Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金显微组织演变规律和力学行为研究
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摘要
钛合金具有较高的比强度和比刚度,优异的耐蚀性能、高温性能和加工性能,被广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工、舰船、汽车、医疗文体等领域,成为一种重要的结构材料和功能材料。但是,由钛合金的原材料成本及加工成本所构成的钛合金的使用成本远高于铝合金和钢材,限制了钛合金在更广泛领域的应用。因此,研制低成本钛合金对扩大应用具有十分重要的意义。
本文在Ti-6Al-4V基础上添加0.1wt%B,系统地研究了Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金显微组织演变规律和力学行为,并对该合金低成本加工工艺进行了探索性研究,结果如下：
论文系统地研究了铸态Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金组织特征及其形成机制,结果表明,采用两次真空自耗熔炼获得的Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金铸态组织由α相、β相与TiB相组成,TiB相为针状,表面十分光滑、平直,主要分布在原始p晶界处,在晶粒内部分布较少,铸态组织的原始β晶粒以及α相集束较Ti-6Al-4V合金明显细化。铸态组织形成过程中α相、p相与TiB相存在：(112)β//(010)TiB,(111)β//(1120)α,(001)TiB//(1010)α取向关系。部分β相以TiB相为核心长大,更多的形核核心导致了a集束的细化。
对Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金的热变形特征及组织演变规律进行研究发现,该合金是一种对变形温度和应变速率均敏感的材料,随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高,流动应力提高。铸态组织单相区变形时,材料的变形机制以动态回复为主,个别变形条件下发生不完全再结晶,组织得到细化；两相区变形时,材料的变形机制为连续动态再结晶,片层状组织因动态再结晶而球化。魏氏组织两相区变形时,随着应变量增加,组织得到细化,片层状组织也因为发生连续的动态再结晶而球化,低应变速率下变形时,变形时间的延长促进了动态再结晶后的晶粒长大。TiB相在变形过程中发生断裂,并沿着加工流线分布,TiB相的存在促进了再结晶的发生,提高了组织的球化率。
热处理对两相区轧制的Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金棒材的组织及动静态性能的影响进行了研究,结果表明：经过简单退火、两相区退火和单相区退火处理分别获得等轴组织、双态组织和魏氏组织。相变点以上热处理冷却过程中,α相从p相基体和TiB相处形核长大,TiB相作为α相的形核过程的附加形核位置,有助于α相的析出。在拉伸变形时：魏氏组织的强度高于双态组织和等轴组织,但塑性明显低于后者。退火冷却方式对合金的性能有较大的影响,水冷获得的强度最高,塑性最差,空冷和炉冷的强度接近,塑性最好。在高速冲击载荷的作用下：等轴组织和双态组织比魏氏组织可承载更高应变速率的压缩变形,三种组织绝热剪切敏感性,从不敏感到敏感的顺序依次为：双态组织、等轴组织、魏氏组织,双态组织中初生α相比例在50%-55%的合金动态性能最优。两相区退火不同冷却速度下,炉冷组织动态性能最仕,空冷次之,水冷最差。0.1wt%B添加对Ti-6A1-4V合金变形组织的平均动态流变应力影响不大,但能够降低材料的动态变形塑性,降低程度由大到小的排序为：魏氏组织>等轴组织>双态组织。TiB相相的存在不改变Ti-6A1-4V合金不同组织的绝热敏感性规律,处在绝热剪切带上的TiB相不是合金发生绝热剪切效的直接原因。
对铸锭两相区直接轧制的低成本钛合金制备工艺进行探索研究,结果表明,0.1wt%B添加后Ti-6A1-4V合金铸锭的热工性能得到了明显的改善,两相相区直接轧制的最大变形量可达70%。随着变形量的增加合金的的组织得到了明显的细化。铸锭经过β+β相相区形变热处理后获得了具有一定比例片层状初生α相的双态组织。相同变形量的两火次轧制比一火次轧制获得的组织更为细碎,板材性能更为优异。采用低成本加工工艺制备的钛合金板材经过920℃/1h,FC热处理后动静态性能与传统方法制备的Ti-6A1-4V相相当。铸态组织两相区直接轧制生产低成本钛合金工艺可行。
Titanium alloys with high specific strength and specific stiffness, excellent corrosion resistance, high temperature properties and processing properties, are widely used in the areas of aerospace, petrochemical, marine, automotive, medical and sports, and have become the important structure material and functional material. But the raw material costs and processing cost of titanium alloy are far higher than the aluminum alloys and steels, which limits the wider use of the titanium alloys. Therefore, it has critical significance to develop low-cost titanium alloys.
In this research, the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy modified with0.1wt%Boron are systematically studied. Additionally, the low cost processing for the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy is investigated. The results are shown as follows:
The microstructure character and formation mechanism of as-cast Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy were analyzed firstly. The ingot of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy obtained through twice consumable melting in vacuum is qualified. The structures of as-cast alloys consist of α,β and TiB phases. The needle-like TiB phase, whose surface appears very smooth and flat, are mainly distributed along the boundaries of the original β phase and less in grains. After the addition of0.1wt%Boron, the original α and β phases with as-cast structures are obviously refined. During the solidification of as-cast alloy, the α,β and TiB phases appear the orientation relationships as (112)β//(010)Ti,(111)β//(1120)α,(001)TiB//(1010)α. The orientation relationships show that a part of a phase nucleates from the TiB phase and more cores for nucleation lead to the refinement of a colony.
In this paper, the thermoplastic deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution character of the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy are studied. The results show that, the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy is sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rates. The flow stress increased as the deformation temperature reducing and the strain rate increasing. During the deformation of the single-phase region, the main deformation mechanism of the as-cast alloy is dynamic recovery, but incomplete recrystallization occurs under the condition of high temperature, and the organization of the alloys is refined. When deformations occur in the two-phase region, the deformation mechanism of the as-cast alloy is DCRX (dynamic continuous recrystallization), so the lamellar a structure globularized. When deformations occur in the two-phase region, the deformation mechanism of the alloy with Widmannstatten structure is the same to as-cast alloy, and the structure is refined and globularized with the increasing of deformation amount.In low strain rate deformation, the extension of deformation time promotes the grain growth after the dynamic recrystallization. TiB phase reverses in the deformation process and distribute along the processing flow line. The TiB phase promotes the occurrence of the recrystallization and improves the spheroidizing rate of the alloys.
Then the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure, tensile properties and dynamic properties are discussed and investigated. After simply annealing, β annealing and α+β annealing, the microstructure of rolling bar are transformed to equiaxed, Widmannstatten and bimodal structure respectively. During the cooling process from the temperature above the phase transition point, a phase nucleates and grows up in the β phase matrix and TiB phase. TiB phase as another nucleation position of a phase is conducive for the nucleation and precipitation of a phase. In the tensile deformation process, the strength of the alloys with Widmannstatten structure is higher than those with biomodal structure which have better plasticity however. Annealing cooling method has a greater impact on the properties of the alloy. The highest strength but the worst plasticity of the alloys is obtained by water-cooling. The strength is close comparatively by air-cooling and furnace cooling, and by both of which the alloys have the best plasticity. Under the condition of high-speed impact, the alloys with equiaxed structure and biomodal structure can carry higher strain rate in the process of dynamic compression deformation. The alloys with biomodal structure, equiaxed structure and Widmannstatten structure appear more and more sensitive to the adiabatic shearing in turn. The alloys with biomodal structure, in which the proportion of primary a phase is50%-55%, have the highest amounts of uniform plastic deformation, absorb the most energy in the deformation and show the best dynamic properties. Under different cooling rate (furnace-cooling, air-cooling and water-cooling) after two-phase annealing, the dynamic properties of the alloys perform better and better in turn.0.1wt%Boron addition affects little on the average flow stress of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, but obviously reduces the dynamic deformation plasticity, and the effects on the alloys with Widmannstatten, exquixed and biomodal structure show smaller and smaller in turn. During the dynamic loading process, the TiB phase doesn't alter the principle of the sensitive of the alloys to ABS (Adiabatic Shear Band) and there are no direct corresponding relationship between the TiB phase and the ABS.
Finally, the process of the preparation of the low-cost Titanium alloy by the method of α+β phase region rolling technology is investigated in this paper. It is indicated that, for the0.1wt%B addition in the Ti-6A1-4V alloy, the hot-working properties of the ingot alloy are critically improved. And the α+β phase region rolling of the alloy becomes possible. With the amount of α+β phase region deformation increasing, the microstructure of the alloy is refined remarkable, and the maximum deformation by direct rolling can reach70%. After α+β phase region thermal deformation processing and heat treatment, the biomodal microstructure with certain proportion of primary lath a phase can be observed. After direct-rolling, the mechanical properties of the alloy meet the requirements of index standard of GB/T3621-2007. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy through two passes rolling are refined well than those through one passes rolling. After920℃/1h, FC of heat treatment which is low cost process for the preparation of titanium alloy plate, the properties of the alloy is equal to Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
本文在Ti-6Al-4V基础上添加0.1wt%B,系统地研究了Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金显微组织演变规律和力学行为,并对该合金低成本加工工艺进行了探索性研究,结果如下：
论文系统地研究了铸态Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金组织特征及其形成机制,结果表明,采用两次真空自耗熔炼获得的Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金铸态组织由α相、β相与TiB相组成,TiB相为针状,表面十分光滑、平直,主要分布在原始p晶界处,在晶粒内部分布较少,铸态组织的原始β晶粒以及α相集束较Ti-6Al-4V合金明显细化。铸态组织形成过程中α相、p相与TiB相存在：(112)β//(010)TiB,(111)β//(1120)α,(001)TiB//(1010)α取向关系。部分β相以TiB相为核心长大,更多的形核核心导致了a集束的细化。
对Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金的热变形特征及组织演变规律进行研究发现,该合金是一种对变形温度和应变速率均敏感的材料,随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高,流动应力提高。铸态组织单相区变形时,材料的变形机制以动态回复为主,个别变形条件下发生不完全再结晶,组织得到细化；两相区变形时,材料的变形机制为连续动态再结晶,片层状组织因动态再结晶而球化。魏氏组织两相区变形时,随着应变量增加,组织得到细化,片层状组织也因为发生连续的动态再结晶而球化,低应变速率下变形时,变形时间的延长促进了动态再结晶后的晶粒长大。TiB相在变形过程中发生断裂,并沿着加工流线分布,TiB相的存在促进了再结晶的发生,提高了组织的球化率。
热处理对两相区轧制的Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金棒材的组织及动静态性能的影响进行了研究,结果表明：经过简单退火、两相区退火和单相区退火处理分别获得等轴组织、双态组织和魏氏组织。相变点以上热处理冷却过程中,α相从p相基体和TiB相处形核长大,TiB相作为α相的形核过程的附加形核位置,有助于α相的析出。在拉伸变形时：魏氏组织的强度高于双态组织和等轴组织,但塑性明显低于后者。退火冷却方式对合金的性能有较大的影响,水冷获得的强度最高,塑性最差,空冷和炉冷的强度接近,塑性最好。在高速冲击载荷的作用下：等轴组织和双态组织比魏氏组织可承载更高应变速率的压缩变形,三种组织绝热剪切敏感性,从不敏感到敏感的顺序依次为：双态组织、等轴组织、魏氏组织,双态组织中初生α相比例在50%-55%的合金动态性能最优。两相区退火不同冷却速度下,炉冷组织动态性能最仕,空冷次之,水冷最差。0.1wt%B添加对Ti-6A1-4V合金变形组织的平均动态流变应力影响不大,但能够降低材料的动态变形塑性,降低程度由大到小的排序为：魏氏组织>等轴组织>双态组织。TiB相相的存在不改变Ti-6A1-4V合金不同组织的绝热敏感性规律,处在绝热剪切带上的TiB相不是合金发生绝热剪切效的直接原因。
对铸锭两相区直接轧制的低成本钛合金制备工艺进行探索研究,结果表明,0.1wt%B添加后Ti-6A1-4V合金铸锭的热工性能得到了明显的改善,两相相区直接轧制的最大变形量可达70%。随着变形量的增加合金的的组织得到了明显的细化。铸锭经过β+β相相区形变热处理后获得了具有一定比例片层状初生α相的双态组织。相同变形量的两火次轧制比一火次轧制获得的组织更为细碎,板材性能更为优异。采用低成本加工工艺制备的钛合金板材经过920℃/1h,FC热处理后动静态性能与传统方法制备的Ti-6A1-4V相相当。铸态组织两相区直接轧制生产低成本钛合金工艺可行。
Titanium alloys with high specific strength and specific stiffness, excellent corrosion resistance, high temperature properties and processing properties, are widely used in the areas of aerospace, petrochemical, marine, automotive, medical and sports, and have become the important structure material and functional material. But the raw material costs and processing cost of titanium alloy are far higher than the aluminum alloys and steels, which limits the wider use of the titanium alloys. Therefore, it has critical significance to develop low-cost titanium alloys.
In this research, the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy modified with0.1wt%Boron are systematically studied. Additionally, the low cost processing for the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy is investigated. The results are shown as follows:
The microstructure character and formation mechanism of as-cast Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy were analyzed firstly. The ingot of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy obtained through twice consumable melting in vacuum is qualified. The structures of as-cast alloys consist of α,β and TiB phases. The needle-like TiB phase, whose surface appears very smooth and flat, are mainly distributed along the boundaries of the original β phase and less in grains. After the addition of0.1wt%Boron, the original α and β phases with as-cast structures are obviously refined. During the solidification of as-cast alloy, the α,β and TiB phases appear the orientation relationships as (112)β//(010)Ti,(111)β//(1120)α,(001)TiB//(1010)α. The orientation relationships show that a part of a phase nucleates from the TiB phase and more cores for nucleation lead to the refinement of a colony.
In this paper, the thermoplastic deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution character of the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy are studied. The results show that, the Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy is sensitive to the deformation temperature and strain rates. The flow stress increased as the deformation temperature reducing and the strain rate increasing. During the deformation of the single-phase region, the main deformation mechanism of the as-cast alloy is dynamic recovery, but incomplete recrystallization occurs under the condition of high temperature, and the organization of the alloys is refined. When deformations occur in the two-phase region, the deformation mechanism of the as-cast alloy is DCRX (dynamic continuous recrystallization), so the lamellar a structure globularized. When deformations occur in the two-phase region, the deformation mechanism of the alloy with Widmannstatten structure is the same to as-cast alloy, and the structure is refined and globularized with the increasing of deformation amount.In low strain rate deformation, the extension of deformation time promotes the grain growth after the dynamic recrystallization. TiB phase reverses in the deformation process and distribute along the processing flow line. The TiB phase promotes the occurrence of the recrystallization and improves the spheroidizing rate of the alloys.
Then the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure, tensile properties and dynamic properties are discussed and investigated. After simply annealing, β annealing and α+β annealing, the microstructure of rolling bar are transformed to equiaxed, Widmannstatten and bimodal structure respectively. During the cooling process from the temperature above the phase transition point, a phase nucleates and grows up in the β phase matrix and TiB phase. TiB phase as another nucleation position of a phase is conducive for the nucleation and precipitation of a phase. In the tensile deformation process, the strength of the alloys with Widmannstatten structure is higher than those with biomodal structure which have better plasticity however. Annealing cooling method has a greater impact on the properties of the alloy. The highest strength but the worst plasticity of the alloys is obtained by water-cooling. The strength is close comparatively by air-cooling and furnace cooling, and by both of which the alloys have the best plasticity. Under the condition of high-speed impact, the alloys with equiaxed structure and biomodal structure can carry higher strain rate in the process of dynamic compression deformation. The alloys with biomodal structure, equiaxed structure and Widmannstatten structure appear more and more sensitive to the adiabatic shearing in turn. The alloys with biomodal structure, in which the proportion of primary a phase is50%-55%, have the highest amounts of uniform plastic deformation, absorb the most energy in the deformation and show the best dynamic properties. Under different cooling rate (furnace-cooling, air-cooling and water-cooling) after two-phase annealing, the dynamic properties of the alloys perform better and better in turn.0.1wt%Boron addition affects little on the average flow stress of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, but obviously reduces the dynamic deformation plasticity, and the effects on the alloys with Widmannstatten, exquixed and biomodal structure show smaller and smaller in turn. During the dynamic loading process, the TiB phase doesn't alter the principle of the sensitive of the alloys to ABS (Adiabatic Shear Band) and there are no direct corresponding relationship between the TiB phase and the ABS.
Finally, the process of the preparation of the low-cost Titanium alloy by the method of α+β phase region rolling technology is investigated in this paper. It is indicated that, for the0.1wt%B addition in the Ti-6A1-4V alloy, the hot-working properties of the ingot alloy are critically improved. And the α+β phase region rolling of the alloy becomes possible. With the amount of α+β phase region deformation increasing, the microstructure of the alloy is refined remarkable, and the maximum deformation by direct rolling can reach70%. After α+β phase region thermal deformation processing and heat treatment, the biomodal microstructure with certain proportion of primary lath a phase can be observed. After direct-rolling, the mechanical properties of the alloy meet the requirements of index standard of GB/T3621-2007. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy through two passes rolling are refined well than those through one passes rolling. After920℃/1h, FC of heat treatment which is low cost process for the preparation of titanium alloy plate, the properties of the alloy is equal to Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
引文
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