居民进行卫生服务调查,然后对收集的有关慢性病的数据进行描述性和单因素统计学分析,对15年间天津市居民慢性病患者对卫生服务需求利用情况进行趋势分析,为进一步推进城镇和农村卫生改革与发展,合理制定天津市卫生发展战略和政策提供科学依据。
结果：分析结果显示,天津市居民慢病患病率近15年来一直呈上升趋势,天津市慢性病防治面临挑战；居民高血压和循环系统慢病患病率居高不下,是影响居民健康的主要慢性病；慢病患者治疗和住院比例不断上升,显示居民对卫生服务需求在不断增加；慢病患者对三级医院需求比例下降,“看病难”现象有所缓解；慢性病患者卫生服务费用总体呈上升趋势,“看病贵”现象仍然存在。
结论：慢性病防治工作是天津市今后相当长时期内最主要的卫生工作。天津市的社区卫生服务一直走在全国前列,我们应该充分利用这点,采取以社区为基础,结合社区防疫站、医院和卫生局的职能,在全人群和目标人群中开展慢病综合防治的策略,利用社区卫生服务体系这个平台,把慢病防治列为重要的工作,使慢病防治成为社区卫生服务体系中的重要任务。按照建立建设覆盖城乡居民基本医疗保健制度的要求,开创出符合天津地区的慢病防治的局面。
Objective:The forth Health services survey in Tianjin was basically summarized on the past 3 surveys which were held in 1993,1998 and 2003, based on the precious experiences that we've been through all the former 3 surveys, the forth one was designed to focus on the current health reform and development situation in Tianjin. This study mainly relied on all the Tianjin residents chronic disease statistics that resulted from all the four health service surveys, including patients'health service demands and usages. It mainly explored certain chronic disease items by analyzing the statistic trends which had cross the past 15 years, the items include Chronic disease spectrum, residents' medical services demands, residents'option trends of medical institutions, self-medication trends, hospitalization rates trends, medication fee of treatments or hospitalization, patients'satisfaction extend to the medical situation and so on. We may understand Tianjin residents'medical demands and usages that referred to chronic disease, and we would offer certain proper policy strategies that would be helpful for Tianjin health reform and chronic disease control.
Method:All the four health service surveys were based on Multi-stage stratified random sampling method, then the author collected all the chronic disease-related statistics, and made the descriptive and univariate statistical analysis. The author also concerned more about those residents who were suffered from chronic diseases and focused more on their health service demands and usages, then made the trend analysis. All the results were served for promoting urban and rural health reform and development in Tianjin, and further properly offer policy strategies for health development in Tianjin.
Results:The statistical results showed that chronic diseases morbidity of Tianjin residents has been rising for the past 15 years, Tianjin had to face the challenge of controlling the chronic diseases morbidity. Morbidity of hypertension and circulatory system diseases have been on the top all the time, and obviously been the major chronic disease that affect residents' health situation. The treatment rate and hospitalization rate of chronic disease patients showed a rising trend for the past years, which indicate an increasing demand for health service. The demands trend of treating in Tertiary hospitals had been decreased, which indicate that the social phenomenon of "Difficult to getting medical treatment" had been relieved. Moreover, the total health service fee that the patients should pay had been rising all the time, which shows that we still have to face the phenomenon of "expensive to getting medical treatment".
Conclusion:Chronic disease prevention and control will become the most important health work in Tianjin for quite a long time. We should notice that community health service in Tianjin has been leading in the nation for a long time. The adoption of a community-based, combining of community epidemic prevention stations, hospitals and health bureau functions, and implement the integrated control strategy among the target population and the whole population, using community health service system platform, serve the chronic disease controlling as an important task in community health service system. According to the requirement of constructing an urban-rural covered primary health-care system, we could create a whole new situation of controlling chronic diseases in Tianjin.
引文
[1]王济东,张文斌,薛亚彤.20世纪全球卫生事业发展的回顾与展望[J].医学与哲学,2001,22(2)：17-22.
[2]任涛,李立明.全球疾病负担的现状、趋势及其防治对策的选择[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1999,7(1)：1-3.
[3]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[4]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[5]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[6]蒲霞,马厚勋,朱勤岚,等.1989-1998年间重庆市老年住院病人疾病谱及其主要死因动态分析[J].重庆医科大学学报,2004,29(5)：638-604
[7]HuangZS,ChiangTL,LeeTK.Stroke Prevalence inTaiwan findings from the 1994 national bealht interview survey.Storke[J],1997,28:1579-1587,1593.
[8]Hu HH,Chu FL,Chiang BN,et al.Prevalence of stroke in Taiwan.Stroke[J],1989,20:858-863.
[9]WHO.Preventing chronic diseases:a vital investment[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2005.
[10]赵仲堂,贾存显.中国跨世纪流行病学面临的挑战及其作用[J].山东医科大学学报社会科学版,1998；1：5-9.
[11]Bolduc N,Grand MP.Towards unity for health:lessons for health development in Canada[J].Educ Health (Abingdon),2007,20(2):49.
[12]Hancock L,Sanson-Fisher R,Redman S,et al.Community action for cancer prevention:Overview of the cancer action in rural towns (CART) project[J]. Australia.Health Promot Int,1996,11 (4):277-290.
[13]Hiatt R A,Pasick R J,Stewart S,et al.Community-based cancer screening for underserved women:design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study[J].Prev Med,2001,33(3):190-203.
[14]Allen RE,Read J. Integrated mental health care:practitioners' perspectives[J].Aust N Z J Psychiatry,1997,31(4):496-503.
[15]Sarrafzadegan N,Baghaei A,Sadri G,et al.Isfahan healthy heart program: Evaluation of comprehensive, community-based interventions for non-communicable disease prevention[J].Prev Control,2006,2(2):73-84.
[16]Australian Primary Care Collaborative Program. http://www.hpm.org/en/Surveys/CHERE/04/Australian_Primary_Care_Collaborative_Program.html;jsessionid=944CD845CA5CD7FF82D9628C26FB8A50?p_t=1865&c ontent_id=251&a=st&language=en
[17]Bourdages J,Sauvageau L, Lepage C.Factors in creating sustainable intersectoral community mobilization for prevention of heart and lung disease[J].Health Promot Int,2003,18(2):135-144.
[18]Birkhead G.S, Klein SJ,Candelas AR,et al.Integrating multiple programme and policy approaches to hepatitis C prevention and care for injection drug users:a comprehensive approach[J].Int J Drug Policy,2007,18(5):417-425.
[19]Britto MT,Schoettker PJ,Pandzik GM,et al.Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents[J].Qual Saf Health Care,2007,16(5):363-368.
[20]Baldo MH,hoja TA,al-Mazrou YY,et al.Integrating maternal and child health with primary health care in Saudi Arabia[J].East Mediterr Health J,2000,6(4):701-711.
[21]Getahun H, Maher D.Contribution of'TB clubs" to tuberculosis control in a rural district in Ethiopia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4(2):174-8.
[22]Robinson SE,Roberts MM.A women's health shop:a unique experiment[J].BMJ,1985,291(6490):255-256.
[23]Hoy WE,Kondalsamy CS, Scheppingen J,et al. A chronic disease outreach program for Aboriginal communities[J].Kidney Int Suppl,2005,68(98):76-82.
[24]Dickerson S,Reinhart AM,Feeley TH,et al.Patient Internet use for health information at three urban primary care clinics [J].J Am Med Inform Assoc,2004,11(6):499-504.
[25]Kreuter MW,Caburnay CA,John J,et al. Effectiveness of individually tailored calendars in promoting childhood immunization in urban public health centers [J].Am J Public Health,2004,94(1):122-127.
[26]Power R,Dale A, Jones S.To wards a process evaluation model for community-based initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of HIV amongst injecting drug users[J].AIDS Care,1991,3(2):123-135.
[27]Hymel MS,Greenberg BL.The Walden House Young Adult HIV project:meeting the needs of multidiagnosed youth[J]. J Adolesc Health,1998,23(2):122-131.
[28]Macaulay AC,Paradis G, Potvin L,et al. The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project:intervention, evaluation, and baseline results of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada[J].Prev Med,1997, 26(6):779-790.
[29]Paradis G.,Levesque L,Macaulay A C,et al.Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien'keha:ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old:8-year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project[J].Pediatrics,2005,115(2):333-339.
[30]Harrell TK,Davy BM,Stewart JL,et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children.South Med J,2005,98(12): 1173-1180.
[31]Sophia SC,Denise MK, Edith KY,et al.Using a Community-Based Outreach Program to Improve Breast Health Awareness Among Women in Hong Kong[J].Public Health Nurs,2007,24(3):265-273.
[32]Jane S, Ellen M. Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Program for Primary Schools in Zambia[J] J Nutr Educ Behav,2007,39(6):335-342.
[33]Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY,et al.Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II:a physical activity promotion program for older adults[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2001,56(8):465-470.
[34]Welsh KB,Kermit P,Marion E,et al.Benefits of standardized diabetes and hypertension screening forms at community screening event[J]s. Health Promot Pract,2006,7(1):26-33.
[35]George R,Sarah B,John B.Users' needs and satisfaction with a community-based mental health service[J]. Psychiatric Bulletin,1998,22:473-476.
[36]Shaeda S,Jeremy C,Philip J,et al.Community mental health team management in severe mental illness:a systematic review[J]. Br J Psychiatry,2001,178:497-502.
[37]Gropen TI,Gagliano PJ,Blake CA,et al.Quality improvement in acute stroke The New York State Stroke Center Designation Project[J].Neurology,2006,1(67):88-93.
[38]江宇,李立明.社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的回顾中国慢性病预防与控制[J],2000,8(2)：49-51.
[39]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[40]吴多文,范华,肖晓艳.国内慢性病的现状、流行趋势及其应对策略[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(47)：126-128
[41]吴兆苏,姚崇华,赵冬.我国人群脑卒中发病率、死亡率的流行病学研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(6)：236-239.
[42]刘呜.脑卒中防治研究证据—预防进展更加令人鼓舞[J].国外医学：脑血管病分册,2001,9(4)：195-6
[43]李赵诚.城市居民慢性病患病情况及某些影响因素的探讨[J].中国社会医学,1989,2：1923.
[44]中华人民共和国卫生部医政司.全国农村卫生服务调查资料,1986.
[45]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1994年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告,1994.
[46]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1998年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告.1999.
[47]雷海潮,刘兴柱,卞鹰,等.我国慢性病患病率的未来趋势研究[J].中国卫生经济,1996,15(10)：7-9.
[48]翟屹,胡建平,孔灵芝,等.中国居民高血压造成冠心病和脑卒中的经济负担研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2006,27(9)：744-747.
[49]王陇德,中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之一,2002综合报告[M]北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：74.
[50]蔡敏,饶克勤,钱军程,等.3次国家卫生服务调查居民主要疾病患病情况变化与分析[J].中国医院统计,2005,12(2)：107-111.
[51]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病综合防治社区示范点专家指导组.我国慢性传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(二)——评估结果.中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,11(2)：78.
[52]陈红斌.居民健康调查分析及慢病防治策略[J].社区医学杂志,2004,2(3)：1-2.
[53]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[54]项海青,刘庆敏.社区慢性非传染性疾病综合防治模式探讨[J].中国卫生经济,2007,26(295)：26-28.
[55]仇元峰,张鹭鹭,田伟,等.国内外社区卫生服务发展模式比较[J].中国全科医学,2006,9(17)：1397-1400.
[56]胡建平,饶克勤,钱军程.中国慢性非传染疾病经济负担研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2007,15(3)：189-193.
[57]龚幼龙,韩复笑.卫生服务研究[M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1992.
[58]陈部长在第四次卫生服务调查动员大会上的讲话[R].2008.06
[59]王寒松,张愈.天津市第一、二、三次国家卫生服务调查分析研究[R].天津市卫生局编印,2005.12
[60]倪进发.慢性非传染性疾病的流行趋势与控制对策[J].安徽省预防医学会通讯,1998,1：45-51.
[61]孔灵芝.慢性非传染性疾病防治与社区卫生服务[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1998,6(1)：35-38.
[62]顾清.天津市慢性非传染病预防控制工作经验介绍[R].2007.
[63]天津市卫生局.天津市河北区慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作报告[C].全国慢性非传染性疾病综合防治社区示范点工作报告资料汇编,2001,10：8-21.
[64]赵岱洋,冯燕,王蕾.慢性非传染性疾病综合防治策略探讨[J].中国初级卫生保健,200,18(6)：35-36.
[65]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点专家指导组.我国慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(一)工作思路、工作目标和实践发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(1)：29-31.
[66]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[67]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[68]李绍奎,杨金侠.构建我国慢性病防治体系的思考[J].现代预防医学2008,35(5)：890-891.
[69]冯勇,苏会璇.社区慢性病综合防治的探讨[J].井冈山医专学 报,2009,16(2)：40-41.
[70]郑泽辉.社区慢性呼吸系统疾病的防治策略[J].医学与社会,2008,21(12)：15-16.
[71]张安玉.社区健康促进的理论策略和工作模式[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2006,14(2)：65-67.
[72]李玥,周指明,巫云辉,等.社区慢性非传染性疾病防治管理策略初探[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,2007,27(3)：232-234.
[73]胡薇薇.建立社区卫生服务双向转诊制度的几点思考[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,200525(10)：25-26.
[74]黄煊,,范启勇.电子健康档案对实现慢性病目标管理的作用[J].中华全科医学,2008,6(8)：863-4.
[75]陶利平,谢莉,刘晓平,等.社区慢性病管理实践的文献综述[J].中国卫生事业管理,2006(7)：427-429.
[76]李军.社区卫生服务纳入社区服务的理论与实践[J].中国全科医学,2002,5(6)：469-470.
[1]Soubhi H,Fortin M,Hudon C.Perceived conflict in the couple and chronic illness management:Preliminary analyses from the Quebec Health Survey [J].BMC Family Practice.2006,7:59.
[2]王济东,张文斌,薛亚彤.20世纪全球卫生事业发展的回顾与展望[J].医学与哲学,2001,22(2)：17-22.
[3]任涛,李立明.全球疾病负担的现状、趋势及其防治对策的选择[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1999,7(1)：1-3.
[4]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[5]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[6]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[7]WHO.Preventing chronic diseases:a vital investment[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2005.
[8]赵仲堂,贾存显.中国跨世纪流行病学面临的挑战及其作用[J].山东医科大学学报社会科学版,1998,1：5-9.
[9]Bolduc N,Grand MP.Towards unity for health:lessons for health development in Canada[J].Educ Health (Abingdon),2007,20(2):49.
[10]Hancock L,Sanson-Fisher R,Redman S,et al.Community action for cancer prevention:Overview of the cancer action in rural towns (CART) project[J]. Australia.Health Promot Int,1996,11 (4):277-290.
[11]Hiatt R A,Pasick R J,Stewart S,et al.Community-based cancer screening for underserved women:design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study[J].Prev Med,2001,33(3):190-203.
[12]Allen RE,Read J. Integrated mental health care:practitioners' perspectives[J].Aust N Z J Psychiatry,1997,31(4):496-503.
[13]Sarrafzadegan N,Baghaei A,Sadri G,et al.Isfahan healthy heart program: Evaluation of comprehensive, community-based interventions for non-communicable disease prevention[J].Prev Control,2006,2(2):73-84.
[14]Australian Primary Care Collaborative Program.http://www.hpm.org/en/Surveys/CHERE/04/Australian_Primary_Care_Coll aborative_Program.html;jsessionid=944CD845CA5CD7FF82D9628C26FB8A50?p_t =1865&content_id=251&a=st&language=en
[15]Bourdages J,Sauvageau L, Lepage C.Factors in creating sustainable intersectoral community mobilization for prevention of heart and lung disease[J].Health Promot Int,2003,18(2):135-144.
[16]Birkhead G.S, Klein SJ,Candelas AR,et al.Integrating multiple programme and policy approaches to hepatitis C prevention and care for injection drug users:a comprehensive approach[J].Int J Drug Policy,2007,18(5):417-425.
[17]Britto MT,Schoettker PJ,Pandzik GM,et al.Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents[J].Qual Saf Health Care,2007,16(5):363-368.
[18]Baldo MH,hoja TA,al-Mazrou YY,et al.Integrating maternal and child health with primary health care in Saudi Arabia[J].East Mediterr Health J,2000,6(4):701-711.
[19]Getahun H, Maher D.Contribution of TB clubs" to tuberculosis control in a rural district in Ethiopia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4(2):174-8.
[20]Robinson SE,Roberts MM.A women's health shop:a unique experiment[J].BMJ,1985,291(6490):255-256.
[21]Hoy WE,Kondalsamy CS, Scheppingen J,et al. A chronic disease outreach program for Aboriginal communities [J].Kidney Int Suppl,2005,68(98):76-82.
[22]Dickerson S,Reinhart AM,Feeley TH,et al.Patient Internet use for health information at three urban primary care clinics [J].J Am Med Inform Assoc,2004,11(6):499-504.
[23]Kreuter MW,Caburnay CA,John J,et al. Effectiveness of individually tailored calendars in promoting childhood immunization in urban public health centers [J].Am J Public Health,2004,94(1):122-127.
[24]Power R,Dale A, Jones S.To wards a process evaluation model for community-based initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of HIV amongst injecting drug users[J].AIDS Care,1991,3(2):123-135.
[25]Hymel MS,Greenberg BL.The Walden House Young Adult HIV project:meeting the needs of multidiagnosed youth[J]. J Adolesc Health,1998,23(2):122-131.
[26]Macaulay AC,Paradis G, Potvin L,et al. The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project:intervention, evaluation, and baseline results of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada[J].Prev Med,1997, 26(6):779-790.
[27]Paradis G.,Levesque L,Macaulay A C,et al.Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien'keha:ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old:8-year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project[J].Pediatrics,2005,115(2):333-339.
[28]Harrell TK,Davy BM,Stewart JL,et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children.South Med J,2005,98(12): 1173-1180.
[29]Sophia SC,Denise MK, Edith KY,et al.Using a Community-Based Outreach Program to Improve Breast Health Awareness Among Women in Hong Kong[J].Public Health Nurs,2007,24(3):265-273.
[30]Jane S, Ellen M. Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Program for Primary Schools in Zambia[J].J Nutr Educ Behav,2007,39(6):335-342.
[31]Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY,et al.Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II:a physical activity promotion program for older adults[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2001,56(8):465-470.
[32]Welsh KB,Kermit P,Marion E,et al.Benefits of standardized diabetes and hypertension screening forms at community screening event[J]s. Health Promot Pract,2006,7(1):26-33.
[33]George R,Sarah B,John B.Users' needs and satisfaction with a community-based mental health service[J]. Psychiatric Bulletin,1998,22:473-476.
[34]Shaeda S,Jeremy C,Philip J,et al.Community mental health team management in severe mental illness:a systematic review[J]. Br J Psychiatry,2001,178:497-502.
[35]Gropen TI,Gagliano PJ,Blake CA,et al.Quality improvement in acute stroke The New York State Stroke Center Designation Project[J].Neurology,2006,1(67):88-93.
[36]江宇,李立明.社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的回顾[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2000,8(2)：49-51.
[37]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[38]吴多文,范华,肖晓艳.国内慢性病的现状、流行趋势及其应对策略[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(47)：126-128.
[49]吴兆苏,姚崇华,赵冬.我国人群脑卒中发病率、死亡率的流行病学研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(6)：236-239.
[40]刘呜.脑卒中防治研究证据—预防进展更加令人鼓舞[J].国外医学：脑血管病分册,2001,9(4)：195-6.
[41]李赵诚.城市居民慢性病患病情况及某些影响因素的探讨[J].中国社会医学,1989,2：1923.
[42]中华人民共和国卫生部医政司.全国农村卫生服务调查资料,1986.
[43]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1994年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告,1994.
[44]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1998年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告.1999.
[45]雷海潮,刘兴柱,卞鹰,等.我国慢性病患病率的未来趋势研究[J].中国卫生经济,1996,15(10)：7-9.
[46]Murray CJL.Quantifying the burden of disease:the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years[J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72:429.
[47]Muray CJL,Lopez AD. Quantifying disability:data,methods and results [J].Bulletin ofthe World Health Organization,1994,72:481.
[48]World Bank.Development Report 1993:investing in health[M].OxfordUniversity Press,1993,25-36.
[49]第三次国家卫生服务调查分析报告,2003.
[50]王立义.社区慢性病管理面临的挑战与对策[J].上海预防医学杂志,2003,15(9)：475-476.
[51]赵岱洋,冯燕,王蕾.慢性非传染性疾病综合防治策略探讨[J].中国初级卫生保健,2005,18(6)：35-36.
[52]陈红斌.居民健康调查分析及慢病防治策略[J].社区医学杂志,2004,2(3)：1-2.
[53]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[54]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点专家指导组.我国慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(一)工作思路、工作目标和实践发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(1)：29-31.
[55]梁万年等.卫生事业管理学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003；313.
[56]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[57]项海青,刘庆敏.社区慢性非传染性疾病综合防治模式探讨[J].中国卫生经济,2007,26(295)：26-28.
[58]中华预防医学会慢性病预防与控制分会.慢性病的流行形势和防治对策[J]. 中国慢性病预防与控制,2005,13(1)：1-3.
[59]姜垣,白雅敏,邵瑞太.发达国家以社区为基础的慢性病综合干预经验[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(5)：235-237.
[60]贝品联,李水静,王志明.发挥健康教育在社区慢性病防治工作中的作用[J].实用全科医学,2006,4(2)：209.
[61]仇元峰,张鹭鹭,田伟,等.国内外社区卫生服务发展模式比较[J].中国全科医学,2006,9(17)：1397-1400.
[62]胡建平,饶克勤,钱军程.中国慢性非传染疾病经济负担研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2007,15(3)：189-193.
[63]Maria Celia de Freitas,Maria Manuela Rino Mendes.CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS IN ADULTS:CONCEPT ANALYSIS.Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2007 julho-agosto.15(4):590-597.
[64]李慧,梁伟雄,郭新峰生活质量测评在脑卒中的应用概况[J].中国临床康复.2004,8(1)：136-137.
[65]Yeo M, Sawyer S.ABC of adolescence Chronic illness and disability[J].BMJ 2005,330:721-723.
[66]Slonim AB,Callaghan C,Daily L,et al.Recommendations for Integration of Chronic Disease Programs:Are Your Programs Linked?.PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH,PRACTICE,AND POLICY.2007,4:NO.2
[67]Edelstein B. Policy issues in early childhood caries. [J]Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26(1 Suppl):96-103.
[68]Salinsky E, Gursky EA. The case for transforming governmental public health[J]. Health Aff (Millwood) 2006,25(4):1017-1028.
[69]刘宝,姚经建,陈文.基本公共卫生功能界定的国际比较[J].中国卫生资源.2006,9(5)：233-235.
[2]任涛,李立明.全球疾病负担的现状、趋势及其防治对策的选择[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1999,7(1)：1-3.
[3]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[4]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[5]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[6]蒲霞,马厚勋,朱勤岚,等.1989-1998年间重庆市老年住院病人疾病谱及其主要死因动态分析[J].重庆医科大学学报,2004,29(5)：638-604
[7]HuangZS,ChiangTL,LeeTK.Stroke Prevalence inTaiwan findings from the 1994 national bealht interview survey.Storke[J],1997,28:1579-1587,1593.
[8]Hu HH,Chu FL,Chiang BN,et al.Prevalence of stroke in Taiwan.Stroke[J],1989,20:858-863.
[9]WHO.Preventing chronic diseases:a vital investment[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2005.
[10]赵仲堂,贾存显.中国跨世纪流行病学面临的挑战及其作用[J].山东医科大学学报社会科学版,1998；1：5-9.
[11]Bolduc N,Grand MP.Towards unity for health:lessons for health development in Canada[J].Educ Health (Abingdon),2007,20(2):49.
[12]Hancock L,Sanson-Fisher R,Redman S,et al.Community action for cancer prevention:Overview of the cancer action in rural towns (CART) project[J]. Australia.Health Promot Int,1996,11 (4):277-290.
[13]Hiatt R A,Pasick R J,Stewart S,et al.Community-based cancer screening for underserved women:design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study[J].Prev Med,2001,33(3):190-203.
[14]Allen RE,Read J. Integrated mental health care:practitioners' perspectives[J].Aust N Z J Psychiatry,1997,31(4):496-503.
[15]Sarrafzadegan N,Baghaei A,Sadri G,et al.Isfahan healthy heart program: Evaluation of comprehensive, community-based interventions for non-communicable disease prevention[J].Prev Control,2006,2(2):73-84.
[16]Australian Primary Care Collaborative Program. http://www.hpm.org/en/Surveys/CHERE/04/Australian_Primary_Care_Collaborative_Program.html;jsessionid=944CD845CA5CD7FF82D9628C26FB8A50?p_t=1865&c ontent_id=251&a=st&language=en
[17]Bourdages J,Sauvageau L, Lepage C.Factors in creating sustainable intersectoral community mobilization for prevention of heart and lung disease[J].Health Promot Int,2003,18(2):135-144.
[18]Birkhead G.S, Klein SJ,Candelas AR,et al.Integrating multiple programme and policy approaches to hepatitis C prevention and care for injection drug users:a comprehensive approach[J].Int J Drug Policy,2007,18(5):417-425.
[19]Britto MT,Schoettker PJ,Pandzik GM,et al.Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents[J].Qual Saf Health Care,2007,16(5):363-368.
[20]Baldo MH,hoja TA,al-Mazrou YY,et al.Integrating maternal and child health with primary health care in Saudi Arabia[J].East Mediterr Health J,2000,6(4):701-711.
[21]Getahun H, Maher D.Contribution of'TB clubs" to tuberculosis control in a rural district in Ethiopia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4(2):174-8.
[22]Robinson SE,Roberts MM.A women's health shop:a unique experiment[J].BMJ,1985,291(6490):255-256.
[23]Hoy WE,Kondalsamy CS, Scheppingen J,et al. A chronic disease outreach program for Aboriginal communities[J].Kidney Int Suppl,2005,68(98):76-82.
[24]Dickerson S,Reinhart AM,Feeley TH,et al.Patient Internet use for health information at three urban primary care clinics [J].J Am Med Inform Assoc,2004,11(6):499-504.
[25]Kreuter MW,Caburnay CA,John J,et al. Effectiveness of individually tailored calendars in promoting childhood immunization in urban public health centers [J].Am J Public Health,2004,94(1):122-127.
[26]Power R,Dale A, Jones S.To wards a process evaluation model for community-based initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of HIV amongst injecting drug users[J].AIDS Care,1991,3(2):123-135.
[27]Hymel MS,Greenberg BL.The Walden House Young Adult HIV project:meeting the needs of multidiagnosed youth[J]. J Adolesc Health,1998,23(2):122-131.
[28]Macaulay AC,Paradis G, Potvin L,et al. The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project:intervention, evaluation, and baseline results of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada[J].Prev Med,1997, 26(6):779-790.
[29]Paradis G.,Levesque L,Macaulay A C,et al.Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien'keha:ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old:8-year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project[J].Pediatrics,2005,115(2):333-339.
[30]Harrell TK,Davy BM,Stewart JL,et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children.South Med J,2005,98(12): 1173-1180.
[31]Sophia SC,Denise MK, Edith KY,et al.Using a Community-Based Outreach Program to Improve Breast Health Awareness Among Women in Hong Kong[J].Public Health Nurs,2007,24(3):265-273.
[32]Jane S, Ellen M. Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Program for Primary Schools in Zambia[J] J Nutr Educ Behav,2007,39(6):335-342.
[33]Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY,et al.Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II:a physical activity promotion program for older adults[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2001,56(8):465-470.
[34]Welsh KB,Kermit P,Marion E,et al.Benefits of standardized diabetes and hypertension screening forms at community screening event[J]s. Health Promot Pract,2006,7(1):26-33.
[35]George R,Sarah B,John B.Users' needs and satisfaction with a community-based mental health service[J]. Psychiatric Bulletin,1998,22:473-476.
[36]Shaeda S,Jeremy C,Philip J,et al.Community mental health team management in severe mental illness:a systematic review[J]. Br J Psychiatry,2001,178:497-502.
[37]Gropen TI,Gagliano PJ,Blake CA,et al.Quality improvement in acute stroke The New York State Stroke Center Designation Project[J].Neurology,2006,1(67):88-93.
[38]江宇,李立明.社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的回顾中国慢性病预防与控制[J],2000,8(2)：49-51.
[39]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[40]吴多文,范华,肖晓艳.国内慢性病的现状、流行趋势及其应对策略[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(47)：126-128
[41]吴兆苏,姚崇华,赵冬.我国人群脑卒中发病率、死亡率的流行病学研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(6)：236-239.
[42]刘呜.脑卒中防治研究证据—预防进展更加令人鼓舞[J].国外医学：脑血管病分册,2001,9(4)：195-6
[43]李赵诚.城市居民慢性病患病情况及某些影响因素的探讨[J].中国社会医学,1989,2：1923.
[44]中华人民共和国卫生部医政司.全国农村卫生服务调查资料,1986.
[45]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1994年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告,1994.
[46]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1998年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告.1999.
[47]雷海潮,刘兴柱,卞鹰,等.我国慢性病患病率的未来趋势研究[J].中国卫生经济,1996,15(10)：7-9.
[48]翟屹,胡建平,孔灵芝,等.中国居民高血压造成冠心病和脑卒中的经济负担研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2006,27(9)：744-747.
[49]王陇德,中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之一,2002综合报告[M]北京：人民卫生出版社,2005：74.
[50]蔡敏,饶克勤,钱军程,等.3次国家卫生服务调查居民主要疾病患病情况变化与分析[J].中国医院统计,2005,12(2)：107-111.
[51]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病综合防治社区示范点专家指导组.我国慢性传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(二)——评估结果.中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,11(2)：78.
[52]陈红斌.居民健康调查分析及慢病防治策略[J].社区医学杂志,2004,2(3)：1-2.
[53]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[54]项海青,刘庆敏.社区慢性非传染性疾病综合防治模式探讨[J].中国卫生经济,2007,26(295)：26-28.
[55]仇元峰,张鹭鹭,田伟,等.国内外社区卫生服务发展模式比较[J].中国全科医学,2006,9(17)：1397-1400.
[56]胡建平,饶克勤,钱军程.中国慢性非传染疾病经济负担研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2007,15(3)：189-193.
[57]龚幼龙,韩复笑.卫生服务研究[M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1992.
[58]陈部长在第四次卫生服务调查动员大会上的讲话[R].2008.06
[59]王寒松,张愈.天津市第一、二、三次国家卫生服务调查分析研究[R].天津市卫生局编印,2005.12
[60]倪进发.慢性非传染性疾病的流行趋势与控制对策[J].安徽省预防医学会通讯,1998,1：45-51.
[61]孔灵芝.慢性非传染性疾病防治与社区卫生服务[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1998,6(1)：35-38.
[62]顾清.天津市慢性非传染病预防控制工作经验介绍[R].2007.
[63]天津市卫生局.天津市河北区慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作报告[C].全国慢性非传染性疾病综合防治社区示范点工作报告资料汇编,2001,10：8-21.
[64]赵岱洋,冯燕,王蕾.慢性非传染性疾病综合防治策略探讨[J].中国初级卫生保健,200,18(6)：35-36.
[65]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点专家指导组.我国慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(一)工作思路、工作目标和实践发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(1)：29-31.
[66]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[67]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[68]李绍奎,杨金侠.构建我国慢性病防治体系的思考[J].现代预防医学2008,35(5)：890-891.
[69]冯勇,苏会璇.社区慢性病综合防治的探讨[J].井冈山医专学 报,2009,16(2)：40-41.
[70]郑泽辉.社区慢性呼吸系统疾病的防治策略[J].医学与社会,2008,21(12)：15-16.
[71]张安玉.社区健康促进的理论策略和工作模式[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2006,14(2)：65-67.
[72]李玥,周指明,巫云辉,等.社区慢性非传染性疾病防治管理策略初探[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,2007,27(3)：232-234.
[73]胡薇薇.建立社区卫生服务双向转诊制度的几点思考[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,200525(10)：25-26.
[74]黄煊,,范启勇.电子健康档案对实现慢性病目标管理的作用[J].中华全科医学,2008,6(8)：863-4.
[75]陶利平,谢莉,刘晓平,等.社区慢性病管理实践的文献综述[J].中国卫生事业管理,2006(7)：427-429.
[76]李军.社区卫生服务纳入社区服务的理论与实践[J].中国全科医学,2002,5(6)：469-470.
[1]Soubhi H,Fortin M,Hudon C.Perceived conflict in the couple and chronic illness management:Preliminary analyses from the Quebec Health Survey [J].BMC Family Practice.2006,7:59.
[2]王济东,张文斌,薛亚彤.20世纪全球卫生事业发展的回顾与展望[J].医学与哲学,2001,22(2)：17-22.
[3]任涛,李立明.全球疾病负担的现状、趋势及其防治对策的选择[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1999,7(1)：1-3.
[4]李洋,傅华.从公共卫生的本质看慢性病防治中的群体策略[J].中国卫生资源,2008,11(4)：167-168.
[5]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[6]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[7]WHO.Preventing chronic diseases:a vital investment[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2005.
[8]赵仲堂,贾存显.中国跨世纪流行病学面临的挑战及其作用[J].山东医科大学学报社会科学版,1998,1：5-9.
[9]Bolduc N,Grand MP.Towards unity for health:lessons for health development in Canada[J].Educ Health (Abingdon),2007,20(2):49.
[10]Hancock L,Sanson-Fisher R,Redman S,et al.Community action for cancer prevention:Overview of the cancer action in rural towns (CART) project[J]. Australia.Health Promot Int,1996,11 (4):277-290.
[11]Hiatt R A,Pasick R J,Stewart S,et al.Community-based cancer screening for underserved women:design and baseline findings from the Breast and Cervical Cancer Intervention Study[J].Prev Med,2001,33(3):190-203.
[12]Allen RE,Read J. Integrated mental health care:practitioners' perspectives[J].Aust N Z J Psychiatry,1997,31(4):496-503.
[13]Sarrafzadegan N,Baghaei A,Sadri G,et al.Isfahan healthy heart program: Evaluation of comprehensive, community-based interventions for non-communicable disease prevention[J].Prev Control,2006,2(2):73-84.
[14]Australian Primary Care Collaborative Program.http://www.hpm.org/en/Surveys/CHERE/04/Australian_Primary_Care_Coll aborative_Program.html;jsessionid=944CD845CA5CD7FF82D9628C26FB8A50?p_t =1865&content_id=251&a=st&language=en
[15]Bourdages J,Sauvageau L, Lepage C.Factors in creating sustainable intersectoral community mobilization for prevention of heart and lung disease[J].Health Promot Int,2003,18(2):135-144.
[16]Birkhead G.S, Klein SJ,Candelas AR,et al.Integrating multiple programme and policy approaches to hepatitis C prevention and care for injection drug users:a comprehensive approach[J].Int J Drug Policy,2007,18(5):417-425.
[17]Britto MT,Schoettker PJ,Pandzik GM,et al.Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents[J].Qual Saf Health Care,2007,16(5):363-368.
[18]Baldo MH,hoja TA,al-Mazrou YY,et al.Integrating maternal and child health with primary health care in Saudi Arabia[J].East Mediterr Health J,2000,6(4):701-711.
[19]Getahun H, Maher D.Contribution of TB clubs" to tuberculosis control in a rural district in Ethiopia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2000,4(2):174-8.
[20]Robinson SE,Roberts MM.A women's health shop:a unique experiment[J].BMJ,1985,291(6490):255-256.
[21]Hoy WE,Kondalsamy CS, Scheppingen J,et al. A chronic disease outreach program for Aboriginal communities [J].Kidney Int Suppl,2005,68(98):76-82.
[22]Dickerson S,Reinhart AM,Feeley TH,et al.Patient Internet use for health information at three urban primary care clinics [J].J Am Med Inform Assoc,2004,11(6):499-504.
[23]Kreuter MW,Caburnay CA,John J,et al. Effectiveness of individually tailored calendars in promoting childhood immunization in urban public health centers [J].Am J Public Health,2004,94(1):122-127.
[24]Power R,Dale A, Jones S.To wards a process evaluation model for community-based initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of HIV amongst injecting drug users[J].AIDS Care,1991,3(2):123-135.
[25]Hymel MS,Greenberg BL.The Walden House Young Adult HIV project:meeting the needs of multidiagnosed youth[J]. J Adolesc Health,1998,23(2):122-131.
[26]Macaulay AC,Paradis G, Potvin L,et al. The Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project:intervention, evaluation, and baseline results of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada[J].Prev Med,1997, 26(6):779-790.
[27]Paradis G.,Levesque L,Macaulay A C,et al.Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien'keha:ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old:8-year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project[J].Pediatrics,2005,115(2):333-339.
[28]Harrell TK,Davy BM,Stewart JL,et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children.South Med J,2005,98(12): 1173-1180.
[29]Sophia SC,Denise MK, Edith KY,et al.Using a Community-Based Outreach Program to Improve Breast Health Awareness Among Women in Hong Kong[J].Public Health Nurs,2007,24(3):265-273.
[30]Jane S, Ellen M. Developing a Nutrition and Health Education Program for Primary Schools in Zambia[J].J Nutr Educ Behav,2007,39(6):335-342.
[31]Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY,et al.Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II:a physical activity promotion program for older adults[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2001,56(8):465-470.
[32]Welsh KB,Kermit P,Marion E,et al.Benefits of standardized diabetes and hypertension screening forms at community screening event[J]s. Health Promot Pract,2006,7(1):26-33.
[33]George R,Sarah B,John B.Users' needs and satisfaction with a community-based mental health service[J]. Psychiatric Bulletin,1998,22:473-476.
[34]Shaeda S,Jeremy C,Philip J,et al.Community mental health team management in severe mental illness:a systematic review[J]. Br J Psychiatry,2001,178:497-502.
[35]Gropen TI,Gagliano PJ,Blake CA,et al.Quality improvement in acute stroke The New York State Stroke Center Designation Project[J].Neurology,2006,1(67):88-93.
[36]江宇,李立明.社区为基础的慢性病预防与控制的回顾[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2000,8(2)：49-51.
[37]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[38]吴多文,范华,肖晓艳.国内慢性病的现状、流行趋势及其应对策略[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(47)：126-128.
[49]吴兆苏,姚崇华,赵冬.我国人群脑卒中发病率、死亡率的流行病学研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2003,24(6)：236-239.
[40]刘呜.脑卒中防治研究证据—预防进展更加令人鼓舞[J].国外医学：脑血管病分册,2001,9(4)：195-6.
[41]李赵诚.城市居民慢性病患病情况及某些影响因素的探讨[J].中国社会医学,1989,2：1923.
[42]中华人民共和国卫生部医政司.全国农村卫生服务调查资料,1986.
[43]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1994年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告,1994.
[44]中华人民共和国卫生部.国家卫生服务研究-1998年国家卫生服务总调查分析报告.1999.
[45]雷海潮,刘兴柱,卞鹰,等.我国慢性病患病率的未来趋势研究[J].中国卫生经济,1996,15(10)：7-9.
[46]Murray CJL.Quantifying the burden of disease:the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years[J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization,1994,72:429.
[47]Muray CJL,Lopez AD. Quantifying disability:data,methods and results [J].Bulletin ofthe World Health Organization,1994,72:481.
[48]World Bank.Development Report 1993:investing in health[M].OxfordUniversity Press,1993,25-36.
[49]第三次国家卫生服务调查分析报告,2003.
[50]王立义.社区慢性病管理面临的挑战与对策[J].上海预防医学杂志,2003,15(9)：475-476.
[51]赵岱洋,冯燕,王蕾.慢性非传染性疾病综合防治策略探讨[J].中国初级卫生保健,2005,18(6)：35-36.
[52]陈红斌.居民健康调查分析及慢病防治策略[J].社区医学杂志,2004,2(3)：1-2.
[53]孙晓东,吕筠,李立明.慢性病的主要危险因素流行水平及其预防策略的发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,16(5)：538-540.
[54]卫生部慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点专家指导组.我国慢性非传染性疾病社区综合防治示范点工作总结报告(一)工作思路、工作目标和实践发展[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(1)：29-31.
[55]梁万年等.卫生事业管理学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2003；313.
[56]赵慧.浅淡慢病及防治策略[J].中华实用中西医杂志.2007,20(16)：1441.
[57]项海青,刘庆敏.社区慢性非传染性疾病综合防治模式探讨[J].中国卫生经济,2007,26(295)：26-28.
[58]中华预防医学会慢性病预防与控制分会.慢性病的流行形势和防治对策[J]. 中国慢性病预防与控制,2005,13(1)：1-3.
[59]姜垣,白雅敏,邵瑞太.发达国家以社区为基础的慢性病综合干预经验[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2002,10(5)：235-237.
[60]贝品联,李水静,王志明.发挥健康教育在社区慢性病防治工作中的作用[J].实用全科医学,2006,4(2)：209.
[61]仇元峰,张鹭鹭,田伟,等.国内外社区卫生服务发展模式比较[J].中国全科医学,2006,9(17)：1397-1400.
[62]胡建平,饶克勤,钱军程.中国慢性非传染疾病经济负担研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2007,15(3)：189-193.
[63]Maria Celia de Freitas,Maria Manuela Rino Mendes.CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS IN ADULTS:CONCEPT ANALYSIS.Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2007 julho-agosto.15(4):590-597.
[64]李慧,梁伟雄,郭新峰生活质量测评在脑卒中的应用概况[J].中国临床康复.2004,8(1)：136-137.
[65]Yeo M, Sawyer S.ABC of adolescence Chronic illness and disability[J].BMJ 2005,330:721-723.
[66]Slonim AB,Callaghan C,Daily L,et al.Recommendations for Integration of Chronic Disease Programs:Are Your Programs Linked?.PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH,PRACTICE,AND POLICY.2007,4:NO.2
[67]Edelstein B. Policy issues in early childhood caries. [J]Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26(1 Suppl):96-103.
[68]Salinsky E, Gursky EA. The case for transforming governmental public health[J]. Health Aff (Millwood) 2006,25(4):1017-1028.
[69]刘宝,姚经建,陈文.基本公共卫生功能界定的国际比较[J].中国卫生资源.2006,9(5)：233-235.