深水海洋输流立管涡激振动及干涉试验研究
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摘要
海洋立管是海面与海底井口间的主要连接部件，是海洋基础结构的关键组成部分，作为海面与海底的一种联系通道，用于钻井、完井和生产。海洋立管既可用于浮式海洋平台，又可用于固定式平台及钻探船舶。
在深海，海洋立管处于非常复杂的环境中，其内部一般有高温高压的油或气流过，外部承受波浪、海流的作用，上端有浮体的运动以及冰凌等冲击载荷的作用。当波浪、海流流经立管时，在一定的流速下会产生涡旋脱落，使立管发生涡激振动。当海洋立管自振频率与旋涡脱落频率接近时，振动会迫使旋涡脱落频率固定在结构自振频率附近，发生“频率锁定（lock－in）”现象，引起管道振动加强，导致立管疲劳破坏。涡激振动是一种复杂的流体与固体耦合振动现象，其影响因素比较多，如雷诺数、顶张力、外流、内流、振动模态等，这些因素耦合外部海洋环境荷载后，会加速立管的疲劳破坏，立管一旦破坏将会导致巨大的经济损失并引发严重的海洋污染和次生灾害，因此对立管涡激振动及不同因素作用下立管的振动响应进行深入研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。
为深入研究管内有流体流动的顶张力立管在海流作用下的涡激振动规律，在实验室大型深水池中进行大长细比海洋立管涡激振动模型试验。立管模型采用长6.2m、直径20mm的铜管，沿立管模型轴向均匀布置12个测点，每个测点布置4个应变计，用以测得来流向和横向两个方向的振动响应。试验中立管竖直固定于试验支架上，上端施加变化的顶张力，并且变化不同的外流速，不同的内流速，测量各种工况下立管的横向、顺流向振幅、频率、模态等数据。对实验数据进行处理，分析阶段流作用下大长细比立管模型的振动特性，研究不同顶部张力作用下内流流速对立管涡激振动幅值的影响以及内流流速对立管顶部张力的影响。研究表明，立管涡激振动发生时除了漩涡脱落引发的横向周期性振动外，同时引起结构顺流方向的振动，其振动频率为横向振动的两倍，振动幅值一般小于横向振动幅值；在试验外流施加范围内，立管涡激振动在横向激发出模态数为4阶；顶张力及内流对立管固有频率、模态数及动力响应幅值均有一定的影响；内流流速对立管顶张力变化亦有影响。
为研究抑振装置对深水立管涡激振动规律影响，设计了一种梯形截面的螺旋线抑振装置，在实验室大型水池进行海洋立管涡激振动试验。通过改变这种抑振装置的螺距、螺旋个数和分布率，研究了梯形截面螺旋线的不同螺旋个数和分布率对抑制海洋立管涡激振动效果的影响。研究结果表明：不同螺旋数的抑振装置都有一定的抑振效果，三螺旋、双螺旋线的抑振效果要优于单螺旋线，螺高对螺旋线抑振装置的抑振效果有较大影响。对于立管抑振装置分布率试验，设计了分布率为90%、70%、50%、30%共4种方案，实验结果显示：各方案都在一定程度上抑制了立管的涡激振动，30%分布率的方案抑制效果没有其他三种分布率方案好，大约能减小60%的振幅，其他三种方案抑振效果都很好，都能抑制约90%的振幅值。
海洋立管在海中有很多的布置形式，如前后排列，并肩排列，相互交错排列等。当有外流通过时，立管会受到其他立管尾流的影响，使得立管的动力特性、动力响应以及漩涡的脱落形式同单个立管相比都会发生较大的变化。为了研究立管之间相互干涉对涡激振动的影响规律，本文设计了两组立管干涉试验，一组是设计两个裸管模型前后排列、并肩排列，边界均为铰接的干涉试验。第二组是设计一个立管带有三螺旋线扰流装置，另一个立管为裸管，布置方式为并肩排列且边界均为铰接的干涉试验。试验中，通过变化外流速、两管间距以及同单独立管的涡激振动情况进行对比，对立管干涉影响规律进行了研究和探讨。研究结果表明：当有外流通过时，立管会受到其他立管尾流的影响，漩涡脱落引起的振动由于间距及排列方式的不同而显著不同，使得立管的动力特性、动力响应以及漩涡的脱落形式同单个立管相比均有较大的变化。
Marine risers are the main connecter between a platform and the mouth of awell in the seabed and can be applied to floating platform, fixed platform and drillingshipping systems. They can be used for drilling, production and intervention.
Marine risers are in very harsh environment in the deep ocean and they aresubjected to many kinds of loads including waves, currents, floating platform motionat the upper end, ice, etc. When current or wave flows across the risers at certainspeed, there will appear vortex shedding, and if the frequency of the risers is close tothat of the vortex shedding, oscillation will make the vortex shedding frequency fixednearby the structural natural frequency and cause large amplitude vibration and thefatigue failure of the riser, which is called ‘lock-in’ state. Vortex-Induced Vibration(VIV) is a complex phenomenon of fluid and structure coupling vibration. For VIVphenomenon, many influencing factors, for example, Reynolds number, top tension,current velocity, internal velocity, and mode, especially considering with complexocean environmental loads, which will accelerate the fatigue failure of the riser. Thefailures of the riser will not only incur huge loss for the project itself but also lead tosecondary haphazard. So further researches on the vortex-induced vibrations(VIV)and dynamic behavior of the riser under the excitation of waves and current are verynecessary.
In order to study the VIV characteristics of large length-to-diameter-ratio riserwith internal flow subjected to marine current, tests of VIV were conducted in a largewave-current pool. Model materials were made of copper, with external diameters of20mm and a total length of6.2m. The model riser was attached vertically to thesupporting structure and different top tension, different external current velocities,different internal velocities, which were acted on the model. The amplitude, frequency and mode were measured respectively. The cylinder model was equipped with twelvemeasured stations which are distributed averagely along the riser and each wasformed by four strain gauges to measure both in-line direction and cross-flowdirection oscillation responses. In order to research the dynamic response of a largelength-to-diameter-ratio riser in a stepped current, the experimental data werecontrastive studied by dynamic response of in-line direction and cross-flow direction.The effect of varying top tensions on the natural frequency, the effect of varyinginternal velocities on the amplitude with different top tensions and the effect ofvarying internal velocities on the top tensions were studied. The experimental resultsshowed that there existed a strong correlation between the motions of in-line andcross-flow with a frequency doubling phenomenon and the in-line vibrationamplitudes is generally less than cross-flow direction. During the region of theexternal current velocities, the highest mode number is four. The following results canbe drawn. that the internal flow and top tension have some influence on thefundamental frequencies, dynamic response amplitude and mode numbers, especiallythe internal flow has important effect on the top tension.
In order to study the effect of suppression device on VIV, a helical strakesdevice with trapezoid cross section was designed. Modal tests were conducted in alarge wave-current pool. According to change pitch, number of strakes anddistribution rate, the effect of the device was detected. The experimental resultsindicate that double helix and triple helix have a better suppression effect than singlehelix and different pitch also has an important effect on suppression effect. For theexperiment of riser with different distribution rate, the distribution is90%,70%,50%,30%respectively. The experimental results indicate that suppression effect of30%distribution rate is less than other three distribution rate, the Decreasing Value is about60%of the amplitude, the Decreasing Value of another three are more than90%.
The risers have several arrangements, such as tandem, side-by-side and stagedconfigurations. When a riser is in the wake of another, the oscillations induced by thevortex shedding are considerable modified and strongly depended on the distance ofthe two risers. Compared with the single riser, dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and the form of vortex shedding are considerably modified. In order to studythe vortex-induced vibration of marine risers with interference, two groupsexperimental research on interference of two risers was conducted. One is two barerisers, which arrangements involve tandem and side-by-side, another involve one bareriser and one riser with triple strakes, which is side-by-side. Different external currentvelocities, different distance of the two cylinders were designed and compared with asingle bare riser. The experimental results indicate that when the riser is in the wakeof another, the oscillations induced by the vortex shedding are considerably modifiedand strongly depend on the distance of the two cylinders. Compared with the singleriser, dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and the form of vortex shedding areconsiderably modified.
在深海，海洋立管处于非常复杂的环境中，其内部一般有高温高压的油或气流过，外部承受波浪、海流的作用，上端有浮体的运动以及冰凌等冲击载荷的作用。当波浪、海流流经立管时，在一定的流速下会产生涡旋脱落，使立管发生涡激振动。当海洋立管自振频率与旋涡脱落频率接近时，振动会迫使旋涡脱落频率固定在结构自振频率附近，发生“频率锁定（lock－in）”现象，引起管道振动加强，导致立管疲劳破坏。涡激振动是一种复杂的流体与固体耦合振动现象，其影响因素比较多，如雷诺数、顶张力、外流、内流、振动模态等，这些因素耦合外部海洋环境荷载后，会加速立管的疲劳破坏，立管一旦破坏将会导致巨大的经济损失并引发严重的海洋污染和次生灾害，因此对立管涡激振动及不同因素作用下立管的振动响应进行深入研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。
为深入研究管内有流体流动的顶张力立管在海流作用下的涡激振动规律，在实验室大型深水池中进行大长细比海洋立管涡激振动模型试验。立管模型采用长6.2m、直径20mm的铜管，沿立管模型轴向均匀布置12个测点，每个测点布置4个应变计，用以测得来流向和横向两个方向的振动响应。试验中立管竖直固定于试验支架上，上端施加变化的顶张力，并且变化不同的外流速，不同的内流速，测量各种工况下立管的横向、顺流向振幅、频率、模态等数据。对实验数据进行处理，分析阶段流作用下大长细比立管模型的振动特性，研究不同顶部张力作用下内流流速对立管涡激振动幅值的影响以及内流流速对立管顶部张力的影响。研究表明，立管涡激振动发生时除了漩涡脱落引发的横向周期性振动外，同时引起结构顺流方向的振动，其振动频率为横向振动的两倍，振动幅值一般小于横向振动幅值；在试验外流施加范围内，立管涡激振动在横向激发出模态数为4阶；顶张力及内流对立管固有频率、模态数及动力响应幅值均有一定的影响；内流流速对立管顶张力变化亦有影响。
为研究抑振装置对深水立管涡激振动规律影响，设计了一种梯形截面的螺旋线抑振装置，在实验室大型水池进行海洋立管涡激振动试验。通过改变这种抑振装置的螺距、螺旋个数和分布率，研究了梯形截面螺旋线的不同螺旋个数和分布率对抑制海洋立管涡激振动效果的影响。研究结果表明：不同螺旋数的抑振装置都有一定的抑振效果，三螺旋、双螺旋线的抑振效果要优于单螺旋线，螺高对螺旋线抑振装置的抑振效果有较大影响。对于立管抑振装置分布率试验，设计了分布率为90%、70%、50%、30%共4种方案，实验结果显示：各方案都在一定程度上抑制了立管的涡激振动，30%分布率的方案抑制效果没有其他三种分布率方案好，大约能减小60%的振幅，其他三种方案抑振效果都很好，都能抑制约90%的振幅值。
海洋立管在海中有很多的布置形式，如前后排列，并肩排列，相互交错排列等。当有外流通过时，立管会受到其他立管尾流的影响，使得立管的动力特性、动力响应以及漩涡的脱落形式同单个立管相比都会发生较大的变化。为了研究立管之间相互干涉对涡激振动的影响规律，本文设计了两组立管干涉试验，一组是设计两个裸管模型前后排列、并肩排列，边界均为铰接的干涉试验。第二组是设计一个立管带有三螺旋线扰流装置，另一个立管为裸管，布置方式为并肩排列且边界均为铰接的干涉试验。试验中，通过变化外流速、两管间距以及同单独立管的涡激振动情况进行对比，对立管干涉影响规律进行了研究和探讨。研究结果表明：当有外流通过时，立管会受到其他立管尾流的影响，漩涡脱落引起的振动由于间距及排列方式的不同而显著不同，使得立管的动力特性、动力响应以及漩涡的脱落形式同单个立管相比均有较大的变化。
Marine risers are the main connecter between a platform and the mouth of awell in the seabed and can be applied to floating platform, fixed platform and drillingshipping systems. They can be used for drilling, production and intervention.
Marine risers are in very harsh environment in the deep ocean and they aresubjected to many kinds of loads including waves, currents, floating platform motionat the upper end, ice, etc. When current or wave flows across the risers at certainspeed, there will appear vortex shedding, and if the frequency of the risers is close tothat of the vortex shedding, oscillation will make the vortex shedding frequency fixednearby the structural natural frequency and cause large amplitude vibration and thefatigue failure of the riser, which is called ‘lock-in’ state. Vortex-Induced Vibration(VIV) is a complex phenomenon of fluid and structure coupling vibration. For VIVphenomenon, many influencing factors, for example, Reynolds number, top tension,current velocity, internal velocity, and mode, especially considering with complexocean environmental loads, which will accelerate the fatigue failure of the riser. Thefailures of the riser will not only incur huge loss for the project itself but also lead tosecondary haphazard. So further researches on the vortex-induced vibrations(VIV)and dynamic behavior of the riser under the excitation of waves and current are verynecessary.
In order to study the VIV characteristics of large length-to-diameter-ratio riserwith internal flow subjected to marine current, tests of VIV were conducted in a largewave-current pool. Model materials were made of copper, with external diameters of20mm and a total length of6.2m. The model riser was attached vertically to thesupporting structure and different top tension, different external current velocities,different internal velocities, which were acted on the model. The amplitude, frequency and mode were measured respectively. The cylinder model was equipped with twelvemeasured stations which are distributed averagely along the riser and each wasformed by four strain gauges to measure both in-line direction and cross-flowdirection oscillation responses. In order to research the dynamic response of a largelength-to-diameter-ratio riser in a stepped current, the experimental data werecontrastive studied by dynamic response of in-line direction and cross-flow direction.The effect of varying top tensions on the natural frequency, the effect of varyinginternal velocities on the amplitude with different top tensions and the effect ofvarying internal velocities on the top tensions were studied. The experimental resultsshowed that there existed a strong correlation between the motions of in-line andcross-flow with a frequency doubling phenomenon and the in-line vibrationamplitudes is generally less than cross-flow direction. During the region of theexternal current velocities, the highest mode number is four. The following results canbe drawn. that the internal flow and top tension have some influence on thefundamental frequencies, dynamic response amplitude and mode numbers, especiallythe internal flow has important effect on the top tension.
In order to study the effect of suppression device on VIV, a helical strakesdevice with trapezoid cross section was designed. Modal tests were conducted in alarge wave-current pool. According to change pitch, number of strakes anddistribution rate, the effect of the device was detected. The experimental resultsindicate that double helix and triple helix have a better suppression effect than singlehelix and different pitch also has an important effect on suppression effect. For theexperiment of riser with different distribution rate, the distribution is90%,70%,50%,30%respectively. The experimental results indicate that suppression effect of30%distribution rate is less than other three distribution rate, the Decreasing Value is about60%of the amplitude, the Decreasing Value of another three are more than90%.
The risers have several arrangements, such as tandem, side-by-side and stagedconfigurations. When a riser is in the wake of another, the oscillations induced by thevortex shedding are considerable modified and strongly depended on the distance ofthe two risers. Compared with the single riser, dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and the form of vortex shedding are considerably modified. In order to studythe vortex-induced vibration of marine risers with interference, two groupsexperimental research on interference of two risers was conducted. One is two barerisers, which arrangements involve tandem and side-by-side, another involve one bareriser and one riser with triple strakes, which is side-by-side. Different external currentvelocities, different distance of the two cylinders were designed and compared with asingle bare riser. The experimental results indicate that when the riser is in the wakeof another, the oscillations induced by the vortex shedding are considerably modifiedand strongly depend on the distance of the two cylinders. Compared with the singleriser, dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and the form of vortex shedding areconsiderably modified.
引文
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