抑郁、自尊与自我价值保护策略的关系
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摘要
成就动机的自我价值理论认为,学生的成就行为是为了保护自我价值。Covington认为,自我价值主要由个人对自己的能力知觉或他人对自己能力知觉决定。强调竞争的学习环境中,一些学生注定要失败,而失败会被看作能力低,同时低能力与低自我价值又是等同的,所以失败会威胁到个人的自我价值感。因此,学生为了保护自我价值会采取一定的策略来避免失败的消极含义,把这些策略称为“回避失败策略”,也叫“自我价值保护策略”,包括自我设限和防御性悲观两种。
自我设限是指个体在可能遭遇失败的评价情景之前故意地选择那些避免失败解释为能力的因素,提高对失败做外部归因并对成功做内部归因的机会,以保持能力的自我感觉和其他人对他们能力的评价。而防御性悲观是指在学生操作被评价之前设置了脱离现实的低期望和考虑了许多可能的后果。
在自我价值保护策略的影响因素研究中,抑郁和自尊起着十分重要的作用。其中,抑郁通常表现为一种持续的心境低熟状态,并伴有焦虑、犹豫不决、记忆减退、思考困难、孤独、悲观、失望、自我责备和身体不适感。而自尊是一种包含着个体自我认知的价值判断,是个体对自我价值、重要性和成功的积极的情感体验。
本研究在国内外已有研究成果的基础上,利用文献分析法、问卷调查、测量法,在分析他们各自的研究现状基础上,进一步探讨大学生的抑郁、自尊和自我价值保护策略的内在关系。总结各方面的研究得到以下结论:
(1)内隐自尊和外显自尊之间存在较低的正相关,表明自尊两维度的相对独立性。
(2)大学生的抑郁情绪与性别存在显著的差异,男大学生比女大学生更容易出现抑郁情绪;恋爱状况在抑郁上有显著差异。
(3)大学生的自尊水平存在性别差异,在外显自尊水平上,男生的显著高于女生,而在内隐自尊水平上不存在差异;大学生恋爱与否在内隐自尊上主效应显著,在外显自尊上差异不显著,但恋爱状况与独生子女的交互作用在外显自尊和内隐自尊水平上的差异都显著。
(4)不同性别的大学生在自我设限和防御性悲观上没有显著差异;独生子女、不同居住地、恋爱状况在大学生在自我设限策略上差异显著,在防御性悲观策略上差异不显著。
(5)学生的抑郁与外显自尊显著负相关,与内隐自尊相关不显著,与自我设限和防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略显著正相关;外显自尊与自我设限和防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略显著负相关,内隐自尊与自我设限显著正相关,与防御性悲观相关不显著;自我设限与防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略之间相关显著。
(6)抑郁和内隐自尊对自我设限和防御性悲观有正向预测作用,外显自尊对自我设限有负向预测作用;自尊在抑郁和自我价值保护策略中起部分中介作用。
According to the self-worth theory of motivation, the behaviors of students are in order to protect their self-worth. Covington argued that self-worth refers to the individual’s inherent sense of worth and the degree to which he or she accepts himself or herself. He also argued that failure holds implications for students’self-worth because failure is interpreted as being indicative of low ability and low ability is equated with a lack of self-worth. Thus many students go to great lengths to avoid failure or to alter it’s meaning in order to protect their self-worth. These strategies is named as“failure-avoidant strategies”, also named“self-protection strategies”. Two strategies they can use to do this are self-handicapping and defensive pessimism.
Self-handicapping involves the choice of an impediment or obstacle to successful performance that enables individuals to deflect the cause of poor performance away from their competence and onto the acquired impediment. Defensive pessimism involves setting unrealistically low expectations and thinking through a variety of possible outcomes prior to events in which one’s performance is to be evaluated.
In study on the infusing factors of self-protection strategies, depression and self-esteem are of importance. Among them, the depression usually pass a continuous state of low maturity of mind, accompanied by anxiety, indecision, memory impairment, difficulty thinking, isolation, pessimism, despair, self-blame and physical discomfort. Self-esteem is self-contained individual cognitive value judgments on individual self-worth, importance and success of positive emotional experience.
This study base on the research results that have been at home and abroad, use literature analysis, survey and measurements, analysis their present research based on and further explore the depression, self-esteem and self-protection strategy for the internal relations. Sum up all aspects of the research, following these conclusions:
(1) Implicit and explicit self-esteem have love correlation, it indicate that the two dimensions of self-esteem are the relative independence.
(2) There is a significant difference in depression between different genders, male students having more prone to depression than female students; love situation have significant differences in depression.
(3) There is a significant difference in self-esteem between different gender, boys are significantly higher than girls in explicit self-esteem, and there is no difference in implicit self-esteem; There has the main effect between love situation and implicit self-esteem, there is no difference in explicit self-esteem, but love situation and the one-child have significant interaction in both implicit self-esteem and self-esteem.
(4)University students of different gender have no significant differences in self-handicapping and defensive pessimism strategy; only-child, different residence, love situation has significant difference in self-handicapping, and the strategy of defensive pessimism was no significant differences.
(5) Depression has a negatively significant correlation with explicit self-esteem, and has positively significant correlation with self-handicapping and defensive pessimism; explicit self-esteem has a negatively significant correlation with self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, implicit self-esteem has positively correlated with self-handicapping, defensive pessimism is not significant; there have significant correlation between self-handicapping defensive pessimism.
(6)Depression and implicit self-esteem is significantly positive predicator of self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, explicit self-esteem is significantly negative of self-handicapping; self-esteem mediates the relationship between depression and self-protection strategies.
自我设限是指个体在可能遭遇失败的评价情景之前故意地选择那些避免失败解释为能力的因素,提高对失败做外部归因并对成功做内部归因的机会,以保持能力的自我感觉和其他人对他们能力的评价。而防御性悲观是指在学生操作被评价之前设置了脱离现实的低期望和考虑了许多可能的后果。
在自我价值保护策略的影响因素研究中,抑郁和自尊起着十分重要的作用。其中,抑郁通常表现为一种持续的心境低熟状态,并伴有焦虑、犹豫不决、记忆减退、思考困难、孤独、悲观、失望、自我责备和身体不适感。而自尊是一种包含着个体自我认知的价值判断,是个体对自我价值、重要性和成功的积极的情感体验。
本研究在国内外已有研究成果的基础上,利用文献分析法、问卷调查、测量法,在分析他们各自的研究现状基础上,进一步探讨大学生的抑郁、自尊和自我价值保护策略的内在关系。总结各方面的研究得到以下结论:
(1)内隐自尊和外显自尊之间存在较低的正相关,表明自尊两维度的相对独立性。
(2)大学生的抑郁情绪与性别存在显著的差异,男大学生比女大学生更容易出现抑郁情绪;恋爱状况在抑郁上有显著差异。
(3)大学生的自尊水平存在性别差异,在外显自尊水平上,男生的显著高于女生,而在内隐自尊水平上不存在差异;大学生恋爱与否在内隐自尊上主效应显著,在外显自尊上差异不显著,但恋爱状况与独生子女的交互作用在外显自尊和内隐自尊水平上的差异都显著。
(4)不同性别的大学生在自我设限和防御性悲观上没有显著差异;独生子女、不同居住地、恋爱状况在大学生在自我设限策略上差异显著,在防御性悲观策略上差异不显著。
(5)学生的抑郁与外显自尊显著负相关,与内隐自尊相关不显著,与自我设限和防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略显著正相关;外显自尊与自我设限和防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略显著负相关,内隐自尊与自我设限显著正相关,与防御性悲观相关不显著;自我设限与防御性悲观两种自我价值保护策略之间相关显著。
(6)抑郁和内隐自尊对自我设限和防御性悲观有正向预测作用,外显自尊对自我设限有负向预测作用;自尊在抑郁和自我价值保护策略中起部分中介作用。
According to the self-worth theory of motivation, the behaviors of students are in order to protect their self-worth. Covington argued that self-worth refers to the individual’s inherent sense of worth and the degree to which he or she accepts himself or herself. He also argued that failure holds implications for students’self-worth because failure is interpreted as being indicative of low ability and low ability is equated with a lack of self-worth. Thus many students go to great lengths to avoid failure or to alter it’s meaning in order to protect their self-worth. These strategies is named as“failure-avoidant strategies”, also named“self-protection strategies”. Two strategies they can use to do this are self-handicapping and defensive pessimism.
Self-handicapping involves the choice of an impediment or obstacle to successful performance that enables individuals to deflect the cause of poor performance away from their competence and onto the acquired impediment. Defensive pessimism involves setting unrealistically low expectations and thinking through a variety of possible outcomes prior to events in which one’s performance is to be evaluated.
In study on the infusing factors of self-protection strategies, depression and self-esteem are of importance. Among them, the depression usually pass a continuous state of low maturity of mind, accompanied by anxiety, indecision, memory impairment, difficulty thinking, isolation, pessimism, despair, self-blame and physical discomfort. Self-esteem is self-contained individual cognitive value judgments on individual self-worth, importance and success of positive emotional experience.
This study base on the research results that have been at home and abroad, use literature analysis, survey and measurements, analysis their present research based on and further explore the depression, self-esteem and self-protection strategy for the internal relations. Sum up all aspects of the research, following these conclusions:
(1) Implicit and explicit self-esteem have love correlation, it indicate that the two dimensions of self-esteem are the relative independence.
(2) There is a significant difference in depression between different genders, male students having more prone to depression than female students; love situation have significant differences in depression.
(3) There is a significant difference in self-esteem between different gender, boys are significantly higher than girls in explicit self-esteem, and there is no difference in implicit self-esteem; There has the main effect between love situation and implicit self-esteem, there is no difference in explicit self-esteem, but love situation and the one-child have significant interaction in both implicit self-esteem and self-esteem.
(4)University students of different gender have no significant differences in self-handicapping and defensive pessimism strategy; only-child, different residence, love situation has significant difference in self-handicapping, and the strategy of defensive pessimism was no significant differences.
(5) Depression has a negatively significant correlation with explicit self-esteem, and has positively significant correlation with self-handicapping and defensive pessimism; explicit self-esteem has a negatively significant correlation with self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, implicit self-esteem has positively correlated with self-handicapping, defensive pessimism is not significant; there have significant correlation between self-handicapping defensive pessimism.
(6)Depression and implicit self-esteem is significantly positive predicator of self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, explicit self-esteem is significantly negative of self-handicapping; self-esteem mediates the relationship between depression and self-protection strategies.
引文
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[4]蔡华俭.内隐自尊效应及内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系.心理学报,2003,35(6):796~80
[5]蔡华俭.返文化的自尊-基于中国大学生的研究证据.心理学报,2006,38(6):902-909
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