知识型员工职业倦怠研究
|
摘要
信息社会形成了知识快速更新、组织不断变革的环境,组织员工在面对这些变化中容易产生职业倦怠。职业倦怠是一种因长期的工作压力得不到缓解而产生的一组负性的综合症状,如身心的极度疲惫、厌弃工作、没有工作成就感等。这和肉体的疲倦劳累是不一样的,而是缘自心理的疲乏。职业倦怠的负性影响对个人、组织、家庭和社会的影响是深远和重大的。
我国对职业倦怠现象研究较晚,目前研究主要是对国外一些研究成果的借鉴和引入,研究对象多集中在教师、医生、护士和警察等特定的助人服务行业中,对企业中的员工特别是知识型员工研究很少。本研究以知识型员工为研究对象,在归纳总结前人理论研究和实证研究的基础上,结合和知识型员工的深度访谈,选择了合适的调查问卷,建立了工作压力源职业倦怠模型。实证分析得出了现行背景下知识型员工职业倦怠的现状,探讨知识型员工工作背景下所形成的压力源和工作压力源对职业倦怠的的形成机理,并分析了基于不同人口统计学变量的职业倦怠的差异性。
在对职业倦怠影响因素的研究中,多是从个人特征和外界环境中寻找因素,很少考虑到情绪的因素。本研究把心理学研究的对象-情绪引入管理学、组织行为学领域,建立了情绪职业倦怠模型,从知识型员工的内在心理机制研究知识型员工的职业倦怠,并通过情绪智力加以调节,实证解释了预测变量对效果变量的影响作用及调节变量的调节作用机制,验证了模型的合理性和有效性。
最后,基于前人研究的理论成果和实证研究的结果,从情绪视角对职业倦怠问题进行干预措施研究,缓解或消除管理者对知识型员工倦怠干预存在的困惑;以助更好地实现人性化管理、建立和谐的组织机制。
Organizational staff is easy to work tirelessly in the face of these changes that knowledge updates quickly and organizational environment changes frequently because of information society. Burnout causes the comprehensive set of negative symptoms such as extreme physical and mental fatigue,rejected work, no job satisfaction and so on which arise from long-term mitigation work pressure. Burnout is not the same as physical fatigue, which originated from mental fatigue. The negative impact of burnout on individuals,organizations,families and society is profound and significant.
As we study the phenomenon of job burnout later, the current study is to learn and introduct some foreign research. The subjects are mostly concentrated in the human service industry such as teachers,doctors,nurses and police, especially little research on knowledge workers. I summarize the previous theoretical and empirical research based on the knowledge workers interviewed, select the appropriate questionnaire and establish the job stress - burnout model. Drawn from the analysis of the current context of knowledge worker burnout,I research on the work stressors and the relection of work stressors on the formation mechanism of burnout, and analysis of demographic variables based on different differences in job burnout.
People find factors mostly from the personal characteristics and the external environment to study on the factors of burnout,with little regard to emotional factors.I introduct the emotion from the object of psychology.I establish emotional - burnout model,empirically interpretated the effect of the predict variable to the outcome variable and regulation mechanism of the regulation variables. The model proved reasonable and effective.
Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical research findings of previous studies, I propose the interventions of the job burnout from the emotional issues in order that the managers of the knowledge workers eliminate burnout intervention confusion existed and that people establish harmonious institutional mechanisms to achieve better management.
我国对职业倦怠现象研究较晚,目前研究主要是对国外一些研究成果的借鉴和引入,研究对象多集中在教师、医生、护士和警察等特定的助人服务行业中,对企业中的员工特别是知识型员工研究很少。本研究以知识型员工为研究对象,在归纳总结前人理论研究和实证研究的基础上,结合和知识型员工的深度访谈,选择了合适的调查问卷,建立了工作压力源职业倦怠模型。实证分析得出了现行背景下知识型员工职业倦怠的现状,探讨知识型员工工作背景下所形成的压力源和工作压力源对职业倦怠的的形成机理,并分析了基于不同人口统计学变量的职业倦怠的差异性。
在对职业倦怠影响因素的研究中,多是从个人特征和外界环境中寻找因素,很少考虑到情绪的因素。本研究把心理学研究的对象-情绪引入管理学、组织行为学领域,建立了情绪职业倦怠模型,从知识型员工的内在心理机制研究知识型员工的职业倦怠,并通过情绪智力加以调节,实证解释了预测变量对效果变量的影响作用及调节变量的调节作用机制,验证了模型的合理性和有效性。
最后,基于前人研究的理论成果和实证研究的结果,从情绪视角对职业倦怠问题进行干预措施研究,缓解或消除管理者对知识型员工倦怠干预存在的困惑;以助更好地实现人性化管理、建立和谐的组织机制。
Organizational staff is easy to work tirelessly in the face of these changes that knowledge updates quickly and organizational environment changes frequently because of information society. Burnout causes the comprehensive set of negative symptoms such as extreme physical and mental fatigue,rejected work, no job satisfaction and so on which arise from long-term mitigation work pressure. Burnout is not the same as physical fatigue, which originated from mental fatigue. The negative impact of burnout on individuals,organizations,families and society is profound and significant.
As we study the phenomenon of job burnout later, the current study is to learn and introduct some foreign research. The subjects are mostly concentrated in the human service industry such as teachers,doctors,nurses and police, especially little research on knowledge workers. I summarize the previous theoretical and empirical research based on the knowledge workers interviewed, select the appropriate questionnaire and establish the job stress - burnout model. Drawn from the analysis of the current context of knowledge worker burnout,I research on the work stressors and the relection of work stressors on the formation mechanism of burnout, and analysis of demographic variables based on different differences in job burnout.
People find factors mostly from the personal characteristics and the external environment to study on the factors of burnout,with little regard to emotional factors.I introduct the emotion from the object of psychology.I establish emotional - burnout model,empirically interpretated the effect of the predict variable to the outcome variable and regulation mechanism of the regulation variables. The model proved reasonable and effective.
Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical research findings of previous studies, I propose the interventions of the job burnout from the emotional issues in order that the managers of the knowledge workers eliminate burnout intervention confusion existed and that people establish harmonious institutional mechanisms to achieve better management.
引文
[1]李永鑫,张阔.职业倦怠研究的新趋势.心理科学,2007.30(2):478.481
[2] Maslach C.,LeiterM.P.The truth about burnout:how organitions cause personal stress andwhat to do about it.CalifornJossey Bass Inc.1997
[3] Ashforth B.E.,Glen E.K.Normalizing emotion in organizations:making the extraordinary seem ordinary.Human Resource Management Review,2002.1 2(2):2 15-235
[4] Diefendorff J.M.,Rjchard E.M.AntecedentS and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions.Journal ofAppliod Psychology,2003.88(2):284-294
[5] Drucker P.E,Post-capital society.New York:Harper Collins,1 993.
[6] Drucker P.E Managing in a time of great change.New York:Truman Tailey Books/Dutton,1995.
[7]张瑞玲,丁韫聪.知识型员工激励机制研究综述.经济与社会发展,2005.3.(11):98.100
[8] Woodruffe.Winning the talent War,New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1 999
[9] ZidleM.Retention hooks for keep your knowledge workers.Manage,1 998.50(1):1 5-1 7.
[10] Helton R.B.Willthe real knowledge worker please stand up?Industrial Management,1 987,29(1):26-29.
[11] Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001: 397-422
[12]王晓春,甘怡群.国外关于职业倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展, 2003, 1(5): 567-572
[13] Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. A model of burnout and life satisfaction among nurse. Journal of Advanced Nursing,2000,32:454-464
[14] Maslach C. What have we learned about burnout and health Psychology and Health, 2001, 16: 607-611
[15] Schaufeli WB. Greenglass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychology and Health, 2001, 1(16): 501-510
[16] Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, DEmerouti E, Janssen PP, Vander Huslst R and Brouwer J. Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety, Stress and Coping,2000,13:247-268
[17] Cordes CL, Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review,1993,18(4):621-656
[18]李冰.上海市大,中,小学教师职业倦怠的现状及其影响因素研究:[硕士论文].中国优秀硕博论文库, 2004. 4: 4-5
[19] Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Schaufei WB. Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: an internet study. Anxiety, Stress and coping, 2002, 15(3): 245-260
[20] Lee, Ashforth. A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1996, 81(2): 123-133
[21]徐长江,时勘.职业倦怠:一个不断扩展的研究领域.心理科学进展, 2003,11(6)
[22] Dierendonck D, Schaufeli WB, Buunk BP. Inequity among human service professinoals: measurement and relation to burnout. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1996,18(4):429-451
[23]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对职业倦怠的影响.心理学报, 2003, 35(5): 677-684
[24] 2004中国“职业倦怠指数”调查报告.中国人力资源开发网,2005. 3.9
[25] ROBINSON G E. Career satisfaction in female physicians [J]. Journal of American Medical Association,2004,291:635
[26] GAUTAM M. Women in medicine: stress and solutions [J]. Western Journal of Medicine,2001,174:37-41.
[27]赵玉芳,毕重增.中学教师职业倦怠状况及其影响因素的研究.心理发展与教育, 2003(1): 80- 83
[28]陆昌勤.职业倦怠研究及展望.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004(3): 206- 207
[29]钟建安.职业倦怠的干预研究述评.心理科学, 2004(4): 931- 933
[30]李超平,时勘,罗正学,李莉,杨锐.医护人员职业倦怠的调查.中国临床心理学杂志, 2003(4):111-112
[31]蒋奖,张西超,许燕.银行职员的职业倦怠与身心健康,工作满意度的探讨.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004(3):197-199,121
[32]郭庆科.心理测验的原理与应用.人民军医出版社, 2002. 6: 82-85
[33]巫秀美,倪宗攒.因子分析在问卷调查中信度效度评价的应用.中国慢性病预防与控制, 1998, 6(1): 28
[34] SamuelF.Sears,Jr.,Guido G Urizar,Jr.,Garret D.Evans Examining a Stress-Coping Modelof Burnout and Depression in Extension Agents.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2000.5(I):56-62
[35] David J . Klein , Willem Verbeke Autonomic Feedback in Stress full Environments---How toIndividual Differences in Autonomic Feedback Relare to Burnout,Job Performance,and JobAttitudes in Salespeople?Journal ofAppl ied Psychology,1 999.84(6):911-924
[36]李永鑫.职业倦怠及其测量.心理科学,2003.26(3):556-557
[37]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对上作倦怠的影响.心理学报,2003.35(5):677.684
[38]李永鑫,吴明证.职业倦怠的结构研究.心理科学,2005.28(2):454.457
[39]杨柏芳.职业倦怠研究述评.教育探索,2007.9:8-9
[40] Goleman D,Boyatzis R.,MeKee A.Primal leadership:realizing the power of emotionalintelligence.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
[41] BoyatzisR.E.How and why individuals are able to develop motional intelligence.InCherniss C,Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how tO select for,measure,and improve emotional intelligence in individuals,group and organizations.SanFrancisco:Jossey-Bass,2001.234-253
[42] KunnanaR J.T.Emotional intelligence:The new science of interpersonal effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly.2004.1 4(4):489-495
[43] Epstein S.Constructive thinking:The key to emotional intelligence.Westport,CT:Praeger1998.
[44] Salovey P.The effects of mood on expository writing.Imagination,Cognition,andPersonality,1 997.95-ll0.
[45] MayerJ . D . Salovey , P . What is emotional intelligence In P . Salovey&D . Sluyter(eds . ) , Emotional development and emotional intelligence:Implications for educators 3-3 1.NewYork:Basic Books.I 997.
[46] BaronR.Emotional and social intelligence:insights from the emotional quotient inventory.In Bar-on R,Parker J D A(eds.).The handbook of emotional intelligence:theory,development,assessment,and application at home,school,and in the workplace.SanFrancisco:Jossey·Bass,2000.363-388
[47] Petrides K.v.,Furnhan A.Tfait emotional intelligence:psychometric investigation withreference to established traittaxonomies.European Journal of Personality,2001:425 448
[48] Petrides K.V.,Fumhan A.Trait emotional intelligence:behavioral validation in two studiesof emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction.European Journal of Personality,2003.17:39-57
[49] JordanP.J.,Troth A.C.Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution:implications forhuman resource development.Advances in Developing Human Resources,2002.4(1):62-79
[50] Matthews G,Roberts R.D.,Zeidner M.Seven myths about emotional intelligence.Psychological Inquiry,2004.1 5(3):l79-196
[51]徐小燕,张进铺.巴昂的情绪智力模型及情商量表简介.心理科学,2002.25(3):332.335-374
[52]李国瑞,何小莆.情绪智力的研究现状和发展趋势,心理科学.2003.26(5):917-918
[53]王晓均.情绪智力理论结构的实证研究.心理科学.2000.(1):24-27
[54] Law K.S.,Wong C.,Song L.J.The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligenceand its potential utilityfor management studies.Journal ofApplied Psychology.2004.89(3):483-496
[55]许远理.情绪智力与社会智力关系的探讨.首都师范大学学报(社会科学版).2004.157(2):ll 1-115
[56] Wong C.S.,Law K.S.The Effects of Leader and Follower Emotional Intelligence onPerformance and Attitudes:An Exploratory Study.Leadership Quarterly,2002.13:243.274.
[57] Bakker AB,and Health lass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health.2001,1(16): 501一510 Schaufeli WB, DEmerouti E, Janssen PP, Vander Huslst R and Brouwer J Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety, Stress and coping, 2000, 13:247-268
[58] Cordes CL, Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 1993, 18(4): 621-656
[59] Butler T, Waldroop J. Job Sculpting: The Art of Retaining Your Best People. Harvard Business Review, September-October 1999
[60] Davenport T, Jarvenpaa Sirkka L.,Beers Michael C. Improving Knowledge Work Process. Sloan Management Review, Summer 1996
[61] Freudenberger HJ. Staf burn -out. Journal of Social Issues, 1974, 30: 159一165
[62] Schaufeli WB, Bakker AB, Hoogduin K, Schaap C and Kladler A. On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Pscychology and Health, 2001,16: 565一582
[63] Vandenberghe, R. Huberman, A. M. Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout: A Sourcebook of International Research. Cambridge University Press, 1999
[64] Schulz R, G JR, Brown R. Organization, management, and client effects on staff burnout. Jorunal of Health and Social Behavior, 1995, 36: 333-345
[65] Schaufeli WB, Van Dierendonck D. The construct validity of two burnout measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1993, 14: 631一647
[66] Enzmann D, Schaufeli WB, Jacksen P, Rozeman A. Dimensionality and Validity of the Burnout Measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1998, 71:331一351
[67] Goleman D.An EI-Based theory of performnce.In Chherniss C,Goleman D(eds.).The Emnotional intelligence workplace: how to select for,measure,and1improvce-emotional intel!igence in individuals,group and organizations. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2001:27-44
[68] Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: issues in paradigm building. In Chemiss C,Goleman D(eds.);The emotional inielligence workplace: how to select for,measure , and improve emotional intelligence in individuals , group and organizations. San Franciseo: Jossey-Bass,2001.13-26
[69] Growing M.K.Measur ement o findi vidual emotional competence.In ChernissC,Goleman D.(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace: how to select for,measure , and improve emotional intelligence in indivlduals , group and organizations. San Franeiseo:Jossey-Bass,2001.83-131
[70] Sehulte N.S.,Malouff J. M.,Hall L.E.,et al.Development and validation of ameasure of emotional intelligence,personality and Individual differences,1998.25:167-177
[71] Jordan P.J.,Ashkanasy N. M., Hartel C.E.J.et. al:Workgroup emotional intelligence scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human resource ManagementReview,2002.12:195-214
[72] Jordan P .J.,Troth A. C.Emotional.intelligence and conflict resolution:implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources,2002.4(l):62-79
[73] Matthews G., Robert SR.D.,Zeidner M. Seven myths about emotional intelligence.Psychological Inquiry,2004.15(3):179-196
[74]徐小燕,张进铺.巴昂的情绪智力模型及情商量表简介.心理科学,2002.25(3):332-335转374
[75]彭正敏,林绚晖,张继明,车宏生.情绪智力的能力模型.心理科学进展,2004.12(6):817-823
[76] Brief A. P.,Weiss H. M. Organizational Behavior:Affect in the Workplace. Annual Revlew of Psyehology,2002.53:273-307.
[77]徐圣冈.高阶主管情绪智力、领导能力与经营绩效关系之研究-以台湾中小企业为例.工作论文.2003
[78]张辉华,凌文轻,方俐洛.情绪工作,研究概况,心理科学进展.2006.14(l):111-119.
[79] Duran A., Extremera N., ReyL.Self-reported emotional intelligence, burnout and Engagement among staff in services for People with intellectual disabilities.Psyehological Reports,2004.95(2):386-390.
[80] Gerits L.,Dererksen J. L.,Verbruggen A. B. Emotional intelligence Profiles of nurses earing for People with severe behavior Problems. Personality and lndividual Differenees,2005.38:33-43
[81]刘小禹,章凯.情绪智力影响职业倦怠机制中,工作压力的中介作用研究.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008.33(3):l48-154
[82] Maslach C., Sehaufeli W.B.,Leiter M. P. Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology.2001.52(l):397-422.
[83] Salovey P.,Bedell B. T., Detweiler J. B., Mayer J. D. Current directions in emotional intelligence research.In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones(Eds.),Handbook of emotions.Znded.,504-520.New York: Guilford.2000.
[84] Shirom A. Job related burnout. Handbook of Occupational Health psychology. Washington DC: Ameriean Psychology Association,2002.245-265
[85] Freudenberger H. J. Staff burnout. J. Soe. Issues, 1974. 30(l):159-165.
[86] Hi11 A. R,Hall H. K.,Appleton P.R.,et al.perfectionism and burnout in junior elite Soccer Players:The mediating influence of uneonditional self-acceptance,Psyehology of Sport and Exerclse 2008.9:630-644
[87] 5laski M., Cartwright S. Health,performance,and emotional intelligence:An exploratory study of retail managers.Stress and Health,2002.18:63-8.
[88]张辉华,凌文轻,方俐洛-情绪工作研究概况心理科学进展,2006.14(l):111-119.
[89] Duran A., Extremera N.,Rey L.Self-reported emotional intelligence, burnoutand Engagement among staff in Services for People with intelleetual disabilities.Psyellological reports,2004.95(2):386-390.
[90] Martjnez L. Relationship between burnout, job strain and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences,2005.19(3):388-394.
[91]余玲艳中国企业知识型员工的情绪体验及与职业倦怠的关系研究[博士学位论文]北京:清华大学经管学院,2008
[92] Cheng K. S.,Chong G. H., Wong C .W. Chinese Frost MultidjInensional Perfectionism Scale:Avalidation and Predietion of self-esteelnand Psychological distress.Journal of CliniealPsyehology.1999.55(9):1051-1061
[93] Zi F.The Patterns of Perfectionism in Chinese Graduate Students and Their Relationship with Edueational Environment, Personality, Eneouragement, and Creativity.University of Georgia,Doctoral Dissertation,2003.
[94] Kline R. B. Principes and Practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guil Ford Press.1998.
[95]邱皓政.结构方程模式.台北:双叶书廊有限公司,2004.
[96]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京:教育科学出版社,2004.
[97] Hair J. F., Anderson R. E. ,tatham R .L.,Black W. C. Multivariate date analysis(sthed). Prentice Hall International:UK.1998.
[98]刘淳松.情绪实质及情绪表现度研究.四川教育学院学报,2003.19(5):10-11
[99]孟昭兰.人类情绪.上海:上海人民出版社,1989.
[100]孟昭兰.情绪心理学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.
[101] Diekson K. L., Fogel A., Messinger D. The development of emotion from a social proeess view.In Maseolo M. F.,Grimn S.(Eds),What develops in emotional development?New York: Plenurn Press,1998.253-272
[102]罗峥,郭德俊.当代情绪发展理论述评.心理科学,2002.25(3):310-315
[103]Frijda N. H., Mesquita B.The social role and funetion so femotion,In KitayamaS., Markus H.R.Emotion and Culture.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,1994.51-87
[104]Heelas P. Emotion talk across cultures. In: Harre R., Parrott W. G Ed.The emotion.London: Sage,1996.29-49 [105]乔建中.情绪的社会构建理论.心理科学进展,2003-l(5):54-544
[106]Mayer J. D., Salovey P. E:motional intelligence and the construction And regulation of feelings.Applied and Preventive Psychology,1995.4:197-208.
[107]Wol-nanB.B.,Handbook of General Psychology,1973.ChaPter37
[108] Maslach,C.,Jackson S.The Measurement of Experienced Burnout.Journal of occupational Behavior,1981.2:99-113
[109]Maslaeh C.,Sehaufeli W. B.,Leiter M. P. Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology,2001.52:397-422
[110]Hoehschild A. R. Emotion work: feeling rules,and social structure. American Journal of sociology.1979.85:555-575
[111]Morris J. A., Feldman D. C.The dimensions,antecedents,and consequences of Emotional labor. Acade-ny of Management Review,1996.21(4):986
[112]Arnold M. Emotion and Personality.Columbia University Press,1960
[113]王慧,杨敏,高伟,王朝霞.护士情绪劳动表现策略与职业倦怠相关性分析,护理学杂志.2008.23(3):1-3
[114]Maslach C. The Client Role in Staff Burnout. JournaI of Social Issues,1978.34(44):111-124
[115]Baron R. M., Kemiy D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social Psychological researeh : conceptual , s trategic , and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psyechology,1986.51:1173-1182
[115]Slaski M., Cartwright5. Health, Performance, and emotional intelligence: Anex Ploratory study of retail managers. Stress and Health,2002.18,63-68.
[116]Amold B. , Ellen H. Emotional Dissonance , Burnout , and In-Role Performance among nurses and Police Officers.International Journal of Stress Management,2006.13(4):423-440
[117]Terry-Short L. A, Owens G R.,Slade P. D.,et al.positive and negative perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,1995(18).663-668.
[118]Pitman R. K., Pierre Janet on obsessive-eompulsive disorder(1903):Review and Eommentary-Areh Gen Psyehiatry,1987.44:226-232
[119] Goleman,D.著,耿文秀等译。Working with emotional intelligence(1998).上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[120]Adler A. InAnsbacher H. L., AnsbaeherR. (Eds.).Alfred Adler: Superiority and social interest-Aeollection of later writings. Northwestern University Press,1964.
[121]Horney K. Neurosisand Human Growth:The Struggle TowardSelf-Rcalization. NewYork:W.W.Norton,1950.
[122]Hollender M. H. Perfectionism.Comprehensive Psychiatry,1965.6:94-103
[123]Ameriean Psyehiatrie Assoeiation. Diagnostic and Statistieal Manual of Mental DisorderS,3Rd ed.Alnerican Psychiatric Assoeiation: Washington, DC.1980.
[124]Burns D. The perfectionist s scriptfor self-defeat.Psychology Today,1980.34-51.
[125]Shafran R., Mansell W. Perfectionism and psychopathology : A review of research and treatment.Clinica1 Psychology Review,2000.(21):879·906.
[126]Shafran R.,Christo Pher G. Clinieal Perfectionism: a cognitive-behaviour alanalysis.Behaviour Research and Therapy,2002.(40):773-791.
[127]Hewitt P. L., Flett G. L. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychqpathology.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991.(60):456-470.
[128]Pacht A. R. Reflections 0n Perfectionism. Ampsyehol,1984.39(4):386-390
[129]Weisinger H., Lobsenz N. Nobody s Perfect.New York: Warner Books.1981.
[130]Frost R. 0., Marten P., Lahart C.The Dimensions of Perfectionism.Cogn Ther Res,1990.14 (5):449-468
[131]Hewitt P. L., Flett G L.perfectionism and Depression:A Multidimensional Analysis. J SocBehav Pers,1990.5:423-438
[132]Barrow J. C.,Moore C. A.Group Interventions with Perfectionistic Thinking. Pers Guid J,1983.61:612-615
[133]Hewitt R L.,Genest M. The Ideal Self-Sehematie proeessing of Perfectionistie ConteniinDysphorie University Students. J Pers Soc psychol,1990.59(4):802-808
[134]Hewitt P L., FlettG L.Dimensions of perfectionism ,Daily Stress ,and Depression: A TestOf the Specifie Vulnerability Hypothesis.J Abnorm Psychol,1993.102:58-65
[135]Frost R. 0., Heimberg R. G.,Holt C. 5.,et al.A Comparison of Tow Measures of Perfectionism. Pers Individ Differ,1993.14:119-126
[136]Hamachek D. E. Psychodynamies of Normal and Neurotie Perfectionism Psychology,1978.15:27-33
[137]Johnson D. P., Slaney R. B. Perfectionism:Scale Development and a Study of Perfectionistie Clients in Counseling. Jcollege Stud Def 1996.37(l):29-41
[138]Ashby J. S., Kottman T.Inferiority As a Distinetion Between Normal and Neurotic Perfeetionisml Individ Psychol,1996.52(3):237-24
[139]Terry-Short L. A., Owens G. R., Slade P. D.,et al.positive and negative Perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,1995.(18):663-668.
[140]Bieling P. J., lsraeli A., SmithJ .,et al.Making the grade: the behavioural consequences of Perfectionism in the classroom .Personality and lndividual Differences,2003.(35):163-178.
[141]Dunkley D. M., Zuroff D. C., Blankstein K. R. Specific Perfectionism components Versus self-critieism in Predieting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences,2006.(40):665-676.
[142]Dunkley D. M., Blankstein K. R., Zuroff D. C.,et al.Self-critical and personal Standards Factors of perfectionism located with in the five-factor model of Personality.Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):409-420.
[143]王敬群,梁宝勇.完美主义发展模型综述.心理与行为研究.2005.(4):314-318.
[144]FreudenbergerH.J.Staffburnout.JSoeIssues,1974.30(l):159-165.
[145]Hart B. A., Gilner F. H., Handal P. J. The relationship between Perfectionism and self effieacy.Personality and Individual Difference,1998.24:109-113
[146]White C., Schweitzer R.The role of Personality in the development and Perpetuation of Chroniefatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom Res.,2000.48(6):515-524.
[147]Zhang Y., Gan Y.,Cham H. Perfectionism,academie burnout and engagement among Chinese college students : astructural equation modeling analysis.PersIndivid Dif,2007.43(6):1529-1540.
[148]Flett G. L.,Hewitt P. L. Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of the oretical,definitional,and treatment issues.In Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L.(Eds.),Perfectionism:Theory,research,and treatment. Washington,D C:American Psychological Association.2002:5-31
[149]Stoeber J., Otto K. Positive eonceptionsof Perfectionism: Approaches evidenee, andchallenges. Personality and Social Psychology Revie 2006.10:295-319.
[150]Flett G. L. , Hewitt P. L. Positive versu snegative Perfectionism Inpsychopathology.Behaviour Modification,2006.30:472-495.
[151]Flett G. L., Madorsky D., Hewitt P. L., Heisel M. J. Perfectionism eognitions , rumination , And psychological distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive- Behaviour The rapy,2002.20:33es-47.
[152]Thompson R., Zuroff D. C. The level of self-eritieism scale:Comparative self-eriticism and Internalised self-criticisln. Personality and;Individual Differenees,2004.36:419-430.
[153]Terry-Short L. A., Owens G. R., Slade P.D.,et al.Positive and negative: Perfectionis-n.Personality and Individual Differenees,995.(18):663-668. [1541Freudenberger H. J. Staff burnout. J. Soe. Issues,1974.30(l):159-165.
[155]Frost R., Marten P., Lahart C.,Rosenblate R.The dimensions of Perfeecionism. CognitiveThe rapy and Research.1990.14:449-468.
[156]Bieling P. J., lsraeli A., Smith J.,et al.Making the grade: the behavioural consequences ofPerfectionism in the classroom. Personality and Individual Differences.2003.35:{63-178}.
[157]Codres C. L. ,Dougherty T. W. Areview and integration of research on job bumout.Aeademy of Management Review,1993.18(4):621-656
[158]Mills L. B., Huebner E. 5.Aprospective study of pesronality eharaeteristies occupationalstressors,and burn out among school Psychology Practitioners. Journal of SchoolPsychology,1998.36(l):103-120
[159]Evesr W.,Tomic W., Brouwers A. Effects of aggressive behavior and Pereeived self-efficacy on burn out among staff homes for the elderly. Rssuesin Mental Health Nuring,2001.22:439-454
[160]Smith D. , Leng G W .Prevalence and source of burn ou tin Singa Poreseeondary school Pllysical Education teachers. Journal of Teaching in P icalEdueation,2003.22:203-218
[161]Izard C. E. Basie Emotions, Relations among Emotions,Psyehological Review, 1992. 99:561-565
[162]Salovey P., Mayer J. D. Elnotional intelligence. lmagination, eognitionandl: nagination,Cognition and Personality,1990.9:185:185-211
[163]Gross J. Emotion regulation in adult hood:Timing 15 everything. Current DirectionsinPsychological Seience.2001.10.
[164]Fernandes-AraozC.The challenge of hiring senior exccutives.In Cllerniss C, Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how to select for,measure ,and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, group and organizations.San Franeisco:JoSSey-Bass,2001:182-206
[165]Boyatzis R E,Goleman D,and R hee K . Clusteringcoln Peteneeine.otional intelligence:Insight from the emotional eoInpetence inventory. In Bar-On R, Parker J D A(eds.).The handbook of emotional intelligence : theory , development,assessment,and application at home,school,and in the workplace.San Franecsco: Jossey- Bass, 2000:343-362
[166]Daus C.S. , Ashkanasy N. M. The easyfor the ability-Basedmodel of emotional-intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of organizational Bellavior,2005.26:453-466
[167]Weinberger L. A. Emotional intelligence:its concention to HRD theory and Practice. Human Resource Development Review,2002.1(2):215-243
[170]徐小燕,张进辅.情绪智力理论的发展综述.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002.28(6):77-82
[171]Gohm C.L. Moving forward with emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry,2004;15(3):222-227
[172]Ashkanasy N. M., Harte I C. E. J., Daus C. S. Diversity and emotion: the new frontiersin.Anizational behavior research. Journal of Management , 2002.28(3):307-335
[173]Cherniss C. , CaP IanR .D .Implementing emotional intelligence Programsinorganizations. InCherniss C , Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how to select for measure and improve emotional intelligence in individuals,group and anizations.san Francisco: Jossey- Bass, 2001:286-304
[174]Petrides K. V. , Furnhan A. Trait emotional intelligence : Psychometri einvestigation with Reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality,2001.15:425-448
[175]Petrides K. V.,Furnllan A.Trait emotional intelligence: behavioral validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induetion.European Journal of Personality,2003.17:39-57
[176]Ashkanasy N.M.,DausC.5.Rulmors of the death of emotiona lintelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of organizational Behavior,2005.26:441-452
[177]MayerJ. D.,Salovey P.,Caruso D. R. A further consideration of the issues of emotional Intelligence. Psychological Inquiry 2004.15(3):249一255
[178]Goleman D. What makes a leader ? Harvard Business Revie W ,1998.November-December:92-102
[2] Maslach C.,LeiterM.P.The truth about burnout:how organitions cause personal stress andwhat to do about it.CalifornJossey Bass Inc.1997
[3] Ashforth B.E.,Glen E.K.Normalizing emotion in organizations:making the extraordinary seem ordinary.Human Resource Management Review,2002.1 2(2):2 15-235
[4] Diefendorff J.M.,Rjchard E.M.AntecedentS and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions.Journal ofAppliod Psychology,2003.88(2):284-294
[5] Drucker P.E,Post-capital society.New York:Harper Collins,1 993.
[6] Drucker P.E Managing in a time of great change.New York:Truman Tailey Books/Dutton,1995.
[7]张瑞玲,丁韫聪.知识型员工激励机制研究综述.经济与社会发展,2005.3.(11):98.100
[8] Woodruffe.Winning the talent War,New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1 999
[9] ZidleM.Retention hooks for keep your knowledge workers.Manage,1 998.50(1):1 5-1 7.
[10] Helton R.B.Willthe real knowledge worker please stand up?Industrial Management,1 987,29(1):26-29.
[11] Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001: 397-422
[12]王晓春,甘怡群.国外关于职业倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展, 2003, 1(5): 567-572
[13] Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. A model of burnout and life satisfaction among nurse. Journal of Advanced Nursing,2000,32:454-464
[14] Maslach C. What have we learned about burnout and health Psychology and Health, 2001, 16: 607-611
[15] Schaufeli WB. Greenglass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychology and Health, 2001, 1(16): 501-510
[16] Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, DEmerouti E, Janssen PP, Vander Huslst R and Brouwer J. Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety, Stress and Coping,2000,13:247-268
[17] Cordes CL, Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review,1993,18(4):621-656
[18]李冰.上海市大,中,小学教师职业倦怠的现状及其影响因素研究:[硕士论文].中国优秀硕博论文库, 2004. 4: 4-5
[19] Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Schaufei WB. Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: an internet study. Anxiety, Stress and coping, 2002, 15(3): 245-260
[20] Lee, Ashforth. A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1996, 81(2): 123-133
[21]徐长江,时勘.职业倦怠:一个不断扩展的研究领域.心理科学进展, 2003,11(6)
[22] Dierendonck D, Schaufeli WB, Buunk BP. Inequity among human service professinoals: measurement and relation to burnout. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1996,18(4):429-451
[23]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对职业倦怠的影响.心理学报, 2003, 35(5): 677-684
[24] 2004中国“职业倦怠指数”调查报告.中国人力资源开发网,2005. 3.9
[25] ROBINSON G E. Career satisfaction in female physicians [J]. Journal of American Medical Association,2004,291:635
[26] GAUTAM M. Women in medicine: stress and solutions [J]. Western Journal of Medicine,2001,174:37-41.
[27]赵玉芳,毕重增.中学教师职业倦怠状况及其影响因素的研究.心理发展与教育, 2003(1): 80- 83
[28]陆昌勤.职业倦怠研究及展望.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004(3): 206- 207
[29]钟建安.职业倦怠的干预研究述评.心理科学, 2004(4): 931- 933
[30]李超平,时勘,罗正学,李莉,杨锐.医护人员职业倦怠的调查.中国临床心理学杂志, 2003(4):111-112
[31]蒋奖,张西超,许燕.银行职员的职业倦怠与身心健康,工作满意度的探讨.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004(3):197-199,121
[32]郭庆科.心理测验的原理与应用.人民军医出版社, 2002. 6: 82-85
[33]巫秀美,倪宗攒.因子分析在问卷调查中信度效度评价的应用.中国慢性病预防与控制, 1998, 6(1): 28
[34] SamuelF.Sears,Jr.,Guido G Urizar,Jr.,Garret D.Evans Examining a Stress-Coping Modelof Burnout and Depression in Extension Agents.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2000.5(I):56-62
[35] David J . Klein , Willem Verbeke Autonomic Feedback in Stress full Environments---How toIndividual Differences in Autonomic Feedback Relare to Burnout,Job Performance,and JobAttitudes in Salespeople?Journal ofAppl ied Psychology,1 999.84(6):911-924
[36]李永鑫.职业倦怠及其测量.心理科学,2003.26(3):556-557
[37]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对上作倦怠的影响.心理学报,2003.35(5):677.684
[38]李永鑫,吴明证.职业倦怠的结构研究.心理科学,2005.28(2):454.457
[39]杨柏芳.职业倦怠研究述评.教育探索,2007.9:8-9
[40] Goleman D,Boyatzis R.,MeKee A.Primal leadership:realizing the power of emotionalintelligence.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
[41] BoyatzisR.E.How and why individuals are able to develop motional intelligence.InCherniss C,Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how tO select for,measure,and improve emotional intelligence in individuals,group and organizations.SanFrancisco:Jossey-Bass,2001.234-253
[42] KunnanaR J.T.Emotional intelligence:The new science of interpersonal effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly.2004.1 4(4):489-495
[43] Epstein S.Constructive thinking:The key to emotional intelligence.Westport,CT:Praeger1998.
[44] Salovey P.The effects of mood on expository writing.Imagination,Cognition,andPersonality,1 997.95-ll0.
[45] MayerJ . D . Salovey , P . What is emotional intelligence In P . Salovey&D . Sluyter(eds . ) , Emotional development and emotional intelligence:Implications for educators 3-3 1.NewYork:Basic Books.I 997.
[46] BaronR.Emotional and social intelligence:insights from the emotional quotient inventory.In Bar-on R,Parker J D A(eds.).The handbook of emotional intelligence:theory,development,assessment,and application at home,school,and in the workplace.SanFrancisco:Jossey·Bass,2000.363-388
[47] Petrides K.v.,Furnhan A.Tfait emotional intelligence:psychometric investigation withreference to established traittaxonomies.European Journal of Personality,2001:425 448
[48] Petrides K.V.,Fumhan A.Trait emotional intelligence:behavioral validation in two studiesof emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction.European Journal of Personality,2003.17:39-57
[49] JordanP.J.,Troth A.C.Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution:implications forhuman resource development.Advances in Developing Human Resources,2002.4(1):62-79
[50] Matthews G,Roberts R.D.,Zeidner M.Seven myths about emotional intelligence.Psychological Inquiry,2004.1 5(3):l79-196
[51]徐小燕,张进铺.巴昂的情绪智力模型及情商量表简介.心理科学,2002.25(3):332.335-374
[52]李国瑞,何小莆.情绪智力的研究现状和发展趋势,心理科学.2003.26(5):917-918
[53]王晓均.情绪智力理论结构的实证研究.心理科学.2000.(1):24-27
[54] Law K.S.,Wong C.,Song L.J.The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligenceand its potential utilityfor management studies.Journal ofApplied Psychology.2004.89(3):483-496
[55]许远理.情绪智力与社会智力关系的探讨.首都师范大学学报(社会科学版).2004.157(2):ll 1-115
[56] Wong C.S.,Law K.S.The Effects of Leader and Follower Emotional Intelligence onPerformance and Attitudes:An Exploratory Study.Leadership Quarterly,2002.13:243.274.
[57] Bakker AB,and Health lass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health.2001,1(16): 501一510 Schaufeli WB, DEmerouti E, Janssen PP, Vander Huslst R and Brouwer J Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety, Stress and coping, 2000, 13:247-268
[58] Cordes CL, Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 1993, 18(4): 621-656
[59] Butler T, Waldroop J. Job Sculpting: The Art of Retaining Your Best People. Harvard Business Review, September-October 1999
[60] Davenport T, Jarvenpaa Sirkka L.,Beers Michael C. Improving Knowledge Work Process. Sloan Management Review, Summer 1996
[61] Freudenberger HJ. Staf burn -out. Journal of Social Issues, 1974, 30: 159一165
[62] Schaufeli WB, Bakker AB, Hoogduin K, Schaap C and Kladler A. On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Pscychology and Health, 2001,16: 565一582
[63] Vandenberghe, R. Huberman, A. M. Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout: A Sourcebook of International Research. Cambridge University Press, 1999
[64] Schulz R, G JR, Brown R. Organization, management, and client effects on staff burnout. Jorunal of Health and Social Behavior, 1995, 36: 333-345
[65] Schaufeli WB, Van Dierendonck D. The construct validity of two burnout measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1993, 14: 631一647
[66] Enzmann D, Schaufeli WB, Jacksen P, Rozeman A. Dimensionality and Validity of the Burnout Measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1998, 71:331一351
[67] Goleman D.An EI-Based theory of performnce.In Chherniss C,Goleman D(eds.).The Emnotional intelligence workplace: how to select for,measure,and1improvce-emotional intel!igence in individuals,group and organizations. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2001:27-44
[68] Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: issues in paradigm building. In Chemiss C,Goleman D(eds.);The emotional inielligence workplace: how to select for,measure , and improve emotional intelligence in individuals , group and organizations. San Franciseo: Jossey-Bass,2001.13-26
[69] Growing M.K.Measur ement o findi vidual emotional competence.In ChernissC,Goleman D.(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace: how to select for,measure , and improve emotional intelligence in indivlduals , group and organizations. San Franeiseo:Jossey-Bass,2001.83-131
[70] Sehulte N.S.,Malouff J. M.,Hall L.E.,et al.Development and validation of ameasure of emotional intelligence,personality and Individual differences,1998.25:167-177
[71] Jordan P.J.,Ashkanasy N. M., Hartel C.E.J.et. al:Workgroup emotional intelligence scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human resource ManagementReview,2002.12:195-214
[72] Jordan P .J.,Troth A. C.Emotional.intelligence and conflict resolution:implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources,2002.4(l):62-79
[73] Matthews G., Robert SR.D.,Zeidner M. Seven myths about emotional intelligence.Psychological Inquiry,2004.15(3):179-196
[74]徐小燕,张进铺.巴昂的情绪智力模型及情商量表简介.心理科学,2002.25(3):332-335转374
[75]彭正敏,林绚晖,张继明,车宏生.情绪智力的能力模型.心理科学进展,2004.12(6):817-823
[76] Brief A. P.,Weiss H. M. Organizational Behavior:Affect in the Workplace. Annual Revlew of Psyehology,2002.53:273-307.
[77]徐圣冈.高阶主管情绪智力、领导能力与经营绩效关系之研究-以台湾中小企业为例.工作论文.2003
[78]张辉华,凌文轻,方俐洛.情绪工作,研究概况,心理科学进展.2006.14(l):111-119.
[79] Duran A., Extremera N., ReyL.Self-reported emotional intelligence, burnout and Engagement among staff in services for People with intellectual disabilities.Psyehological Reports,2004.95(2):386-390.
[80] Gerits L.,Dererksen J. L.,Verbruggen A. B. Emotional intelligence Profiles of nurses earing for People with severe behavior Problems. Personality and lndividual Differenees,2005.38:33-43
[81]刘小禹,章凯.情绪智力影响职业倦怠机制中,工作压力的中介作用研究.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008.33(3):l48-154
[82] Maslach C., Sehaufeli W.B.,Leiter M. P. Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology.2001.52(l):397-422.
[83] Salovey P.,Bedell B. T., Detweiler J. B., Mayer J. D. Current directions in emotional intelligence research.In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones(Eds.),Handbook of emotions.Znded.,504-520.New York: Guilford.2000.
[84] Shirom A. Job related burnout. Handbook of Occupational Health psychology. Washington DC: Ameriean Psychology Association,2002.245-265
[85] Freudenberger H. J. Staff burnout. J. Soe. Issues, 1974. 30(l):159-165.
[86] Hi11 A. R,Hall H. K.,Appleton P.R.,et al.perfectionism and burnout in junior elite Soccer Players:The mediating influence of uneonditional self-acceptance,Psyehology of Sport and Exerclse 2008.9:630-644
[87] 5laski M., Cartwright S. Health,performance,and emotional intelligence:An exploratory study of retail managers.Stress and Health,2002.18:63-8.
[88]张辉华,凌文轻,方俐洛-情绪工作研究概况心理科学进展,2006.14(l):111-119.
[89] Duran A., Extremera N.,Rey L.Self-reported emotional intelligence, burnoutand Engagement among staff in Services for People with intelleetual disabilities.Psyellological reports,2004.95(2):386-390.
[90] Martjnez L. Relationship between burnout, job strain and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences,2005.19(3):388-394.
[91]余玲艳中国企业知识型员工的情绪体验及与职业倦怠的关系研究[博士学位论文]北京:清华大学经管学院,2008
[92] Cheng K. S.,Chong G. H., Wong C .W. Chinese Frost MultidjInensional Perfectionism Scale:Avalidation and Predietion of self-esteelnand Psychological distress.Journal of CliniealPsyehology.1999.55(9):1051-1061
[93] Zi F.The Patterns of Perfectionism in Chinese Graduate Students and Their Relationship with Edueational Environment, Personality, Eneouragement, and Creativity.University of Georgia,Doctoral Dissertation,2003.
[94] Kline R. B. Principes and Practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guil Ford Press.1998.
[95]邱皓政.结构方程模式.台北:双叶书廊有限公司,2004.
[96]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.北京:教育科学出版社,2004.
[97] Hair J. F., Anderson R. E. ,tatham R .L.,Black W. C. Multivariate date analysis(sthed). Prentice Hall International:UK.1998.
[98]刘淳松.情绪实质及情绪表现度研究.四川教育学院学报,2003.19(5):10-11
[99]孟昭兰.人类情绪.上海:上海人民出版社,1989.
[100]孟昭兰.情绪心理学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005.
[101] Diekson K. L., Fogel A., Messinger D. The development of emotion from a social proeess view.In Maseolo M. F.,Grimn S.(Eds),What develops in emotional development?New York: Plenurn Press,1998.253-272
[102]罗峥,郭德俊.当代情绪发展理论述评.心理科学,2002.25(3):310-315
[103]Frijda N. H., Mesquita B.The social role and funetion so femotion,In KitayamaS., Markus H.R.Emotion and Culture.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,1994.51-87
[104]Heelas P. Emotion talk across cultures. In: Harre R., Parrott W. G Ed.The emotion.London: Sage,1996.29-49 [105]乔建中.情绪的社会构建理论.心理科学进展,2003-l(5):54-544
[106]Mayer J. D., Salovey P. E:motional intelligence and the construction And regulation of feelings.Applied and Preventive Psychology,1995.4:197-208.
[107]Wol-nanB.B.,Handbook of General Psychology,1973.ChaPter37
[108] Maslach,C.,Jackson S.The Measurement of Experienced Burnout.Journal of occupational Behavior,1981.2:99-113
[109]Maslaeh C.,Sehaufeli W. B.,Leiter M. P. Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology,2001.52:397-422
[110]Hoehschild A. R. Emotion work: feeling rules,and social structure. American Journal of sociology.1979.85:555-575
[111]Morris J. A., Feldman D. C.The dimensions,antecedents,and consequences of Emotional labor. Acade-ny of Management Review,1996.21(4):986
[112]Arnold M. Emotion and Personality.Columbia University Press,1960
[113]王慧,杨敏,高伟,王朝霞.护士情绪劳动表现策略与职业倦怠相关性分析,护理学杂志.2008.23(3):1-3
[114]Maslach C. The Client Role in Staff Burnout. JournaI of Social Issues,1978.34(44):111-124
[115]Baron R. M., Kemiy D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social Psychological researeh : conceptual , s trategic , and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psyechology,1986.51:1173-1182
[115]Slaski M., Cartwright5. Health, Performance, and emotional intelligence: Anex Ploratory study of retail managers. Stress and Health,2002.18,63-68.
[116]Amold B. , Ellen H. Emotional Dissonance , Burnout , and In-Role Performance among nurses and Police Officers.International Journal of Stress Management,2006.13(4):423-440
[117]Terry-Short L. A, Owens G R.,Slade P. D.,et al.positive and negative perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,1995(18).663-668.
[118]Pitman R. K., Pierre Janet on obsessive-eompulsive disorder(1903):Review and Eommentary-Areh Gen Psyehiatry,1987.44:226-232
[119] Goleman,D.著,耿文秀等译。Working with emotional intelligence(1998).上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000.
[120]Adler A. InAnsbacher H. L., AnsbaeherR. (Eds.).Alfred Adler: Superiority and social interest-Aeollection of later writings. Northwestern University Press,1964.
[121]Horney K. Neurosisand Human Growth:The Struggle TowardSelf-Rcalization. NewYork:W.W.Norton,1950.
[122]Hollender M. H. Perfectionism.Comprehensive Psychiatry,1965.6:94-103
[123]Ameriean Psyehiatrie Assoeiation. Diagnostic and Statistieal Manual of Mental DisorderS,3Rd ed.Alnerican Psychiatric Assoeiation: Washington, DC.1980.
[124]Burns D. The perfectionist s scriptfor self-defeat.Psychology Today,1980.34-51.
[125]Shafran R., Mansell W. Perfectionism and psychopathology : A review of research and treatment.Clinica1 Psychology Review,2000.(21):879·906.
[126]Shafran R.,Christo Pher G. Clinieal Perfectionism: a cognitive-behaviour alanalysis.Behaviour Research and Therapy,2002.(40):773-791.
[127]Hewitt P. L., Flett G. L. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts:Conceptualization,assessment,and association with psychqpathology.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991.(60):456-470.
[128]Pacht A. R. Reflections 0n Perfectionism. Ampsyehol,1984.39(4):386-390
[129]Weisinger H., Lobsenz N. Nobody s Perfect.New York: Warner Books.1981.
[130]Frost R. 0., Marten P., Lahart C.The Dimensions of Perfectionism.Cogn Ther Res,1990.14 (5):449-468
[131]Hewitt P. L., Flett G L.perfectionism and Depression:A Multidimensional Analysis. J SocBehav Pers,1990.5:423-438
[132]Barrow J. C.,Moore C. A.Group Interventions with Perfectionistic Thinking. Pers Guid J,1983.61:612-615
[133]Hewitt R L.,Genest M. The Ideal Self-Sehematie proeessing of Perfectionistie ConteniinDysphorie University Students. J Pers Soc psychol,1990.59(4):802-808
[134]Hewitt P L., FlettG L.Dimensions of perfectionism ,Daily Stress ,and Depression: A TestOf the Specifie Vulnerability Hypothesis.J Abnorm Psychol,1993.102:58-65
[135]Frost R. 0., Heimberg R. G.,Holt C. 5.,et al.A Comparison of Tow Measures of Perfectionism. Pers Individ Differ,1993.14:119-126
[136]Hamachek D. E. Psychodynamies of Normal and Neurotie Perfectionism Psychology,1978.15:27-33
[137]Johnson D. P., Slaney R. B. Perfectionism:Scale Development and a Study of Perfectionistie Clients in Counseling. Jcollege Stud Def 1996.37(l):29-41
[138]Ashby J. S., Kottman T.Inferiority As a Distinetion Between Normal and Neurotic Perfeetionisml Individ Psychol,1996.52(3):237-24
[139]Terry-Short L. A., Owens G. R., Slade P. D.,et al.positive and negative Perfectionism.Personality and Individual Differences,1995.(18):663-668.
[140]Bieling P. J., lsraeli A., SmithJ .,et al.Making the grade: the behavioural consequences of Perfectionism in the classroom .Personality and lndividual Differences,2003.(35):163-178.
[141]Dunkley D. M., Zuroff D. C., Blankstein K. R. Specific Perfectionism components Versus self-critieism in Predieting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences,2006.(40):665-676.
[142]Dunkley D. M., Blankstein K. R., Zuroff D. C.,et al.Self-critical and personal Standards Factors of perfectionism located with in the five-factor model of Personality.Personality and Individual Differences,2006(40):409-420.
[143]王敬群,梁宝勇.完美主义发展模型综述.心理与行为研究.2005.(4):314-318.
[144]FreudenbergerH.J.Staffburnout.JSoeIssues,1974.30(l):159-165.
[145]Hart B. A., Gilner F. H., Handal P. J. The relationship between Perfectionism and self effieacy.Personality and Individual Difference,1998.24:109-113
[146]White C., Schweitzer R.The role of Personality in the development and Perpetuation of Chroniefatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom Res.,2000.48(6):515-524.
[147]Zhang Y., Gan Y.,Cham H. Perfectionism,academie burnout and engagement among Chinese college students : astructural equation modeling analysis.PersIndivid Dif,2007.43(6):1529-1540.
[148]Flett G. L.,Hewitt P. L. Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of the oretical,definitional,and treatment issues.In Flett G. L., Hewitt P. L.(Eds.),Perfectionism:Theory,research,and treatment. Washington,D C:American Psychological Association.2002:5-31
[149]Stoeber J., Otto K. Positive eonceptionsof Perfectionism: Approaches evidenee, andchallenges. Personality and Social Psychology Revie 2006.10:295-319.
[150]Flett G. L. , Hewitt P. L. Positive versu snegative Perfectionism Inpsychopathology.Behaviour Modification,2006.30:472-495.
[151]Flett G. L., Madorsky D., Hewitt P. L., Heisel M. J. Perfectionism eognitions , rumination , And psychological distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive- Behaviour The rapy,2002.20:33es-47.
[152]Thompson R., Zuroff D. C. The level of self-eritieism scale:Comparative self-eriticism and Internalised self-criticisln. Personality and;Individual Differenees,2004.36:419-430.
[153]Terry-Short L. A., Owens G. R., Slade P.D.,et al.Positive and negative: Perfectionis-n.Personality and Individual Differenees,995.(18):663-668. [1541Freudenberger H. J. Staff burnout. J. Soe. Issues,1974.30(l):159-165.
[155]Frost R., Marten P., Lahart C.,Rosenblate R.The dimensions of Perfeecionism. CognitiveThe rapy and Research.1990.14:449-468.
[156]Bieling P. J., lsraeli A., Smith J.,et al.Making the grade: the behavioural consequences ofPerfectionism in the classroom. Personality and Individual Differences.2003.35:{63-178}.
[157]Codres C. L. ,Dougherty T. W. Areview and integration of research on job bumout.Aeademy of Management Review,1993.18(4):621-656
[158]Mills L. B., Huebner E. 5.Aprospective study of pesronality eharaeteristies occupationalstressors,and burn out among school Psychology Practitioners. Journal of SchoolPsychology,1998.36(l):103-120
[159]Evesr W.,Tomic W., Brouwers A. Effects of aggressive behavior and Pereeived self-efficacy on burn out among staff homes for the elderly. Rssuesin Mental Health Nuring,2001.22:439-454
[160]Smith D. , Leng G W .Prevalence and source of burn ou tin Singa Poreseeondary school Pllysical Education teachers. Journal of Teaching in P icalEdueation,2003.22:203-218
[161]Izard C. E. Basie Emotions, Relations among Emotions,Psyehological Review, 1992. 99:561-565
[162]Salovey P., Mayer J. D. Elnotional intelligence. lmagination, eognitionandl: nagination,Cognition and Personality,1990.9:185:185-211
[163]Gross J. Emotion regulation in adult hood:Timing 15 everything. Current DirectionsinPsychological Seience.2001.10.
[164]Fernandes-AraozC.The challenge of hiring senior exccutives.In Cllerniss C, Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how to select for,measure ,and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, group and organizations.San Franeisco:JoSSey-Bass,2001:182-206
[165]Boyatzis R E,Goleman D,and R hee K . Clusteringcoln Peteneeine.otional intelligence:Insight from the emotional eoInpetence inventory. In Bar-On R, Parker J D A(eds.).The handbook of emotional intelligence : theory , development,assessment,and application at home,school,and in the workplace.San Franecsco: Jossey- Bass, 2000:343-362
[166]Daus C.S. , Ashkanasy N. M. The easyfor the ability-Basedmodel of emotional-intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of organizational Bellavior,2005.26:453-466
[167]Weinberger L. A. Emotional intelligence:its concention to HRD theory and Practice. Human Resource Development Review,2002.1(2):215-243
[170]徐小燕,张进辅.情绪智力理论的发展综述.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002.28(6):77-82
[171]Gohm C.L. Moving forward with emotional intelligence. Psychological Inquiry,2004;15(3):222-227
[172]Ashkanasy N. M., Harte I C. E. J., Daus C. S. Diversity and emotion: the new frontiersin.Anizational behavior research. Journal of Management , 2002.28(3):307-335
[173]Cherniss C. , CaP IanR .D .Implementing emotional intelligence Programsinorganizations. InCherniss C , Goleman D(eds.).The emotional intelligence workplace:how to select for measure and improve emotional intelligence in individuals,group and anizations.san Francisco: Jossey- Bass, 2001:286-304
[174]Petrides K. V. , Furnhan A. Trait emotional intelligence : Psychometri einvestigation with Reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality,2001.15:425-448
[175]Petrides K. V.,Furnllan A.Trait emotional intelligence: behavioral validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induetion.European Journal of Personality,2003.17:39-57
[176]Ashkanasy N.M.,DausC.5.Rulmors of the death of emotiona lintelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of organizational Behavior,2005.26:441-452
[177]MayerJ. D.,Salovey P.,Caruso D. R. A further consideration of the issues of emotional Intelligence. Psychological Inquiry 2004.15(3):249一255
[178]Goleman D. What makes a leader ? Harvard Business Revie W ,1998.November-December:92-102