离婚诉讼话语中权力和亲密关系的性别解读
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摘要
随着上世纪七十年代女权主义的兴起,不同学科领域的学者,如心理学者,语言学家,人类学家等等,开始探讨语言与性别的关系以及性别角色究竟如何得以影响话语风格。在当今社会中,话语被认为和权力有着千丝万缕的关系。这一点在批评话语流派中更是被广为宣扬。法律领域,尤其是法庭互动过程中所存在的性别不平等问题在西方学界多有论述,因此审判方式自然就多是对抗式的。在语言学方面,女性在法庭上的二次受害受到了广泛的关注,而且这类的研究多集中在离婚调解和强奸案件的审理上。中国的审判方式是纠问式的,因此也就意味着法庭互动过程中的权力研究突出地围绕着法官的权力展开,而关于性别权力的不平等研究则较为罕见。另外,离婚官司涉及到个人隐私,因此它的审理不可能象其他案件那样面向大众公开,这也就进一步导致很少有学者去探讨当今中国离婚官司审理当中出现的性别不平等现象。
本论文以批评的态度,借鉴了批评性话语分析、系统功能语法(更为确切的说是评价理论)和会话分析对中国的离婚诉讼话语进行语言剖析,以期探询法律是否违背了它的最高理念——维护公正。对本研究来说,更为确切的则是指男性和女性是否在法庭上受到了公平的对待。研究对象是12个一审离婚官司(包括调解和开庭审理两种形式)的录音转写语料。这些录音由作者本人采集于山东省青岛市一个区级法院,所有案件均由同一位女性法官进行审理。
就研究方法来说,本文以描述性和定性分析为主同时辅以量化数据支持。作者采纳了费尔克劳夫的三层分析模式,推出她个人的分析结构框架,兼顾文本和语境的研究。文本研究主要集中在两个层面,即词汇语法层和语篇层,分别在第四章和第五章进行论述。第六章重点讨论了性别偏见如何导致了女性在法庭话语中受到伤害,因为难以归入前面的任何一个章节,所以特单立此章进行揭示。词汇语法层的分析受评价理论的启发,重点分析了三个语言点,即情感词汇、能愿动词和分级词汇。而会话分析的经典研究重点则被吸纳作为第五章的语言研究点,例如话轮,相邻对,打断,重叠,话题的提出和改变等。当然,本研究决不认为某些交际风格和一个具体性别存在必然而且始终如一的联系。相反,只有在特定语境下,一些语言形式可以体现社会关系也能反映一定的性别关系。
该研究通过语言分析印证了原有的观点,即男性的交际方式更具有竞争性而女性则更注重合作,或者说保持和他人的亲密关系。男性通常拥有更多的话轮,更善于挣抢话轮。他们会在没有法官允许的情况下占据话轮。另外他们的回答和女性比起来拥有更多的不合作或者非偏好的现象。男性在打断和重叠方面多于女性而且成功率也更高。还有,男性更不乐于去维持一个话题,因此在会话当中他们常常提出新话题和改变现有话题。女性则恰恰相反。本研究显示女性更为情绪化,这不仅体现在她们当庭所表露的情绪,比如沮丧、发怒或者焦虑,而且还体现在她们频频使用的情绪词汇上。女性没有男性占据的话轮多,而且在话轮承转以及应答过程中表现得更为合作。女性也有打断和重叠的现象出现,但不如男性频繁。分析还显示女性更注重会话的维护以及话题的维持。另外女性和男性比起来更愿意邀请法官参与她们的谈话,分享她们的经历和情感。
但是,本研究发现女性在一定程度上却因为她们的交际风格而导致在法庭上受到不公正的待遇。在法庭上,女性常常被禁止甚至被呵斥表露‘过多'的情感(尤其是在调解过程中,因为该过程不像开庭审理那么正式和程序化)。刻板的性别形象还限制了她们在庭上的行为。比如,法官极为反感女性所表现出的竞争性和攻击性,其实男性在语言上表现得更具有攻击性。另外,偏见的性别观念还阻止女性做出对她们自己有利的选择,比如在孩子的抚养权问题上。
从理论上来说本研究开创性地将会话分析、批评话语分析、系统功能语法、评价理论和法律语言学应用到了汉语的语料当中。从实践上则对中国的审判方式进行了有效的研究,尤其揭示了在离婚官司中权力的性别不平等以及女性是如何受到刻板的性别偏见的侵害。研究的结语部分建议实行调审分离制度,将调解作为一个完全独立于庭审的一个程序。只有这样才能够保障每个离婚诉讼官司中的夫妇都能有效的享有调解所特有的优点。另外,作者希望她的研究能够帮助法官和其他法律从业者更好地认识这些性别问题并对他们未来的工作有所指引。
当然,该研究还有待进一步的提高和完善。文章末节就指出,语料应该进一步扩充,囊括更大的年龄跨度和更多社会阶层的男男女女,这样才能从细节上强化目前的研究发现。另外更多的田野研究还有待展开,如对受试群体进行采访和问卷调查来丰富现有的社会因素调查,从而对语篇的语言分析提供有力的支持。
With the emergence of feminist movement in the 1970s, scholars in psychology, linguistics, anthropology, and other disciplines began to search for relationships between language and sex, and to think about how gender roles influence speech style. It is believed that discourse is connected in various ways to the power relations found in our society, especially in the trend of critical discourse analysis. Gender inequalities in legal field, more specifically in court interactions, have been touched on in western world under the adversarial legal system. The most noted are linguistic studies to reveal women's revictimization in rape trials and divorce mediations. China is a country where inquisitorial legal system is adopted, that is the reason why power-related studies in courtroom are generally carried out on the judge and we seldom find scholars who investigate gender power asymmetries. Besides, divorce cases are not as open as other cases to the general public since more privacy is involved. Thus, no works are found to explore possible gender inequalities existing in contemporary Chinese divorce cases.
This dissertation takes critical looks on Chinese divorce litigation discourse with critical discourse analysis, systemic functional linguistics (Appraisal theory, to be more exact), and conversation analysis (CA) as guidelines for its analytical tools in the hope of finding whether the law has failed to deliver its biggest promise—justice, more specifically, the equal treatment of men and women in this study. The data to be examined are 12 first-instance divorce cases (including mediations and court trials) recorded in one district-level court in Qingdao chaired by one female judge.
This dissertation is methodologically characterized by the integration of descriptive and qualitative analysis with quantitative justification. The author has adopted Fariclough's three-dimensional model and proposed her analytical framework by focusing on text and context. Text analysis is done at two linguistic levels, i.e., the lexico-grammatical level and the textual level in Chapter 4 and 5 respectively. Chapter 6 is dedicated to prejudicing gender ideologies which play a significant role in discriminating against women but are hard to be classified in either Chapter 4 or Chapter 5. Linguistic resources to be examined at the lexico-grammatical level are affect lexes, deontic modals and graduation lexes, selected from Appraisal theory. Conversation analysis has provided classical linguistic topics at the textual level, such as speech turns, adjacency pairs, interruptions, overlaps, topic initiations and changes etc. This dissertation does not assume that certain communicative styles or features consistently characterize one sex or the other, instead, it maintains that in certain context, linguistic style features are used to express social relations which also characterize gender relations.
Linguistic studies in this dissertation have confirmed the previous view that men interact more competitively while women's interaction pattern is more cooperation/solidarity-based. Men generally obtain more speech turns and they are more competitive in taking turns without the judge's permission and responding with dispreffered turns. They interrupt and overlap the judge more than their wives with higher efficiency. Besides, men are more impatient to maintain a topic, thus they tend to initiate and change topics in conversations. On the contrary, women are found to be more emotional not only by frequent demonstrations of sadness, anger, and anxiety, but also linguistically by employing more affect lexes. They are not eager to grab more speech turns and they are more cooperative in replies and taking turns. They do interrupt and overlap, but not as frequent as men. Women are also proved to be more helpful to smooth conversations and keeping topics. They are more willing to invite the judge's participation into their talks and share their experiences and feelings.
But it is found that women have to some extent been treated unfairly or revictimized in court because of their different communicative styles. They are often prohibited from releasing their emotions (especially in mediations which are assumed to be less formal than court trials) and accused of 'excessive' demonstrations of emotions in courtroom. Stereotypical gender ideologies have also restricted their performance in court. For example, women's demonstration of aggressiveness and competitiveness is greatly disapproved by the judge even though men are proved to be more aggressive linguistically. In addition, prejudicing gender ideologies have restrained women from making favorable choices for themselves, such as the custody of their children.
This study has theoretically contributed to applying CA, CDA, SFL, Appraisal theory and FL in Chinese data. Practically it has shed new light on Chinese legal systems, especially divorce cases by revealing where gender power inequalities lie and how women are revictimized by stereotypical gender prejudices. It is thus suggested at the end of this study that mediation should be practiced as a completely separated procedure so that every couple goes to court can truly enjoy the advantages of mediations. Besides, the author hopes that her study would be of help for judges and other law practitioners to recognize those gender problems so as to improve their future works.
Of course, this study needs further improvements. As is pointed out at the very end of this dissertation, a larger corpus (to cover people of various ages and classes) is needed not only to solidify the present findings but also to explore gender problems with more details. More field works, interviews and questionnaires are also expected to provide persuading social backgrounds for linguistic analysis.
本论文以批评的态度,借鉴了批评性话语分析、系统功能语法(更为确切的说是评价理论)和会话分析对中国的离婚诉讼话语进行语言剖析,以期探询法律是否违背了它的最高理念——维护公正。对本研究来说,更为确切的则是指男性和女性是否在法庭上受到了公平的对待。研究对象是12个一审离婚官司(包括调解和开庭审理两种形式)的录音转写语料。这些录音由作者本人采集于山东省青岛市一个区级法院,所有案件均由同一位女性法官进行审理。
就研究方法来说,本文以描述性和定性分析为主同时辅以量化数据支持。作者采纳了费尔克劳夫的三层分析模式,推出她个人的分析结构框架,兼顾文本和语境的研究。文本研究主要集中在两个层面,即词汇语法层和语篇层,分别在第四章和第五章进行论述。第六章重点讨论了性别偏见如何导致了女性在法庭话语中受到伤害,因为难以归入前面的任何一个章节,所以特单立此章进行揭示。词汇语法层的分析受评价理论的启发,重点分析了三个语言点,即情感词汇、能愿动词和分级词汇。而会话分析的经典研究重点则被吸纳作为第五章的语言研究点,例如话轮,相邻对,打断,重叠,话题的提出和改变等。当然,本研究决不认为某些交际风格和一个具体性别存在必然而且始终如一的联系。相反,只有在特定语境下,一些语言形式可以体现社会关系也能反映一定的性别关系。
该研究通过语言分析印证了原有的观点,即男性的交际方式更具有竞争性而女性则更注重合作,或者说保持和他人的亲密关系。男性通常拥有更多的话轮,更善于挣抢话轮。他们会在没有法官允许的情况下占据话轮。另外他们的回答和女性比起来拥有更多的不合作或者非偏好的现象。男性在打断和重叠方面多于女性而且成功率也更高。还有,男性更不乐于去维持一个话题,因此在会话当中他们常常提出新话题和改变现有话题。女性则恰恰相反。本研究显示女性更为情绪化,这不仅体现在她们当庭所表露的情绪,比如沮丧、发怒或者焦虑,而且还体现在她们频频使用的情绪词汇上。女性没有男性占据的话轮多,而且在话轮承转以及应答过程中表现得更为合作。女性也有打断和重叠的现象出现,但不如男性频繁。分析还显示女性更注重会话的维护以及话题的维持。另外女性和男性比起来更愿意邀请法官参与她们的谈话,分享她们的经历和情感。
但是,本研究发现女性在一定程度上却因为她们的交际风格而导致在法庭上受到不公正的待遇。在法庭上,女性常常被禁止甚至被呵斥表露‘过多'的情感(尤其是在调解过程中,因为该过程不像开庭审理那么正式和程序化)。刻板的性别形象还限制了她们在庭上的行为。比如,法官极为反感女性所表现出的竞争性和攻击性,其实男性在语言上表现得更具有攻击性。另外,偏见的性别观念还阻止女性做出对她们自己有利的选择,比如在孩子的抚养权问题上。
从理论上来说本研究开创性地将会话分析、批评话语分析、系统功能语法、评价理论和法律语言学应用到了汉语的语料当中。从实践上则对中国的审判方式进行了有效的研究,尤其揭示了在离婚官司中权力的性别不平等以及女性是如何受到刻板的性别偏见的侵害。研究的结语部分建议实行调审分离制度,将调解作为一个完全独立于庭审的一个程序。只有这样才能够保障每个离婚诉讼官司中的夫妇都能有效的享有调解所特有的优点。另外,作者希望她的研究能够帮助法官和其他法律从业者更好地认识这些性别问题并对他们未来的工作有所指引。
当然,该研究还有待进一步的提高和完善。文章末节就指出,语料应该进一步扩充,囊括更大的年龄跨度和更多社会阶层的男男女女,这样才能从细节上强化目前的研究发现。另外更多的田野研究还有待展开,如对受试群体进行采访和问卷调查来丰富现有的社会因素调查,从而对语篇的语言分析提供有力的支持。
With the emergence of feminist movement in the 1970s, scholars in psychology, linguistics, anthropology, and other disciplines began to search for relationships between language and sex, and to think about how gender roles influence speech style. It is believed that discourse is connected in various ways to the power relations found in our society, especially in the trend of critical discourse analysis. Gender inequalities in legal field, more specifically in court interactions, have been touched on in western world under the adversarial legal system. The most noted are linguistic studies to reveal women's revictimization in rape trials and divorce mediations. China is a country where inquisitorial legal system is adopted, that is the reason why power-related studies in courtroom are generally carried out on the judge and we seldom find scholars who investigate gender power asymmetries. Besides, divorce cases are not as open as other cases to the general public since more privacy is involved. Thus, no works are found to explore possible gender inequalities existing in contemporary Chinese divorce cases.
This dissertation takes critical looks on Chinese divorce litigation discourse with critical discourse analysis, systemic functional linguistics (Appraisal theory, to be more exact), and conversation analysis (CA) as guidelines for its analytical tools in the hope of finding whether the law has failed to deliver its biggest promise—justice, more specifically, the equal treatment of men and women in this study. The data to be examined are 12 first-instance divorce cases (including mediations and court trials) recorded in one district-level court in Qingdao chaired by one female judge.
This dissertation is methodologically characterized by the integration of descriptive and qualitative analysis with quantitative justification. The author has adopted Fariclough's three-dimensional model and proposed her analytical framework by focusing on text and context. Text analysis is done at two linguistic levels, i.e., the lexico-grammatical level and the textual level in Chapter 4 and 5 respectively. Chapter 6 is dedicated to prejudicing gender ideologies which play a significant role in discriminating against women but are hard to be classified in either Chapter 4 or Chapter 5. Linguistic resources to be examined at the lexico-grammatical level are affect lexes, deontic modals and graduation lexes, selected from Appraisal theory. Conversation analysis has provided classical linguistic topics at the textual level, such as speech turns, adjacency pairs, interruptions, overlaps, topic initiations and changes etc. This dissertation does not assume that certain communicative styles or features consistently characterize one sex or the other, instead, it maintains that in certain context, linguistic style features are used to express social relations which also characterize gender relations.
Linguistic studies in this dissertation have confirmed the previous view that men interact more competitively while women's interaction pattern is more cooperation/solidarity-based. Men generally obtain more speech turns and they are more competitive in taking turns without the judge's permission and responding with dispreffered turns. They interrupt and overlap the judge more than their wives with higher efficiency. Besides, men are more impatient to maintain a topic, thus they tend to initiate and change topics in conversations. On the contrary, women are found to be more emotional not only by frequent demonstrations of sadness, anger, and anxiety, but also linguistically by employing more affect lexes. They are not eager to grab more speech turns and they are more cooperative in replies and taking turns. They do interrupt and overlap, but not as frequent as men. Women are also proved to be more helpful to smooth conversations and keeping topics. They are more willing to invite the judge's participation into their talks and share their experiences and feelings.
But it is found that women have to some extent been treated unfairly or revictimized in court because of their different communicative styles. They are often prohibited from releasing their emotions (especially in mediations which are assumed to be less formal than court trials) and accused of 'excessive' demonstrations of emotions in courtroom. Stereotypical gender ideologies have also restricted their performance in court. For example, women's demonstration of aggressiveness and competitiveness is greatly disapproved by the judge even though men are proved to be more aggressive linguistically. In addition, prejudicing gender ideologies have restrained women from making favorable choices for themselves, such as the custody of their children.
This study has theoretically contributed to applying CA, CDA, SFL, Appraisal theory and FL in Chinese data. Practically it has shed new light on Chinese legal systems, especially divorce cases by revealing where gender power inequalities lie and how women are revictimized by stereotypical gender prejudices. It is thus suggested at the end of this study that mediation should be practiced as a completely separated procedure so that every couple goes to court can truly enjoy the advantages of mediations. Besides, the author hopes that her study would be of help for judges and other law practitioners to recognize those gender problems so as to improve their future works.
Of course, this study needs further improvements. As is pointed out at the very end of this dissertation, a larger corpus (to cover people of various ages and classes) is needed not only to solidify the present findings but also to explore gender problems with more details. More field works, interviews and questionnaires are also expected to provide persuading social backgrounds for linguistic analysis.
引文
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