当代中东库尔德问题
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摘要
冷战结束后,全球范围的第三次民族主义浪潮高涨。作为世界上最大的没有自己国家的民族,库尔德人争取自治或独立的斗争更加活跃。从1991年海湾战争到2003年伊拉克战争,从土耳其越界追剿PKK到土耳其加入欧盟,中东库尔德问题日益成为国际关注的焦点。事实上,库尔德问题由来已久,迄今已有近百年的历史。库尔德人长时间的民族主义运动贯穿了中东现、当代史。而自一战结束、奥斯曼帝国崩溃,库尔德人被分割到中东四个国家以后,库尔德问题就不仅挑战所在国内政,又深刻地影响着地区和国际关系。1958年伊拉克“七月革命”推翻君主制建立共和国、1967年的阿以“六·五”战争和1973年的“十月战争”、1979年的伊朗伊斯兰革命和1980-88年的两伊战争等,许多对中东有关国家乃至整个中东地区有重大影响的事件中,都可以看到库尔德问题在其中所起的作用。
要真正全面、深入地了解中东地区,对库尔德问题的研究必不可少。加强对该问题的研究,有助于了解中东地区和中东主要国家的历史、现状及未来走向;有助于把握中东地区和国际政治格局,预测地区与国际关系的发展趋势;对中国发展同有关国家的关系、制定中国的有关对外政策也有重要意义。作为世界上重要的民族问题之一,库尔德问题的一些现象和规律,具有普遍意义。他山之石,可以攻玉,研究该问题,对认识和处理世界其他国家和地区的民族问题(包括我国的民族问题),也会有启示意义。
目前国内学术界对中东库尔德问题的系统研究基本上还是空白,发表的论文屈指可数,尚无公开出版的专著。《当代中东库尔德问题》的写作以查阅英文文献资料为主,运用有关的民族主义理论和国际关系理论,以时间为经、以空间(库尔德人所在国)和重大历史事件为纬展开,包括历史回顾、现状分析以及对发展趋势的预测和展望,力图对中东库尔德问题的由来、发展、现状和走向作较系统、全面的梳理和审视。
After the Cold War the third wave of nationalism rose all around the word. As the largest people without a country in the world, the Kurds’struggle for autonomy or independence became more active. From the 1991 Gulf War to the 2003 Iraqi War and from Turkey’s cross-border hunting PKK to Turkey’s effort for joining the EU, the Kurdish issue has increasingly become the focus of international concern. In fact, so far the Kurdish issue has long stand about one hundred years. The Kurds’long-time nationalist movements have gone through the modern history of the Middle East. Since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by the end of the World War One and the Kurds were divided into Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria, the Kurdish problem has not only challenged the domestic affairs, but also affected the regional and international relations deeply. July Revolution of Iraq occurred in 1958 overthrew the monarchy and established the Republic, Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973, Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 and the Iran-Iraqi war during 1980-88, the role of the Kurdish question could be found in all of the events which concerned the related countries and the whole Middle East.
To understand the Middle East comprehensively and deeply, the study of the Kurdish Issue is essential. The study of the issue will help us to understand the history, current situation and the future trends of the related countries and the whole Middle East, to grasp the regional and international political situation and forecast the developing trend of international relations. While all of these will be significant for China to promote relations with countries concerned and develop foreign policy. As one of the most important ethnic questions in the world, a number of phenomena and laws shown by the Kurdish question have general meaning. To observe and learn from these phenomena and laws will help us to understand and deal with the ethnic questions of other countries and regions (including our own ethnic questions).
Currently, the systematic study of the Kurdish question is basically blank in domestic academic community. Only a handful of papers were published and there is no publicly published monograph. The writing of the Kurdish Question in the Contemporary Middle East is on the basis of accessing the English literatures mainly. The paper is organized in chronological order and focuses more on major events, trying to look through systematically and comprehensively the origin of the Kurdish question, its development, its current situation, its trend and outlook by using relevant theories of nationalism and international relations.
要真正全面、深入地了解中东地区,对库尔德问题的研究必不可少。加强对该问题的研究,有助于了解中东地区和中东主要国家的历史、现状及未来走向;有助于把握中东地区和国际政治格局,预测地区与国际关系的发展趋势;对中国发展同有关国家的关系、制定中国的有关对外政策也有重要意义。作为世界上重要的民族问题之一,库尔德问题的一些现象和规律,具有普遍意义。他山之石,可以攻玉,研究该问题,对认识和处理世界其他国家和地区的民族问题(包括我国的民族问题),也会有启示意义。
目前国内学术界对中东库尔德问题的系统研究基本上还是空白,发表的论文屈指可数,尚无公开出版的专著。《当代中东库尔德问题》的写作以查阅英文文献资料为主,运用有关的民族主义理论和国际关系理论,以时间为经、以空间(库尔德人所在国)和重大历史事件为纬展开,包括历史回顾、现状分析以及对发展趋势的预测和展望,力图对中东库尔德问题的由来、发展、现状和走向作较系统、全面的梳理和审视。
After the Cold War the third wave of nationalism rose all around the word. As the largest people without a country in the world, the Kurds’struggle for autonomy or independence became more active. From the 1991 Gulf War to the 2003 Iraqi War and from Turkey’s cross-border hunting PKK to Turkey’s effort for joining the EU, the Kurdish issue has increasingly become the focus of international concern. In fact, so far the Kurdish issue has long stand about one hundred years. The Kurds’long-time nationalist movements have gone through the modern history of the Middle East. Since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by the end of the World War One and the Kurds were divided into Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria, the Kurdish problem has not only challenged the domestic affairs, but also affected the regional and international relations deeply. July Revolution of Iraq occurred in 1958 overthrew the monarchy and established the Republic, Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973, Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 and the Iran-Iraqi war during 1980-88, the role of the Kurdish question could be found in all of the events which concerned the related countries and the whole Middle East.
To understand the Middle East comprehensively and deeply, the study of the Kurdish Issue is essential. The study of the issue will help us to understand the history, current situation and the future trends of the related countries and the whole Middle East, to grasp the regional and international political situation and forecast the developing trend of international relations. While all of these will be significant for China to promote relations with countries concerned and develop foreign policy. As one of the most important ethnic questions in the world, a number of phenomena and laws shown by the Kurdish question have general meaning. To observe and learn from these phenomena and laws will help us to understand and deal with the ethnic questions of other countries and regions (including our own ethnic questions).
Currently, the systematic study of the Kurdish question is basically blank in domestic academic community. Only a handful of papers were published and there is no publicly published monograph. The writing of the Kurdish Question in the Contemporary Middle East is on the basis of accessing the English literatures mainly. The paper is organized in chronological order and focuses more on major events, trying to look through systematically and comprehensively the origin of the Kurdish question, its development, its current situation, its trend and outlook by using relevant theories of nationalism and international relations.
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①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004,p.77;朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,杨灏城朱克柔主编,人民出版社,1996年,第86页。
②Ismet Cheriff Vanly, The Kurds in the Soviet Union, in G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl (ed.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, 1992, p.196.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991-2000: The Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2001, pp.163-164.
②铬(Cr)是一种具有银白色光泽的金属,无毒,化学性质很稳定。铬可大大提高金属材料的强度、韧性、耐磨性和可塑性。同时,铬是哺乳动物生命与健康所需的微量元素,缺乏可引起动脉粥样硬化。此外,微量铬对植物生长有刺激作用,可提高植物收获量。
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.7.
④Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.51.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.10.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, pp.223-224.
①Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.220.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, pp.221-222.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.10-11.
④Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.28-29; Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.11.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.28-29; Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.80.
①Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.185.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.185.①哈里发:所有真穆斯林信徒的领袖。
②转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第98页。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.27.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.27.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.94.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.100-101.
③Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.28.
④Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.28-29.
⑤Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.29.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p. 101.
②Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.102.
①Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.33.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.121.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.131.
①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p. 128.
②“团结与进步委员会”是青年土耳其党的政治组织。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.124-125.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.127.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.130.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.131.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.131-132.
①Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.35.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.127.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.47.
②赵锦元戴佩丽主编:《世界民族通览》,中央民族在学出版社,2000年版,第512页。
③1921年3月16日,在莫斯科缔结《苏土友好条约》。双方同意不承认强加于它们的任何国际条约;苏俄废除沙皇政府同土耳其签订的一切不平等条约和债务,放弃领事裁判权;确定了苏土边界,苏俄将卡尔斯、阿尔达汉和阿尔特温归还土耳其,土耳其则将巴统归还苏俄。条约保证了苏俄高加索地区的和平;安卡拉政府得到世界上一个大国的承认,打破了协约国孤立它的阴谋,苏俄提供的援助增强了土耳其抗击外国干涉的力量,有力地帮助了土耳其民族独立运动。
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.138.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.139.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.49.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.50.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.50.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.50-51;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.14.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.51.
①Othman Ali, The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiation, 1922-23, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No.3, July 1997, pp.521-534.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.144-145.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.145-146.
③彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第190页。
④Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.149.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.187-188.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.188.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.188-189.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.190; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.49.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.190.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, v.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p. 191.
①参见苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第44页;彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第212页。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.192.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.59;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.30.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.194-195;Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.52.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.195.
①彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第203页。
②彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第203-204页。
③参见李秉忠:《浅析土耳其境内的库尔德人问题》,《世界民族》2008年第3期,第31页。
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.208.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.208.
④苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.209.
⑥Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.395.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.64; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.44.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.396-399.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.64.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.65;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.65;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.405.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p. 66-67; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.406.
⑤Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.66; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.405.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.67.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.69; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407;Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.87.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.409; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.71.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第120页。
②斯凡与埃尔奇在思想意识和战略、战术上有分歧和竞争。据说,斯凡暗杀了埃尔奇,然后他本人被毛拉穆斯塔法·巴尔扎尼暗杀;也有认为暗杀是土耳其军事情报机构所为。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.410.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.412; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.71.
①朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第120页。
①Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, P.15.
②A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.107.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.413.
④国际人权联盟于1941年在纽约成立。其渊源可以追溯到1902年建立的法国人权联盟(French League for the Rights of Man)和1922年在欧洲成立的国际人权协会(International Federation for the Rights of Man)。其宗旨为:践行1948年联合国通过的《世界人权宣言》及《国际人权公约》的政治、经济和社会权利。它通过发表专门报告,拟定并向各政府和政府间机构提交书面指控,组织调查团前往据报道严重侵犯人权的国家,派遣司法观察员出席审讯,与各政府直接谈判,以及支持世界各地的公民自由团体等活动,来唤起对侵犯人权的注意。出版物有《人权公报》(月刊)(Human Rights Bulletin)及关于人权状况的专门报告——《年度评论》。国际人权联盟在联合国、联合国教科文组织、国际劳工组织、美洲国家组织、欧洲理事会具有咨询地位,并在40多个国家设有分支机构。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.414.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.49.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.421-422.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第48页。
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.421.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.423.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.50.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.50.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.426。
⑤Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights,Pluto Press,LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI,2005, p.17.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.427.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.428.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.435.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, vii.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.73-74.
②Philip G. Kreyenbroek, On the Kurdish Language, in The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefen Sperl, Routledge,London and New York, 1992, p.74.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.75.
①Philip G. Kreyenbroek, On the Kurdish Language, in The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefen Sperl, Routledge,London and New York, 1992, p.75.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.425.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.425;Michael M Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.76; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.43.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
②苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.76-77; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
⑤苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第50页。
⑥Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.74.
⑦Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.56-57; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.207.
⑧David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.424.
①A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.99.
②Kerim Yildiz, Foreword by Noam Chomsky, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.99.
③Michael M Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.77.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.32.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.34-35.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.77-78.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD.,1994, p.35.
③Kerim Yildiz, Foreword by Noam Chomsky, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, 2005, p.17.
①Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.146.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.52; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.147; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.161.
③Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.146-147; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.168-169; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.52.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.162.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.176.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.53-54.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.174-175.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.289.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.289.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.289-290.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.294.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.294-296.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.100-101; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.54.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.178.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.179; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.54.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.292.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.296.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.297.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.299.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.300.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.302; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.150.
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.150; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.56.
③参见彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第231-233页。
④1959年7月14日,伊共在该党有深厚影响的基尔库克举行“七月革命”周年纪念活动,活动演变为种族仇杀,至少30人死亡(多为土库曼人),100余人受伤。参见彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第233页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.306.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.307.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.307-308.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.308; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.151.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.308.
④1961年6月19日,英国结束对科威特的“保护”,25日卡塞姆宣布科威特作为奥斯曼时期巴士拉省的一个县,是伊拉克不可分割的组成部分。科威特向英国求援,英军于7月1日重返该国,同日召开的阿盟会议决定由阿拉伯军队替代英军,阿拉伯联军9月进驻科威特。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.314; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.83.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.315.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.315-316.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.317; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.59.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.317.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.318.
①Stephen C. Pelletiere , The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf , Westview Press/Boulder and London , 1984, Appendix, pp.189-192; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.318.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.60.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.319.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.327.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.329; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.88.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.329.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.330;Ismet Sheriff Vanly, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.157.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.61.
③Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.115-123.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.333.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.332; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.62.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.334; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.148-149.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.334.
⑤Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.162;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.336; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.156-158.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.337; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, p.155.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.338; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.169-170.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.338;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.63; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.170。
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.172-173.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.100.
①彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004年,第190页。
②彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆2004年版,第191页。
③彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆2004年版,第213页;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.297.
①Munir Morad, The Situation of Kurds in Iraq and Turkey: Current Trends and Prospect, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.128.
②Munir Morad, The Situation of Kurds in Iraq and Turkey: Current Trends and Prospect, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.130.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.70.
④Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
⑤Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.185.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.67.
④Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.179.
⑤Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.69.
⑥Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.62.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.105。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.214。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.226.
②Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.92。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.225.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.226.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.319.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.237.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第108页。
②“希望”(Hiwa)是1941年成立的以苏莱曼尼亚和基尔库克为基地的伊拉克库尔德民族主义团体之一,当时的主席是拉费克·希尔米(Rafiq Hilmi)。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.238.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.237;Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.324;参见朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第108-109页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.235.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, pp.182-183;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.235-236.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.236.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.232.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.240;Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.184.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.241;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.106; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.62.
②Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p. 107; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.62.
③Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p. 109; Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.30.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.325;朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第109页;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.107.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.107.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.242-243;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.107-108.
③彭树智主编,王新中冀开运著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,第292页。
④1942年1月29日,英国、苏联和伊朗在德黑兰签订同盟条约。其中,英苏向伊朗保证,尊重伊朗的领土完整、主权和政治独立;盟军在与德国及其同谋者停止一切军事行动后,至迟不超过6个月撤出伊朗;盟国保证伊朗在将来不被苏联和英国所瓜分。美国总统罗斯福对条约表示欢迎,并保证贯彻执行该条约。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.243.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.243;参见彭树智主编,王新中冀开运著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,第295页。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.244.
③张士智、赵慧杰著:《美国中东关系史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年,第111页。
④彭树智主编,王新中冀开动著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,2004年,第294页。
⑤毛拉穆斯塔法·巴尔扎尼曾表示想返回伊拉克,但要英国保证他的安全并豁免他,英国拒绝。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.246;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.109.
②Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p.109;Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.30.
③A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, pp.47-48.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.242; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.65.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.245.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.323.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.250.
③A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.110; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.110;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.76.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.66.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
⑤A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.111; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.76;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.252.
⑥Savak, 1956年在美国中央情报局和以色列特工组织帮助下组建的“伊朗国家安全与情报组织”,即秘密警察,以波斯语字母简称时发音为“萨瓦克”。
⑦David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.252.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.120-121.
②A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.114-115.
③A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.113.
④参见The Times(《时代周刊》),1979年3月4日。转引自Fereshteh Koohi-Kamali, The Development of Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, pp.183-184.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.262.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.270.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.268.
③Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, pp.270-271.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.274.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.28;彭树智主编,王新刚著:《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》,商务印书馆,2003年,第172-173页。
②Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.198;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p84.
③参见Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.28.
①土耳其独立战争期间,流亡巴黎、开罗、大不里士、阿勒颇、贝鲁特、大马士革的土耳其库尔德民族主义者,于1927年8月在黎巴嫩的比汉姆登镇(Bihamdun)成立了一个名为“独立”(Khoybun)的组织。“独立”在阿勒颇建立总部,决定以武装斗争争取库尔德斯坦解放。
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.28-29.
③黎凡特(Levantine)指地中海东部自土耳其至埃及地区诸国。
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.29.
⑤Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.29.The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.31-32; Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.198.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.85.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.34;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.19-29;Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200。
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.151.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.99-101; Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.21.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.104.
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.104;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.86.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.152.
②Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, pp.153-156.
③Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.156;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in
①Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.36-37;Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.158.
②Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.158.
③Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.201。
④Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159.
⑤Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
⑥Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.149.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.153.
②Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.87-88;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.107.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.108;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.117-118;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.34-36.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.119-120;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.37.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.62.
②Sa’ad Jawad, Iraq & the Kurdish Question 1958-1970, Ithaca Press, London, 1981, p.294.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.71.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.80.
⑤Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.104.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.104.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.117.
③邝生炎陈志红:《库尔德工人党问题及其对土耳其内外政策的影响》,《西亚非洲》(双月刊),1995年第4期,第19-20页。
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.133.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.155.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.159.
③Gerard Chaliand, Philip Black(translated), The Kurdish Tragedy, Zed Books Ltd, 1994, 1994, p.71; Karmran Karadaghi, The Two Gulf Wars:the Kurds on the Word Stage,1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (ed.), Michael Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., 1993, p. 225.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.173.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.361.
①Bill Frelick, Operation Provide Comfort: False Promises to the Kurds, in Gerard Chaliand (ed.), Michael Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., 1993, p.236.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第43页。
④刘仲华成红王超编:《西亚非洲大事记——一九九五年》(内部资料)。
①路透社土耳其通杰利1997年10月3日英文电。
②Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.17.
①Erik L. Knudsen, The Quagmire of Northern Iraq: The Clash of United States, Turkish and Iraqi Kurdish Interests, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXVI, No.4, Summer 2003, p.31.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.80-86.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.106.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.159.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.201-202.
①Bill Park, Iraq’s Kurds and Turkey: Challenges for US Policy, Parameters, Autumn 2004,pp.27-28.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.87.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.133.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.142.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, 2005, pp.123-124.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.219.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.45.
④中华人民共和国驻伊斯坦布尔总领事馆经济商务室。http://istanbul.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/jmxw/200503/20050300021648.html
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.166.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.180.
①Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.22.
②Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.24.
①Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: an Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p.119.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, pp.149-150.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.153.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.156.
④Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.32.
⑤Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, pp.100-101.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.16.
②Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.9.
①Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.43.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.17.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.18.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.18.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.23.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.25.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.27.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.30.
③Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.27.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.35.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.36-37.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.37-38.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.81.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.83.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.83-84.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.84-85.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.87.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.53.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.56.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.60.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.62.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.63.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.66.
⑤Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.67.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.71.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.92.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.93-94.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.95-96.
①Umut Uzwe, Turkish Annexation of Hatay: Exception or Harbinger of Future Policies? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXX, No.3, Spring 2007, p.26.
①“哈塔伊”源自中亚的一个突厥国,与古时赫梯的安纳托利亚文明有关。
②Umut Uzwe, Turkish Annexation of Hatay: Exception or Harbinger of Future Policies? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXX, No.3, Spring 2007, p.29.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria—the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, 2005, pp.67-68.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria—the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, 2005, p.71.
②Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, p.77.
①邝生炎陈志红《库尔德工人党问题及其对土耳其内外政策的影响》,《西亚非洲》(双月刊),1995年第4 期,第23页。
①Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and the Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.4.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.128.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and IslamistQuestions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.108-109.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.109.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.108.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.111.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.111.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.112.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.113.
①Sa’ad Jawad, Iraq & the Kurdish Question 1958-1970, Ithaca Press, London, 1981, p.292.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.61.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.79.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.83.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.172.
②Kamaran Karagaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.225.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.71; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.71; Kamaran Karagaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.225.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.362.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.360.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.370.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.371.
①Mahmut Ball Aykan, Turkey’s Policy in Northern Iraq, 1991-95, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.32, No.4, October 1996, p.345.
①Bill Frelick, Operation Provide Comfort: False Promise to the Kurds, in A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Edited by Gerard Chaliand, ZED BOOKS LTD, 1993, p.236.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.376.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.191.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.197.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.381.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.44.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.384.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.386.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, inassociation with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.48.
①Michael M. Gunter, The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq, Middle East Journal, April.1, 1996, p.232.
①Kamran Karadaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited.), Michael Pallis (translated), David McDowall(foreword ), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (revised and updated edition), Zed Books Ltd. London, 1993, p.236.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.209.
③Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.68.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.209.
⑤Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
⑥Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
①苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第43页。
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, pp.217-218.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.428.
①Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.68.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.438.
③刘仲华成红王超编:《西亚非洲大事记——一九九五年》(内部资料)。
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.120.
②舒笙:《土耳其:来自盟友的暗箭》,《国际展望》1999年第2期,第22~23页。转引自敏敬:《冷战后土耳其库尔德工人党及库尔德问题研究》,西北大学硕士论文,第13页,2003年6月。
①Michael M. Gunter, United States Foreign Policy towards the Kurds, in Lokman I. Meho (Complied), The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: a Documentary Sourcebook, Westport, CT: Praeger publishers, 2004, pp.10-11.
②Michael M. Gunter, United States Foreign Policy towards the Kurds, in Lokman I. Meho (Complied), The Kurdish Quesiton in U.S. Foreign Policy: a Documentary Sourcebook, Westport, CT: Praeger publishers, 2004, p.11.
①Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.82.
②Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.83.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.111.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.109.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.110.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.107.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.115.
①莱拉·扎纳,1991作为HEP领导人当选议员,1994年以“分裂国家罪”被判入狱15年,2004年6月根据议会通过的新法令重审后获释。
②Arthur Bonner, Turkey, the European Union and Paradigm Shift, Middle East Policy, VOL. XII, No.1, Spring 2005, p.63.
①Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.119.
②Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.120.
③Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
①Michael M. Gunter, Kurdish Prospects in Post-Saddam Iraq, in Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter (ed.), The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.89.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.105.
③Hamit Bozarslan, The Kurdish Issue in Turkey Following the 2003 Iraqi War, in Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter (ed.), The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.128.
①Maggy Zanger, The US and the Kurds of Iraq: A Bitter History, Middle East Report Online, August 9, 2002.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.173.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.72.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.127.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.87.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.133.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.142.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.47-48.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.57.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.77.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.135.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.136.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.172-173.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.219.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.220.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.229.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.92-94.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paperp, p.286.
①Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.205.
②Nader Entessar, The Impact of the Iraq War on the Future of the Kurds in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.180-181.
③Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.202.
①Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.202-203.
②Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p. 204;Nader Entessar, The Impact of the Iraq War on the Future of the Kurds in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.190.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.108;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.91.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.106.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.41.
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.108-109.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42;新华网2004年3月14日,《叙利亚北部库尔德人与阿拉伯人发生流血冲突》,http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti2005/txt/2004-03/14/content_5516261.htm
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42.
①Michael M. Gunter, Why Kurdish Statehood is Unlikely, in The Kurds in Iraq, Middle East Policy, Vol.VI, No. 1, Spring, 2004. p.107.
①周星:《民族政治学》,中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第90页。转引自余建华著:《民族主义——历史遗产与时代风云的交汇》,学林出版社1999年版,第81-82页。
①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.58.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.41.
③Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.59.
④Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.42.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第109页。
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5.汪波.《美伊战争后土欧关系发展的内在联系分析》(J).《国际观察》.2005年第3期.
6.敏敬.《冷战后土耳其库尔德工人党及库尔德问题研究》.西北大学硕士论文[D].2003年6月.
7.刘慧(云大国关学院硕士).《库尔德问题与土耳其伊朗关系的历史嬗变》(J).《中东研究》.2003年第2期.
8.刘辉(西北大学中东所硕士).《苏联、伊拉克、库尔德关系探析(1921—1975)》(J).《中东研究》.2003年第1期.
9.马朝琦.《土耳其库尔德问题透析》.西北大学硕士学位论文(D).2002年5月.
10.唐志超.《库尔德人与库尔德问题》(J).《全球民族问题大聚焦》(M).中国现代国际关系研究所民族与宗教研究中心著.2001年5月版.
11.肖宪.《库尔德问题纵横谈》(J).《亚洲论坛》.2001年第1期.
12.《困扰西亚诸国的库尔德民族问题》(J).余建华著.《民族主义——历史遗产与时代风云的交汇》(M)第十章第三节. 1999年12月版.
13.杨兴礼.《简论中东库尔德民族问题》(J).《世界民族》.1997年第2期.
14.[日]高桥和夫中川海月.王路方译《.中东库尔德问题溯源》(J).编译参考(京).1997. 6. 38-42.《国际政治》.
15.朱克柔.《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》(J).杨灏城、朱克柔主编.《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探析》(M).人民出版社1996年6月版.
16.李绍先.《库尔德问题来龙去脉》(J).现代国际关系(京).1996. 10.23-26.18.《国际政治》.
17.李国福.《美国袭击伊拉克的意图及影响》(J).现代国际关系(京).1996. 10. 19-22.《国际政治》.
18.刘维广编译.《伊拉克的库尔德民族运动(1975—1988年)》(J).译自P.G.克列延克罗、S.斯佩尔.《库尔德人:当代综览》(C),纽约和伦敦,1992年.《中东研究》.1996年第1期.
19.邝生炎陈志红.《库尔德工人党问题及其对土耳其内外政策的影响》[J].《西亚非洲》(双月刊).1995年第4期.
20.唐裕生.《伊拉克库尔德人政策的得失》(J).世界民族研究学会会刊.1995年月1、2.
21.王京烈.《困扰多国的库尔德问题》(J).西亚非洲(双月刊).1994年第5期.
22.苏曼.《土耳其的库尔德问题》(J).《西南亚研究》.1991年.
23.杨兆文.《当代伊拉克的库尔德人问题》(J).《西南亚研究》.1987年第3期.
24.[苏]A.M.门铁沙施维利.梁子勤、左文华译.《库尔德人》.云南大学西南亚研究所.
①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004,p.77;朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,杨灏城朱克柔主编,人民出版社,1996年,第86页。
②Ismet Cheriff Vanly, The Kurds in the Soviet Union, in G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl (ed.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, 1992, p.196.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991-2000: The Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2001, pp.163-164.
②铬(Cr)是一种具有银白色光泽的金属,无毒,化学性质很稳定。铬可大大提高金属材料的强度、韧性、耐磨性和可塑性。同时,铬是哺乳动物生命与健康所需的微量元素,缺乏可引起动脉粥样硬化。此外,微量铬对植物生长有刺激作用,可提高植物收获量。
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.7.
④Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.51.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.10.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, pp.223-224.
①Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.220.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, pp.221-222.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.10-11.
④Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.28-29; Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.11.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.28-29; Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.80.
①Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.185.
②Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London and New York, 1992, p.185.①哈里发:所有真穆斯林信徒的领袖。
②转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第98页。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.27.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.27.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.94.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.100-101.
③Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.28.
④Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.28-29.
⑤Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.29.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p. 101.
②Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.102.
①Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.33.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.121.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.131.
①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p. 128.
②“团结与进步委员会”是青年土耳其党的政治组织。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.124-125.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.127.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.130.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.131.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.131-132.
①Kendal, The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.35.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.127.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.47.
②赵锦元戴佩丽主编:《世界民族通览》,中央民族在学出版社,2000年版,第512页。
③1921年3月16日,在莫斯科缔结《苏土友好条约》。双方同意不承认强加于它们的任何国际条约;苏俄废除沙皇政府同土耳其签订的一切不平等条约和债务,放弃领事裁判权;确定了苏土边界,苏俄将卡尔斯、阿尔达汉和阿尔特温归还土耳其,土耳其则将巴统归还苏俄。条约保证了苏俄高加索地区的和平;安卡拉政府得到世界上一个大国的承认,打破了协约国孤立它的阴谋,苏俄提供的援助增强了土耳其抗击外国干涉的力量,有力地帮助了土耳其民族独立运动。
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.138.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.139.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.49.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.50.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.50.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.50-51;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.14.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.51.
①Othman Ali, The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiation, 1922-23, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No.3, July 1997, pp.521-534.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.144-145.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.145-146.
③彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第190页。
④Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.149.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.187-188.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.188.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.188-189.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.190; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.49.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.190.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, v.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p. 191.
①参见苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第44页;彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第212页。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.192.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.59;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.30.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.194-195;Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.52.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.195.
①彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第203页。
②彭树智主编,黄维民著:《中东国家通史·土耳其卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第203-204页。
③参见李秉忠:《浅析土耳其境内的库尔德人问题》,《世界民族》2008年第3期,第31页。
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.208.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.208.
④苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.209.
⑥Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.58.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.395.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.64; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.44.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.396-399.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.64.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.65;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.65;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.405.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p. 66-67; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.406.
⑤Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.66; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.405.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.67.
②Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.69; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407;Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.87.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.409; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.71.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第120页。
②斯凡与埃尔奇在思想意识和战略、战术上有分歧和竞争。据说,斯凡暗杀了埃尔奇,然后他本人被毛拉穆斯塔法·巴尔扎尼暗杀;也有认为暗杀是土耳其军事情报机构所为。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.410.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.412; Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.71.
①朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第120页。
①Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, P.15.
②A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.107.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.413.
④国际人权联盟于1941年在纽约成立。其渊源可以追溯到1902年建立的法国人权联盟(French League for the Rights of Man)和1922年在欧洲成立的国际人权协会(International Federation for the Rights of Man)。其宗旨为:践行1948年联合国通过的《世界人权宣言》及《国际人权公约》的政治、经济和社会权利。它通过发表专门报告,拟定并向各政府和政府间机构提交书面指控,组织调查团前往据报道严重侵犯人权的国家,派遣司法观察员出席审讯,与各政府直接谈判,以及支持世界各地的公民自由团体等活动,来唤起对侵犯人权的注意。出版物有《人权公报》(月刊)(Human Rights Bulletin)及关于人权状况的专门报告——《年度评论》。国际人权联盟在联合国、联合国教科文组织、国际劳工组织、美洲国家组织、欧洲理事会具有咨询地位,并在40多个国家设有分支机构。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.414.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.49.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.421-422.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第48页。
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.421.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.423.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.50.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.50.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.426。
⑤Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights,Pluto Press,LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI,2005, p.17.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.427.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.428.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.435.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, vii.
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.73-74.
②Philip G. Kreyenbroek, On the Kurdish Language, in The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefen Sperl, Routledge,London and New York, 1992, p.74.
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.75.
①Philip G. Kreyenbroek, On the Kurdish Language, in The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefen Sperl, Routledge,London and New York, 1992, p.75.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.425.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.425;Michael M Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.76; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.43.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.404.
②苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
③Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.76-77; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.407.
⑤苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第50页。
⑥Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.74.
⑦Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.56-57; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.207.
⑧David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.424.
①A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.99.
②Kerim Yildiz, Foreword by Noam Chomsky, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.99.
③Michael M Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
④Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.77.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.32.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.34-35.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第45页。
①Kendal, Kurdistan in Turkey, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.77-78.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD.,1994, p.35.
③Kerim Yildiz, Foreword by Noam Chomsky, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, 2005, p.17.
①Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.146.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.52; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.147; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.161.
③Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.146-147; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.168-169; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.52.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.162.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.176.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.53-54.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.174-175.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.289.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.289.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.289-290.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.294.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.294-296.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.100-101; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.54.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.178.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.179; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.54.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.292.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.296.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.297.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.299.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.300.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.302; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.150.
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.150; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.56.
③参见彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第231-233页。
④1959年7月14日,伊共在该党有深厚影响的基尔库克举行“七月革命”周年纪念活动,活动演变为种族仇杀,至少30人死亡(多为土库曼人),100余人受伤。参见彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004,第233页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.306.
⑥David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.307.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.307-308.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.308; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.151.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.308.
④1961年6月19日,英国结束对科威特的“保护”,25日卡塞姆宣布科威特作为奥斯曼时期巴士拉省的一个县,是伊拉克不可分割的组成部分。科威特向英国求援,英军于7月1日重返该国,同日召开的阿盟会议决定由阿拉伯军队替代英军,阿拉伯联军9月进驻科威特。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.314; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.83.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.315.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.315-316.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.317; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.59.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.317.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.318.
①Stephen C. Pelletiere , The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf , Westview Press/Boulder and London , 1984, Appendix, pp.189-192; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.318.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.60.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.319.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.327.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.329; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.88.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.329.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.330;Ismet Sheriff Vanly, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.157.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.61.
③Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.115-123.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.333.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.332; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.62.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.334; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.148-149.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.334.
⑤Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.162;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.336; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.156-158.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.337; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, p.155.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.338; Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981, pp.169-170.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.338;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.63; Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.170。
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.172-173.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.100.
①彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆,2004年,第190页。
②彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆2004年版,第191页。
③彭树智主编,黄民兴著:《中东国家通史·伊拉克卷》,商务印书馆2004年版,第213页;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.297.
①Munir Morad, The Situation of Kurds in Iraq and Turkey: Current Trends and Prospect, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.128.
②Munir Morad, The Situation of Kurds in Iraq and Turkey: Current Trends and Prospect, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.130.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.70.
④Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
⑤Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.66.
②Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.185.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.67.
④Ismet Sheriff Vanlyl, Kurdistan in Iraq, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.179.
⑤Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.69.
⑥Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.62.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.105。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.214。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.226.
②Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.92。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.225.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.226.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.319.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.237.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第108页。
②“希望”(Hiwa)是1941年成立的以苏莱曼尼亚和基尔库克为基地的伊拉克库尔德民族主义团体之一,当时的主席是拉费克·希尔米(Rafiq Hilmi)。
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.238.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.237;Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.324;参见朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第108-109页。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.235.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, pp.182-183;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.235-236.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.236.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.232.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.240;Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.184.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.241;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.106; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.62.
②Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p. 107; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.62.
③Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p. 109; Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.30.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.325;朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第109页;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.107.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.107.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, pp.242-243;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.107-108.
③彭树智主编,王新中冀开运著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,第292页。
④1942年1月29日,英国、苏联和伊朗在德黑兰签订同盟条约。其中,英苏向伊朗保证,尊重伊朗的领土完整、主权和政治独立;盟军在与德国及其同谋者停止一切军事行动后,至迟不超过6个月撤出伊朗;盟国保证伊朗在将来不被苏联和英国所瓜分。美国总统罗斯福对条约表示欢迎,并保证贯彻执行该条约。
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.243.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.243;参见彭树智主编,王新中冀开运著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,第295页。
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.244.
③张士智、赵慧杰著:《美国中东关系史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年,第111页。
④彭树智主编,王新中冀开动著:《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》,商务印书馆,2004年,第294页。
⑤毛拉穆斯塔法·巴尔扎尼曾表示想返回伊拉克,但要英国保证他的安全并豁免他,英国拒绝。
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.246;A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.109.
②Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p.109;Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON , ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK , 1996, p.30.
③A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, pp.47-48.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.242; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.65.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.245.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, p.323.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.250.
③A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.110; David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.110;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.76.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251; A. Manafy, The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis, University Press of America, Inc., Lanham·Boulder·New York·Toronto·Oxford, 2005, p.66.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.251.
⑤A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.111; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.76;David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.252.
⑥Savak, 1956年在美国中央情报局和以色列特工组织帮助下组建的“伊朗国家安全与情报组织”,即秘密警察,以波斯语字母简称时发音为“萨瓦克”。
⑦David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.252.
①A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.120-121.
②A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, pp.114-115.
③A. R. Ghassemlou, Kurdistan in Iran, in Gerard Chaliand (eds.), Michael Pallis (trans.), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.113.
④参见The Times(《时代周刊》),1979年3月4日。转引自Fereshteh Koohi-Kamali, The Development of Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, pp.183-184.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.262.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.270.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.268.
③Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paper, pp.270-271.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.274.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.28;彭树智主编,王新刚著:《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》,商务印书馆,2003年,第172-173页。
②Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.198;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p84.
③参见Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.28.
①土耳其独立战争期间,流亡巴黎、开罗、大不里士、阿勒颇、贝鲁特、大马士革的土耳其库尔德民族主义者,于1927年8月在黎巴嫩的比汉姆登镇(Bihamdun)成立了一个名为“独立”(Khoybun)的组织。“独立”在阿勒颇建立总部,决定以武装斗争争取库尔德斯坦解放。
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.28-29.
③黎凡特(Levantine)指地中海东部自土耳其至埃及地区诸国。
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.29.
⑤Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.29.The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.31-32; Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.198.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.85.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.34;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.19-29;Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200。
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.151.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.99-101; Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.21.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.104.
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.104;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.86.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.152.
②Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, pp.153-156.
③Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.156;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in
①Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.36-37;Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.158.
②Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.158.
③Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.201。
④Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159.
⑤Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
⑥Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.159.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.149.
①Ismet Chériff Vanly, The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon, in edited by Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: a Contemporary Overview, Routledge, London and New York, 1992, p.153.
②Mustafa Nazdar, The Kurds in Syria, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.200.
①Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, pp.87-88;Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.107.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.108;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.117-118;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.34-36.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.119-120;Syria: The Silenced Kurds, October 1996, Vol. 8, No. 4(E), p.37.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.62.
②Sa’ad Jawad, Iraq & the Kurdish Question 1958-1970, Ithaca Press, London, 1981, p.294.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.71.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.80.
⑤Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.104.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.104.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.117.
③邝生炎陈志红:《库尔德工人党问题及其对土耳其内外政策的影响》,《西亚非洲》(双月刊),1995年第4期,第19-20页。
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.133.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.155.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.159.
③Gerard Chaliand, Philip Black(translated), The Kurdish Tragedy, Zed Books Ltd, 1994, 1994, p.71; Karmran Karadaghi, The Two Gulf Wars:the Kurds on the Word Stage,1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (ed.), Michael Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., 1993, p. 225.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.173.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.361.
①Bill Frelick, Operation Provide Comfort: False Promises to the Kurds, in Gerard Chaliand (ed.), Michael Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., 1993, p.236.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
③苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第43页。
④刘仲华成红王超编:《西亚非洲大事记——一九九五年》(内部资料)。
①路透社土耳其通杰利1997年10月3日英文电。
②Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.17.
①Erik L. Knudsen, The Quagmire of Northern Iraq: The Clash of United States, Turkish and Iraqi Kurdish Interests, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXVI, No.4, Summer 2003, p.31.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.80-86.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.106.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.159.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.201-202.
①Bill Park, Iraq’s Kurds and Turkey: Challenges for US Policy, Parameters, Autumn 2004,pp.27-28.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.87.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.133.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.142.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, 2005, pp.123-124.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.219.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.45.
④中华人民共和国驻伊斯坦布尔总领事馆经济商务室。http://istanbul.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/jmxw/200503/20050300021648.html
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.166.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.180.
①Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.22.
②Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.24.
①Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: an Unstable Element in the Gulf, Westview Press/Boulder and London, 1984, p.119.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, pp.149-150.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.153.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.156.
④Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.32.
⑤Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, pp.100-101.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.16.
②Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.9.
①Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.43.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.17.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.18.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.18.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.23.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.25.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.27.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.30.
③Robert Olson, The Kurdish Question and Turkish-Iranian Relations: From World War I to 1998, Mazda Publishers, 1998, p.27.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.35.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.36-37.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.37-38.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.81.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.83.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.83-84.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.84-85.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.87.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.53.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.56.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.60.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.62.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.63.
④Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.66.
⑤Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.67.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.71.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.92.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.93-94.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.95-96.
①Umut Uzwe, Turkish Annexation of Hatay: Exception or Harbinger of Future Policies? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXX, No.3, Spring 2007, p.26.
①“哈塔伊”源自中亚的一个突厥国,与古时赫梯的安纳托利亚文明有关。
②Umut Uzwe, Turkish Annexation of Hatay: Exception or Harbinger of Future Policies? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Vol. XXX, No.3, Spring 2007, p.29.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria—the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, 2005, pp.67-68.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria—the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, 2005, p.71.
②Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma, Westview Press, 1990, p.77.
①邝生炎陈志红《库尔德工人党问题及其对土耳其内外政策的影响》,《西亚非洲》(双月刊),1995年第4 期,第23页。
①Robert Olso, The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Foreign Policy, 1991-1995: From the Gulf War to the Incursion into Iraq, Journal of South Asian and the Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.XIX, No.1, Fall 1995, p.4.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.128.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and IslamistQuestions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, pp.108-109.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.109.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.108.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.111.
①Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.111.
②Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.112.
③Robert Olson, Turkey’s Relations with Iran, Syria, Israel, and Russia, 1991—2000: the Kurdish and Islamist Questions, Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2001, p.113.
①Sa’ad Jawad, Iraq & the Kurdish Question 1958-1970, Ithaca Press, London, 1981, p.292.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.61.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.79.
③Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.83.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.172.
②Kamaran Karagaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.225.
③Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.71; Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.71; Kamaran Karagaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited), Micheal Pallis (translated), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993, p.225.
④David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.362.
⑤David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.360.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.370.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.371.
①Mahmut Ball Aykan, Turkey’s Policy in Northern Iraq, 1991-95, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.32, No.4, October 1996, p.345.
①Bill Frelick, Operation Provide Comfort: False Promise to the Kurds, in A People without a Country: the Kurds and Kurdistan, Edited by Gerard Chaliand, ZED BOOKS LTD, 1993, p.236.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.376.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.191.
①Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.197.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.381.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.44.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.384.
①David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.386.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, inassociation with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.48.
①Michael M. Gunter, The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq, Middle East Journal, April.1, 1996, p.232.
①Kamran Karadaghi, The Two Gulf Wars: The Kurds on the World Stage, 1979-1992, in Gerard Chaliand (edited.), Michael Pallis (translated), David McDowall(foreword ), A People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (revised and updated edition), Zed Books Ltd. London, 1993, p.236.
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.209.
③Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.68.
④Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.209.
⑤Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
⑥Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, p.210.
①苏曼:《土耳其的库尔德问题》,《西南亚研究》,1991年,第43页。
②Edgar O’Balance, The Kurdish Struggle 1920-94, MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LONDON, ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, 1996, pp.217-218.
③David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.428.
①Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.68.
②David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1996, p.438.
③刘仲华成红王超编:《西亚非洲大事记——一九九五年》(内部资料)。
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.120.
②舒笙:《土耳其:来自盟友的暗箭》,《国际展望》1999年第2期,第22~23页。转引自敏敬:《冷战后土耳其库尔德工人党及库尔德问题研究》,西北大学硕士论文,第13页,2003年6月。
①Michael M. Gunter, United States Foreign Policy towards the Kurds, in Lokman I. Meho (Complied), The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: a Documentary Sourcebook, Westport, CT: Praeger publishers, 2004, pp.10-11.
②Michael M. Gunter, United States Foreign Policy towards the Kurds, in Lokman I. Meho (Complied), The Kurdish Quesiton in U.S. Foreign Policy: a Documentary Sourcebook, Westport, CT: Praeger publishers, 2004, p.11.
①Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.82.
②Emin Gurses, The Rise and Fall of Violent Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, Fall 2004, p.83.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.111.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.109.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.110.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.107.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with KURDISH HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, p.115.
①莱拉·扎纳,1991作为HEP领导人当选议员,1994年以“分裂国家罪”被判入狱15年,2004年6月根据议会通过的新法令重审后获释。
②Arthur Bonner, Turkey, the European Union and Paradigm Shift, Middle East Policy, VOL. XII, No.1, Spring 2005, p.63.
①Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.119.
②Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.120.
③Michael M. Gunter, Turkey’s Floundering EU Candidacy and Its Kurdish Problem, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 2007, p.121.
①Michael M. Gunter, Kurdish Prospects in Post-Saddam Iraq, in Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter (ed.), The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.89.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: the Past, Present and Future, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, in association with, KURDISH HUMAN RIGHT PROJECT, 2004, p.105.
③Hamit Bozarslan, The Kurdish Issue in Turkey Following the 2003 Iraqi War, in Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter (ed.), The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.128.
①Maggy Zanger, The US and the Kurds of Iraq: A Bitter History, Middle East Report Online, August 9, 2002.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.173.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.72.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.127.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.87.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.133.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.142.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.47-48.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.57.
③Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.77.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.135.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.136.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.172-173.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.219.
②Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.220.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.229.
①Robert Olson, The Goat and the Butcher: Nationalism and State Formation in Kurdistan-Iraq since the Iraqi War, MAZDA PUBLISHERS, Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.92-94.
①Coyle, James John, Ph. D., Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan, The George Washington University, 1993, Order Number 9322897, UMI Dissertation Services, A Bell&Howell Company, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan48106, 1-800-521-0600 317-761-4700, Printed in 1996 by xerographic process on acid-free paperp, p.286.
①Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.205.
②Nader Entessar, The Impact of the Iraq War on the Future of the Kurds in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.180-181.
③Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.202.
①Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, pp.202-203.
②Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Obstacles Hindering the Kurdish Question in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p. 204;Nader Entessar, The Impact of the Iraq War on the Future of the Kurds in Iran, in edited by Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War, Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa, California, 2005, p.190.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.108;Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., 1994, p.87.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.91.
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.106.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.41.
④Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, pp.108-109.
①Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42;新华网2004年3月14日,《叙利亚北部库尔德人与阿拉伯人发生流血冲突》,http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti2005/txt/2004-03/14/content_5516261.htm
②Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42.
③Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: the Forgotten People, Pluto Press, LONDON·ANN ARBOR, MI, In association with Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2005, p.42.
①Michael M. Gunter, Why Kurdish Statehood is Unlikely, in The Kurds in Iraq, Middle East Policy, Vol.VI, No. 1, Spring, 2004. p.107.
①周星:《民族政治学》,中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第90页。转引自余建华著:《民族主义——历史遗产与时代风云的交汇》,学林出版社1999年版,第81-82页。
①Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.58.
②Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.41.
③Maria T. O’Shea, Trapped between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perception of Kurdistan, Routledge, New York and London, 2004, p.59.
④Gerard Chaliand, The Kurdish Tragedy, Translated by Philip Black, ZED BOOKS LTD., p.42.
①转引自朱克柔:《库尔德民族运动与库尔德问题》,杨灏城朱克柔主编:《民族冲突和宗教争端——当代中东热点问题的历史探索》,人民出版社,1996年,第109页。
①王缉思:《民族与民族主义》,《欧洲》(北京),1993年第5期。