山地建筑地下室外墙设计理论与应用研究
|
摘要
随着高层建筑的蓬勃发展,各种可用土地资源不断得到开发利用,山地建筑也日益增多。对于山地城市,如西部多山地丘陵的省市,其地形特征对山地建筑的选址、设计和施工都有较大影响。而作为山地建筑设计的重要原则就是节约用地,充分利用山地特征。因此山地建筑地下室的开发和利用就显得尤为重要。但由于山地建筑场地环境极为复杂,其地下室设计和施工面临的工程技术问题也日益增多。由于山地建筑场地平整时土方工程量大且易形成很多高陡人工边坡,山地建筑地下室外墙支护结构设计计算理论和应用的研究就成为山地建筑设计的一项重要内容。为此,本文主要对山地建筑地下室外墙支护结构的具体设计计算方法展开研究。
本文首先深入分析了山地建筑地下室外墙土压力的特点,对其常规计算方法进行了相关阐述,并在此基础上引进广义库仑土压力计算理论,结合山地建筑地下室外墙的特点改进了简化广义库仑土压力计算方法,进而分析考虑超载、地下水等影响因素时山地建筑地下室外墙土压力分布特点,获得了一些有益的结论。
其次,针对山地建筑地下室外墙结构与一般外墙不同的特点,对其计算模型、计算荷载、荷载组合形式及其内力分析和截面设计进行了研究和探讨,同时考虑山地建筑地下室外墙必须与支挡结构共同工作特点,对山地建筑支挡结构选型及其设计计算方法和构造措施做相关阐述,并重点介绍了工程中常用的悬臂式混凝土挡墙的设计计算方法。在此基础上,根据山地建筑地下室外墙的工程特点以及目前实际工程中的地下室外墙设计现状,提出一种兼作地下室外墙的支挡结构-外墙支护体系,并对其计算方法进行了探讨,同时对其设计计算的影响因素进行了分析。
最后,以某实际工程施工期间及竣工后土压力和位移等参数的监测结果的分析验证支挡结构-外墙体系的可行性与合理性,并采用有限元分析程序SATWE对其进行计算分析,从数值分析的角度验证支挡结构-外墙体系设计计算方法的正确性和合理性。
Along with high-rise construction's vigorous development, each kind of available land resource obtains the development use unceasingly, the mountainous region construction also day by day increases. Regarding the mountainous region city, like west the multi-mountainous region hill's provinces and cities, its terrain feature to the mountainous region construction's selected location, the design and the construction has affects greatly. But saves the land as the mountainous region architectural design's cardinal principle, uses the mountainous region characteristic fully. Therefore the mountainous region constructs the basement the development and the use appears especially important. But because the mountainous region building yard environment is extremely complex, its basement design and the construction face the engineering technology question also day by day increases. Because the mountainous region building yard is smooth time the earth quantity big and easy to form the high steep artificial side slope, the mountainous region constructs the basement outer wall supports and protections structural design computation theory and the application research becomes the mountainous region architectural design an important content. Therefore, this article mainly constructs the basement outer wall supports and protections structure to the mountainous region the concrete design calculation method to launch the research.
This article first penetrated analyzes the mountainous region to construct the basement outer wall earth pressure the characteristic, has carried on the related elaboration to its routine calculation method, based on this and introduced the generalized coulomb earth pressure computation theory, the union mountainous region constructs the basement outer wall's characteristic to improve the simplified generalized coulomb earth pressure computational method, then analysis influencing factors and so on when consideration overload, ground water the mountainous region constructed the basement outer wall earth pressure distribution characteristic, some beneficial conclusions has obtained
Secondly, constructs the basement outer wall structure and the common outer wall different characteristic in view of the mountainous region, to its computation model, the computation load, the load combination form and the endogenic force analysis and the section design has conducted the research and the discussion, simultaneously considered that the mountainous region building basement outer wall must keep off the structure joint work characteristic with, keeps off the structure shaping and the design calculation method and the structure measure to mountainous region construction makes the related elaboration, and introduced in with emphasis the project the commonly used cantilever concretes retaining wall design calculation method. Based on this, constructs in the basement outer wall's project characteristic as well as the present actual project basement outer wall design present situation according to the mountainous region, proposed that one kind concurrently makes basement outer wall's to keep off the structure-outer wall supports and protections system, and has carried on the discussion to its computational method, simultaneously has carried on the analysis to its design calculation's influencing factor
Finally, after some actual project construction period and completion parameter and so on earth pressure and displacement monitoring result's analysis confirmation keep off the structure - outer wall system's feasibility and the rationality, and uses finite element analysis procedure SATWE to carry on the computation analysis to it, keeps off the structure-outer wall system design calculation method from numerical analysis's angle confirmation the accuracy and the rationality.
本文首先深入分析了山地建筑地下室外墙土压力的特点,对其常规计算方法进行了相关阐述,并在此基础上引进广义库仑土压力计算理论,结合山地建筑地下室外墙的特点改进了简化广义库仑土压力计算方法,进而分析考虑超载、地下水等影响因素时山地建筑地下室外墙土压力分布特点,获得了一些有益的结论。
其次,针对山地建筑地下室外墙结构与一般外墙不同的特点,对其计算模型、计算荷载、荷载组合形式及其内力分析和截面设计进行了研究和探讨,同时考虑山地建筑地下室外墙必须与支挡结构共同工作特点,对山地建筑支挡结构选型及其设计计算方法和构造措施做相关阐述,并重点介绍了工程中常用的悬臂式混凝土挡墙的设计计算方法。在此基础上,根据山地建筑地下室外墙的工程特点以及目前实际工程中的地下室外墙设计现状,提出一种兼作地下室外墙的支挡结构-外墙支护体系,并对其计算方法进行了探讨,同时对其设计计算的影响因素进行了分析。
最后,以某实际工程施工期间及竣工后土压力和位移等参数的监测结果的分析验证支挡结构-外墙体系的可行性与合理性,并采用有限元分析程序SATWE对其进行计算分析,从数值分析的角度验证支挡结构-外墙体系设计计算方法的正确性和合理性。
Along with high-rise construction's vigorous development, each kind of available land resource obtains the development use unceasingly, the mountainous region construction also day by day increases. Regarding the mountainous region city, like west the multi-mountainous region hill's provinces and cities, its terrain feature to the mountainous region construction's selected location, the design and the construction has affects greatly. But saves the land as the mountainous region architectural design's cardinal principle, uses the mountainous region characteristic fully. Therefore the mountainous region constructs the basement the development and the use appears especially important. But because the mountainous region building yard environment is extremely complex, its basement design and the construction face the engineering technology question also day by day increases. Because the mountainous region building yard is smooth time the earth quantity big and easy to form the high steep artificial side slope, the mountainous region constructs the basement outer wall supports and protections structural design computation theory and the application research becomes the mountainous region architectural design an important content. Therefore, this article mainly constructs the basement outer wall supports and protections structure to the mountainous region the concrete design calculation method to launch the research.
This article first penetrated analyzes the mountainous region to construct the basement outer wall earth pressure the characteristic, has carried on the related elaboration to its routine calculation method, based on this and introduced the generalized coulomb earth pressure computation theory, the union mountainous region constructs the basement outer wall's characteristic to improve the simplified generalized coulomb earth pressure computational method, then analysis influencing factors and so on when consideration overload, ground water the mountainous region constructed the basement outer wall earth pressure distribution characteristic, some beneficial conclusions has obtained
Secondly, constructs the basement outer wall structure and the common outer wall different characteristic in view of the mountainous region, to its computation model, the computation load, the load combination form and the endogenic force analysis and the section design has conducted the research and the discussion, simultaneously considered that the mountainous region building basement outer wall must keep off the structure joint work characteristic with, keeps off the structure shaping and the design calculation method and the structure measure to mountainous region construction makes the related elaboration, and introduced in with emphasis the project the commonly used cantilever concretes retaining wall design calculation method. Based on this, constructs in the basement outer wall's project characteristic as well as the present actual project basement outer wall design present situation according to the mountainous region, proposed that one kind concurrently makes basement outer wall's to keep off the structure-outer wall supports and protections system, and has carried on the discussion to its computational method, simultaneously has carried on the analysis to its design calculation's influencing factor
Finally, after some actual project construction period and completion parameter and so on earth pressure and displacement monitoring result's analysis confirmation keep off the structure - outer wall system's feasibility and the rationality, and uses finite element analysis procedure SATWE to carry on the computation analysis to it, keeps off the structure-outer wall system design calculation method from numerical analysis's angle confirmation the accuracy and the rationality.
引文
[1] JGJ3-2002.高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,25-45
[2]李国胜编著.简明高层钢筋混凝土结构设计手册(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,407-408
[3]陈希哲编著.土力学地基基础(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 1996,133-138
[4]赵明华编著.土力学与基础工程.武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2000,26-65
[5] GB 50330-2002.建筑边坡工程技术规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,30-86
[6] GB 50011-2001.建筑抗震设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001,40-62
[7] GB 50108-2001.地下工程防水技术规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2001,45-66
[8] Terzaghi K. Theoretical Soil and Mechanics. John Willey & sons,Inc. New York,1943,24-76
[9]赵数德.按空间问题计算挡土墙的主动土压力.西安建筑科技大学学报,1995,27(4):403-407
[10] Sangchul Bang. Active Earth Pressure Behind Walls. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1985,111(3):751-761
[11] Mehmet A.Sherif, Yung-show Fang and Russell I.Sherif Ka and Ko Behing Rotating and Non-yield Walls. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,1984,110(1):41-56
[12] G.Wayne Clough and James M.Duncan. Finite Element Analysis of Retaining Wall Behavior. Journal of Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1971,97(SM12):1657-1673
[13]周应英,任姜龙.刚性挡土墙主动土压力的试验研究.岩土工程学报,1990,12(2):19-25
[14]冯德章.粘性回填土挡土墙土压力测试成果讨论.第三届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981,56-60
[15]曹振明.被动土压力非线性分布浅析.西安公路交通大学学报,1994,14(2):10-14
[16]阮波,冷伍明,李亮.土压力非线性分布的研究.长沙铁道学院学报,2001,19(4):73-76
[17]张敏.桩基托梁挡土墙设计理论与工程应用研究:[西南交通大学硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2007,42-75
[18]王保群,王志谦,张文联.悬锚式挡土墙的结构设计与计算.济南交通高等专科学校学报,2001,9(1):42-47
[19]黄晓华.公路边坡病害治理的轻型支挡结构.重庆交通学院学报,1999,18(3):90-95
[20]李强,周志刚,郑建龙.土工隔栅加筋柔性桥台筋材设计方法研究.长沙交通学院学报,1999,15(2):70-74
[21]赵明华、罗宏、邹新军.砌块式挡土结构受力分析及其设计计算.勘察科学技术,2005(2):65-69
[22]范永丰.公路挡土墙的设计方法和优化研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].湖南:湖南大学土木工程学院,2003,42-60
[23]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究:[中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003,44-65
[24] GB 50007-2002.建筑地基基础设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,21-35
[25]中国建筑标准设计研究院.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-结构.北京:中国计划出版社,2003,59-60
[26]蔡晓宏.地下室设计中的几个问题.工程建设与档案. 2004,2(4):22-23
[27]纪福宏,郭惠琴.混凝土结构地下室外墙的设计.山西建筑. 2005,31(11):34-35
[28]潘长江.地下室外墙设计.广东科技. 2006. 154(3):75-76
[29]王凯鹏.地下室外墙设计探讨.福建建设科技. 2006,2(6):27-29
[30]吴英光,李华亭.高层建筑地下室设计与受力分析.房材与应用. 2006,34(6):37-40
[31]郑张玉.地下室侧墙板设计研究:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,2006,12-35
[32]高德方.地下室外墙混凝土裂缝分析与控制.山西建筑.2007, 33(17): 136-137
[33]吴昊.非周边约束地下室对上部结构嵌固作用的研究:[重庆大学硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学土木工程学院,2006,33-45
[34]赵志缙,应惠清主编.简明深基坑工程设计施工手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000,450-480
[35]蔡北海.喷锚支护作为地下室外墙的应用研究.广州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,2(2):160-163
[36]张玲,陈坚荣.作为地下室外墙、止水和挡土支护结构的地下连续墙施工.建筑技术,2005,36(3):189-191
[37]顾慰慈主编.挡土墙土压力计算手册.北京:中国建材工业出版社, 2004, 32-55
[38]赵国选.高层建筑地下室外墙配筋的实用计算方法.建筑结构.1999,7(3): 63-68
[39]赵国选.高层建筑地下室外墙壁厚的实用算法.建筑结构.2000,5(9):67-71
[40]沈珠江.关于土力学发展前景的设想.沈珠江土力学论文集.北京:清华大学出版社,2005,424-425
[41]史宏彦等.确定无粘性土静止土压力系数的一个理论公式.水利学报,2001,11(4):85-88
[42]杨仲元.超固结比对静止土压力系数的影响.工业建筑, 2006, 36(12):53-57
[43] Peck R B.Foundation engineering.John Wiley & Sons publishing,1974:451-452
[44] Winterkorn Hans F,Fang Hsai Yang.Foundation engineering handbook.Van Nostrand Rinhold Com Publishing. 1975, 427-428
[45]李广信.基坑支护结构上水土压力的分算与合算.岩土工程学报, 2000, 22(3):348-352
[46] GB 50038-2005.人民防空地下室设计规范.北京:中华人民共和国建设部发布, 2005, 35-62
[47] GB 50009-2001(2006).建筑结构荷载规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002, 45-56
[48]程文襄等.混凝土结构(上册).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002, 169-172
[49]《建筑结构静力计算手册》编写组.建筑结构静力计算手册(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1998, 102-103
[50]龙驭球,包世华.结构力学教程(I).北京:高等教育出版社, 2000, 94-431
[51] GB 50010-2002.混凝土结构设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002, 65-114
[52]程文襄等.混凝土结构(中册).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005, 68-112
[53]刘子慧,李翰卿.悬臂式挡土墙底板结构计算方法探讨.人民长江, 2001, 32(2):42-44
[54]候卫红,候永峰.悬臂式挡土墙受力分析.北方交通大学学报, 2004, 28(4):16-18
[55]胡有旺.受基础约束的地下墙体分析.建筑结构, 1998, 9(3):65-69
[56] 04J008(国标图集).挡土墙(重力式、衡重式、悬臂式).北京:中华人民共和国建设部, 2004, 18-19
[57] HCK05-103.新华社湖南分社新建办公区拟建场地岩土工程详细勘察报告书.长沙:核工业长沙工程勘察院, 2005, 12-54
[58] Tschebotarioff G P.Foundations Retaining and Earth Structures(2nd ed). McGraw-Hill Book Company,NewYork,1973,642-649
[59] H.W.Habbard,D.M.Potts,D.Miller,J.B.Buland.Design of the Ret aining Walls for the M25 and Cover Bell Common Tunnel.Geotechnique,1984, 34(4):62-69
[60] C.Carrett,S.J.Barnes.The Design and Performance of the Dun to n Green Retaining Wall.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):55-62
[61] L.A .Wodd etc.Observation of Strutted Tiaphram Wallin London Clay Aprepiminary Assessment.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):49-58
[62] P.Tedd,B.M.Chard,J.A.Charles,I.P.Symows.Behaviors of Propped Embeded Retaining is Stiff Clay of Bell Common Tunnel.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):38-43
[63] Y.Ikuta,M.Maruoka,M.Aoki,E.Sato,Application of the Observational Method to a Deep Basement Excavation Using the Tep-down Method.Geotechnique, 1994, 44(4): 66-71
[64] G.Wayne Clough,Yuet Tsui.Performance of Tied-Back Walls in Clay.Jaural of the Geotechnique Engineering Division,ASCE,1974,12(4):79-86
[65] Joseph E.Bowles Foundation Analysis and Design (3rd ed).McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York,1982,84-92
[66] Peck R B .Deep Excavation and Tunnels in Soft Ground.State-of the Art 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Mexico city,1969,94-102
[67] Abdulaziz,Mana G,Wayne Clough.Prediction of Movement for Braced Cuts in Clay.ASCE,1981,107(6):87-96
[68]朱彦鹏,王秀丽,于劲,王立红等.悬臂式支护结构内力的试验研究.岩土工程学报,1999,15(3):43-45
[2]李国胜编著.简明高层钢筋混凝土结构设计手册(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,407-408
[3]陈希哲编著.土力学地基基础(第二版).北京:清华大学出版社, 1996,133-138
[4]赵明华编著.土力学与基础工程.武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2000,26-65
[5] GB 50330-2002.建筑边坡工程技术规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,30-86
[6] GB 50011-2001.建筑抗震设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001,40-62
[7] GB 50108-2001.地下工程防水技术规范.北京:中国计划出版社,2001,45-66
[8] Terzaghi K. Theoretical Soil and Mechanics. John Willey & sons,Inc. New York,1943,24-76
[9]赵数德.按空间问题计算挡土墙的主动土压力.西安建筑科技大学学报,1995,27(4):403-407
[10] Sangchul Bang. Active Earth Pressure Behind Walls. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1985,111(3):751-761
[11] Mehmet A.Sherif, Yung-show Fang and Russell I.Sherif Ka and Ko Behing Rotating and Non-yield Walls. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,1984,110(1):41-56
[12] G.Wayne Clough and James M.Duncan. Finite Element Analysis of Retaining Wall Behavior. Journal of Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1971,97(SM12):1657-1673
[13]周应英,任姜龙.刚性挡土墙主动土压力的试验研究.岩土工程学报,1990,12(2):19-25
[14]冯德章.粘性回填土挡土墙土压力测试成果讨论.第三届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981,56-60
[15]曹振明.被动土压力非线性分布浅析.西安公路交通大学学报,1994,14(2):10-14
[16]阮波,冷伍明,李亮.土压力非线性分布的研究.长沙铁道学院学报,2001,19(4):73-76
[17]张敏.桩基托梁挡土墙设计理论与工程应用研究:[西南交通大学硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2007,42-75
[18]王保群,王志谦,张文联.悬锚式挡土墙的结构设计与计算.济南交通高等专科学校学报,2001,9(1):42-47
[19]黄晓华.公路边坡病害治理的轻型支挡结构.重庆交通学院学报,1999,18(3):90-95
[20]李强,周志刚,郑建龙.土工隔栅加筋柔性桥台筋材设计方法研究.长沙交通学院学报,1999,15(2):70-74
[21]赵明华、罗宏、邹新军.砌块式挡土结构受力分析及其设计计算.勘察科学技术,2005(2):65-69
[22]范永丰.公路挡土墙的设计方法和优化研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].湖南:湖南大学土木工程学院,2003,42-60
[23]陈宪麦.挡土墙抗震设计中两个重要问题的研究:[中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2003,44-65
[24] GB 50007-2002.建筑地基基础设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,21-35
[25]中国建筑标准设计研究院.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施-结构.北京:中国计划出版社,2003,59-60
[26]蔡晓宏.地下室设计中的几个问题.工程建设与档案. 2004,2(4):22-23
[27]纪福宏,郭惠琴.混凝土结构地下室外墙的设计.山西建筑. 2005,31(11):34-35
[28]潘长江.地下室外墙设计.广东科技. 2006. 154(3):75-76
[29]王凯鹏.地下室外墙设计探讨.福建建设科技. 2006,2(6):27-29
[30]吴英光,李华亭.高层建筑地下室设计与受力分析.房材与应用. 2006,34(6):37-40
[31]郑张玉.地下室侧墙板设计研究:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,2006,12-35
[32]高德方.地下室外墙混凝土裂缝分析与控制.山西建筑.2007, 33(17): 136-137
[33]吴昊.非周边约束地下室对上部结构嵌固作用的研究:[重庆大学硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学土木工程学院,2006,33-45
[34]赵志缙,应惠清主编.简明深基坑工程设计施工手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000,450-480
[35]蔡北海.喷锚支护作为地下室外墙的应用研究.广州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,2(2):160-163
[36]张玲,陈坚荣.作为地下室外墙、止水和挡土支护结构的地下连续墙施工.建筑技术,2005,36(3):189-191
[37]顾慰慈主编.挡土墙土压力计算手册.北京:中国建材工业出版社, 2004, 32-55
[38]赵国选.高层建筑地下室外墙配筋的实用计算方法.建筑结构.1999,7(3): 63-68
[39]赵国选.高层建筑地下室外墙壁厚的实用算法.建筑结构.2000,5(9):67-71
[40]沈珠江.关于土力学发展前景的设想.沈珠江土力学论文集.北京:清华大学出版社,2005,424-425
[41]史宏彦等.确定无粘性土静止土压力系数的一个理论公式.水利学报,2001,11(4):85-88
[42]杨仲元.超固结比对静止土压力系数的影响.工业建筑, 2006, 36(12):53-57
[43] Peck R B.Foundation engineering.John Wiley & Sons publishing,1974:451-452
[44] Winterkorn Hans F,Fang Hsai Yang.Foundation engineering handbook.Van Nostrand Rinhold Com Publishing. 1975, 427-428
[45]李广信.基坑支护结构上水土压力的分算与合算.岩土工程学报, 2000, 22(3):348-352
[46] GB 50038-2005.人民防空地下室设计规范.北京:中华人民共和国建设部发布, 2005, 35-62
[47] GB 50009-2001(2006).建筑结构荷载规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002, 45-56
[48]程文襄等.混凝土结构(上册).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002, 169-172
[49]《建筑结构静力计算手册》编写组.建筑结构静力计算手册(第二版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1998, 102-103
[50]龙驭球,包世华.结构力学教程(I).北京:高等教育出版社, 2000, 94-431
[51] GB 50010-2002.混凝土结构设计规范.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002, 65-114
[52]程文襄等.混凝土结构(中册).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005, 68-112
[53]刘子慧,李翰卿.悬臂式挡土墙底板结构计算方法探讨.人民长江, 2001, 32(2):42-44
[54]候卫红,候永峰.悬臂式挡土墙受力分析.北方交通大学学报, 2004, 28(4):16-18
[55]胡有旺.受基础约束的地下墙体分析.建筑结构, 1998, 9(3):65-69
[56] 04J008(国标图集).挡土墙(重力式、衡重式、悬臂式).北京:中华人民共和国建设部, 2004, 18-19
[57] HCK05-103.新华社湖南分社新建办公区拟建场地岩土工程详细勘察报告书.长沙:核工业长沙工程勘察院, 2005, 12-54
[58] Tschebotarioff G P.Foundations Retaining and Earth Structures(2nd ed). McGraw-Hill Book Company,NewYork,1973,642-649
[59] H.W.Habbard,D.M.Potts,D.Miller,J.B.Buland.Design of the Ret aining Walls for the M25 and Cover Bell Common Tunnel.Geotechnique,1984, 34(4):62-69
[60] C.Carrett,S.J.Barnes.The Design and Performance of the Dun to n Green Retaining Wall.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):55-62
[61] L.A .Wodd etc.Observation of Strutted Tiaphram Wallin London Clay Aprepiminary Assessment.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):49-58
[62] P.Tedd,B.M.Chard,J.A.Charles,I.P.Symows.Behaviors of Propped Embeded Retaining is Stiff Clay of Bell Common Tunnel.Geotechnique,1984,34(4):38-43
[63] Y.Ikuta,M.Maruoka,M.Aoki,E.Sato,Application of the Observational Method to a Deep Basement Excavation Using the Tep-down Method.Geotechnique, 1994, 44(4): 66-71
[64] G.Wayne Clough,Yuet Tsui.Performance of Tied-Back Walls in Clay.Jaural of the Geotechnique Engineering Division,ASCE,1974,12(4):79-86
[65] Joseph E.Bowles Foundation Analysis and Design (3rd ed).McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York,1982,84-92
[66] Peck R B .Deep Excavation and Tunnels in Soft Ground.State-of the Art 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Mexico city,1969,94-102
[67] Abdulaziz,Mana G,Wayne Clough.Prediction of Movement for Braced Cuts in Clay.ASCE,1981,107(6):87-96
[68]朱彦鹏,王秀丽,于劲,王立红等.悬臂式支护结构内力的试验研究.岩土工程学报,1999,15(3):43-45