草坪草新品种引种观察及再生体系的建立
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摘要
草坪建设是衡量城市现代化程度的重要标志之一，它对绿化城市、保护环境和生态平衡起着重要的作用。由于各方面的原因，我省对于草坪的建设尚处于初期发展阶段，草坪草的实验研究也刚刚起步。为促进我省在草坪草研发工作发展和草坪草种质改良，在搜集了国内外百余种优良草坪草新品种之后，本文选取其中冷季型草坪草22个品种，暖季型草坪草6个品种为材料，对其在长沙地区的引种情况进行了实验观察。并对在长沙地区绿期较长的草坪草品种，进行了愈伤组织诱导、分化及再生体系建立的研究。为利用生物技术改良草坪草品质，选育出适应性强的优良草坪草新品种奠定技术基础。
1．草坪草新品种的引种观察
筛选出了冷季型草坪草12个品种，研究表明：早熟禾属(Poa L.)的草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)和羊茅属(Festuca L.)的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schred)的耐旱性、抗病性优于翦股颖属(Agrostis L.)的匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.)和黑麦草属(Lolium L.)的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)，越夏率较高，全年没有明显的休眠期。其中尤其以高羊茅的沸浪、交战二号、猎狗五号，早熟禾的兰肯、纳苏、优异，耐旱性好，抗病能力强，越夏率达到65％以上；矮生、凯蒂莎、爱森特、克罗米、侵略者、摄政王是其中优良的品种，越夏率也在50％左右。匍匐翦股颖和多年生黑麦草抗逆性虽弱，但叶片细小，质地细腻，匍匐性好。
筛选出了暖季型草坪草4个品种，研究表明：雀稗属(Paspslum L.)的百喜草(Paspslum notatum Flugge)和结缕草属(Zoysia Willd)的沟叶结缕草(俗称马尼拉)(Zoysia matrella L)的抗寒性和抗病性优于狗牙根属(Cynodon Rich)的太阳城和百慕大品种，而狗牙根匍匐性好，生长快，易于成坪。全年绿期以百
喜草的太阳花王品种最长，为245天。
对暖季型草坪草供试的六个品种进行了种于萌发实验，发现结缕草种子繁殖
时用30％的Na0H浸泡处理10刁0分钟，可打破种于休眠，使其发芽时间缩短一
个星期。
通过引种观察实验，从供试暖季型草中筛选出了百喜草的太阳花王、结缕草
的马尼拉、狗牙根的太阳城和百慕大四个品种，进行下一步实验。
2．草坪草愈伤组织再生体系建立的研究
草坪草愈伤组织诱导中发现：暖季型草坪草诱导率明显低于冷季型草坪草，
供试的暖季型草坪草愈伤组织诱导率最高为18．52见大部分低于5尼选用NB或
CC培养基，2，4o诱导浓度的高低，愈伤组织诱导率都无明显变化。
冷季型草坪草愈伤组织诱导率最高为86．25％ 大部分高于25“选用CC或
肥培养基，可使诱导率提高18沁46％：将高羊茅的成熟种子去除胚乳，可使诱
导率提高17％：所需的2，4－－－－xx诱导浓度普遍偏高，高羊茅的最佳诱导浓度为Slllg／L，
匍匐器股颖和黑麦草的最佳诱导浓度为4mg／L，只有早熟禾的最佳诱导浓度与水
稻相似，为Zing／L。
草坪草愈伤组织分化及再生体系建立中发现：暖季型草坪草的愈伤组织在分
化的过程中，最初有绿色或紫色的芽点出现，但一直未能分化得到芽，在接种十
天之后，愈伤组织逐渐褐化、变黑，到接种40天时，大多完全丧失活力。
冷季型草坪草的愈伤组织的分化过程中，在 6oA浓度为 2 mg／l时，分化率
最高；不同的基本培养基，对分化及生根的影响有极大的差异，大部分品种选用
NB培养基最高可使分化率达到90．70％，生根率达到89．74％；另外，笔者还发现，
在愈伤组织诱导过程中，由高浓度2，4－－－－－－一诱导出的愈伤组织，分化更易得到白
化苗，当 2，41浓度为 14mg／L，白化苗的出现率比 2，4－m浓度为 8。g／L时
高出三倍以上；再生苗的生根对不同草坪草而言，差异较显著，同样培养条件下，
以匍匐葛股颖生根时间最短，生根率最高，黑麦草次之，高羊等的生根率最低。
In the first part of this thesis, 22 species of cold-season turfgrass and 6 species of warm-season turfgrass to the climate conditions of Hunan province were chosen to be introduced. In the second part of this thesis, the initiation and regeneration system for those turfgrass varieties were established. Studies on introducing of 28 turfgrass species
Ecological adaptability of 22 cold-season turfgrass varieties and 6 warm-season turfgrass varieties were evaluated. The results showed that among cold-reason turfgrass, 12 varieties are adaptive in the climate of Hunan province. For Poa L and Festuca arundinacea Schred, which is drought tolerance and no obvious domant period for the whole year, the summer survival percentage can reach 65%. For Agrostis L or Lolium L, the blade being tiny, the texture fine and smooth, the crawling character good, the summer survival rate is about 50%.
As for warm-reason turfgrass, 4 varieties suitable for the climate of Hunan province were chosen. Zoysia willdand P. notatum Flugge had good resistance to cold and disease. The green period can be as
long as 245 days in the year.
Establishment of the initiation and regeneration system for
turfgrass
The induction rate of warm-season turfgrass is lower than that of cold-season turfgrass obviously, the highest of which being 18.75%, and mostly being lower than 5%. As for cold-season turfgrass, making use of CC or NB medium in callus inducing, the induction rate can hit to 86.25%; by getting rid of endosperm, the initiation rate of Festuca arundinacea Schred can raise by 17%. The optimal induction concentration of 2,4-D of tested turfgrass varieties is usually higher than that of rice.
As far as plantlet regeneration, calli derived from warm-season turfgrass became brown and black gradually after cultured 40 days, mostly lost vigor. For cool-season turfgrass, the best 6-BA concentration for bud differentiation was 2mg/L; the best medium for differentiation and rooting of most turfgrass varieties was NB; the high concentration of 2,4-D used in the course of induction was prone to get albino plant; under the same cultural condition, the difference of rooting rate was relatively remarkable between different cultivars.
1．草坪草新品种的引种观察
筛选出了冷季型草坪草12个品种，研究表明：早熟禾属(Poa L.)的草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)和羊茅属(Festuca L.)的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schred)的耐旱性、抗病性优于翦股颖属(Agrostis L.)的匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.)和黑麦草属(Lolium L.)的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)，越夏率较高，全年没有明显的休眠期。其中尤其以高羊茅的沸浪、交战二号、猎狗五号，早熟禾的兰肯、纳苏、优异，耐旱性好，抗病能力强，越夏率达到65％以上；矮生、凯蒂莎、爱森特、克罗米、侵略者、摄政王是其中优良的品种，越夏率也在50％左右。匍匐翦股颖和多年生黑麦草抗逆性虽弱，但叶片细小，质地细腻，匍匐性好。
筛选出了暖季型草坪草4个品种，研究表明：雀稗属(Paspslum L.)的百喜草(Paspslum notatum Flugge)和结缕草属(Zoysia Willd)的沟叶结缕草(俗称马尼拉)(Zoysia matrella L)的抗寒性和抗病性优于狗牙根属(Cynodon Rich)的太阳城和百慕大品种，而狗牙根匍匐性好，生长快，易于成坪。全年绿期以百
喜草的太阳花王品种最长，为245天。
对暖季型草坪草供试的六个品种进行了种于萌发实验，发现结缕草种子繁殖
时用30％的Na0H浸泡处理10刁0分钟，可打破种于休眠，使其发芽时间缩短一
个星期。
通过引种观察实验，从供试暖季型草中筛选出了百喜草的太阳花王、结缕草
的马尼拉、狗牙根的太阳城和百慕大四个品种，进行下一步实验。
2．草坪草愈伤组织再生体系建立的研究
草坪草愈伤组织诱导中发现：暖季型草坪草诱导率明显低于冷季型草坪草，
供试的暖季型草坪草愈伤组织诱导率最高为18．52见大部分低于5尼选用NB或
CC培养基，2，4o诱导浓度的高低，愈伤组织诱导率都无明显变化。
冷季型草坪草愈伤组织诱导率最高为86．25％ 大部分高于25“选用CC或
肥培养基，可使诱导率提高18沁46％：将高羊茅的成熟种子去除胚乳，可使诱
导率提高17％：所需的2，4－－－－xx诱导浓度普遍偏高，高羊茅的最佳诱导浓度为Slllg／L，
匍匐器股颖和黑麦草的最佳诱导浓度为4mg／L，只有早熟禾的最佳诱导浓度与水
稻相似，为Zing／L。
草坪草愈伤组织分化及再生体系建立中发现：暖季型草坪草的愈伤组织在分
化的过程中，最初有绿色或紫色的芽点出现，但一直未能分化得到芽，在接种十
天之后，愈伤组织逐渐褐化、变黑，到接种40天时，大多完全丧失活力。
冷季型草坪草的愈伤组织的分化过程中，在 6oA浓度为 2 mg／l时，分化率
最高；不同的基本培养基，对分化及生根的影响有极大的差异，大部分品种选用
NB培养基最高可使分化率达到90．70％，生根率达到89．74％；另外，笔者还发现，
在愈伤组织诱导过程中，由高浓度2，4－－－－－－一诱导出的愈伤组织，分化更易得到白
化苗，当 2，41浓度为 14mg／L，白化苗的出现率比 2，4－m浓度为 8。g／L时
高出三倍以上；再生苗的生根对不同草坪草而言，差异较显著，同样培养条件下，
以匍匐葛股颖生根时间最短，生根率最高，黑麦草次之，高羊等的生根率最低。
In the first part of this thesis, 22 species of cold-season turfgrass and 6 species of warm-season turfgrass to the climate conditions of Hunan province were chosen to be introduced. In the second part of this thesis, the initiation and regeneration system for those turfgrass varieties were established. Studies on introducing of 28 turfgrass species
Ecological adaptability of 22 cold-season turfgrass varieties and 6 warm-season turfgrass varieties were evaluated. The results showed that among cold-reason turfgrass, 12 varieties are adaptive in the climate of Hunan province. For Poa L and Festuca arundinacea Schred, which is drought tolerance and no obvious domant period for the whole year, the summer survival percentage can reach 65%. For Agrostis L or Lolium L, the blade being tiny, the texture fine and smooth, the crawling character good, the summer survival rate is about 50%.
As for warm-reason turfgrass, 4 varieties suitable for the climate of Hunan province were chosen. Zoysia willdand P. notatum Flugge had good resistance to cold and disease. The green period can be as
long as 245 days in the year.
Establishment of the initiation and regeneration system for
turfgrass
The induction rate of warm-season turfgrass is lower than that of cold-season turfgrass obviously, the highest of which being 18.75%, and mostly being lower than 5%. As for cold-season turfgrass, making use of CC or NB medium in callus inducing, the induction rate can hit to 86.25%; by getting rid of endosperm, the initiation rate of Festuca arundinacea Schred can raise by 17%. The optimal induction concentration of 2,4-D of tested turfgrass varieties is usually higher than that of rice.
As far as plantlet regeneration, calli derived from warm-season turfgrass became brown and black gradually after cultured 40 days, mostly lost vigor. For cool-season turfgrass, the best 6-BA concentration for bud differentiation was 2mg/L; the best medium for differentiation and rooting of most turfgrass varieties was NB; the high concentration of 2,4-D used in the course of induction was prone to get albino plant; under the same cultural condition, the difference of rooting rate was relatively remarkable between different cultivars.
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43. Ashok Chzudhury, Qu Rongda. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of turf-type bermudagrass: effect of 6-benzyladenine in callus induction medium[J].Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2000,60(2): 113-120
44. Asano Y, Ugaki M, Transgenicplants of Agrostis alba obtained by
eletroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Report, 1994, 13: 243-246
45. Baldwin, N. A., Turfgrass Pests and Diseases, Sports Turf Research Institute 1990,14(20): 123-126
46. Cao J, Duan X, Mc Elroy D, etal. Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic tice plants following microprojectile mediated transforantion of suspension culture cells[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1992, 11:586-591
47. Cisar, J. L. and G. H. Snyder, 1993: Mobility and persistence of pesticides in a USGA—type green, 1. Putting green facility for monitoring pesticides, International Furfgrass Society Journal, (7): 971-977
48. Cho M J, Lemaux P G. Transgenic orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.)plants produced from highly regenerative tissues[M].Congress in Vitro Biology. 1999
49. Cho M J, Ha C D, Lemaux P G.. Produntion of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of highly regenerative tissue[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2000, 19:1084-1089
50. Chai M L, Kim D H. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean Lawngrass(Zoysia japonica)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5):455-458
51. Chang Fengqi, Li Yinxin, Liu Xuanmin, Liu Gongshe, Zhu Zhiqing. Characterization of variation induced by low-energy N~+ and cloning of differential expressed eDNA of a mutant inArabidopsis thaliana. Progress in natural science[J]. 2003, 13 (4): 271-275
52. Eizenga C C, Dahleen L S. Callus production regeneration and evaluation of plants from cultured inflorescences of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture, 1990, 22:7-15
53. Fredy Altpeter, Jianping Xu, Salahuddin Ahmed. Generation of large members of independently transformed fertile perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants of forage and turf-type cultivars. Molecular Breeding, 2000, 6(5):519-528
54. Finer J, Philippe V, Johns M W, etal. Development of the particle in flow gene
for DNA delivery to plant cell[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1992, 11:323-328
55. Guo Y D, Pulli S. An efficient androgenic embryogenesis and plant regeneration method through isolated microspore culture in timothy(Phleum pratense L.)[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(8):761-767
56. Garcia A, Dalton S J, Humphreys MO. Repruductive disturbances and phosphoglucoisomerase instability in Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) plants regenerated from callus and cell suspension cultures[J]. Heredity, 1994, 73: 356-362
57. Griffin J D and Dibble M S. High frequency plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentuchy bluegrass(Poa pratensis L.).Plant Cell Reports, 1995 ,(14):721-724
58. Griffia J D, Dibble M S. High frequency plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis L.)[J]. Plant Cell Report, 1995, 14:721-724
59. Hichey, M. J., T. R. O. Field and W. Rumball, 1993: Evaluation of native New Zealand Cotula (Leptinella dioica Hook. F.) Lines for lawn bowling greens, International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, (7): 775—779
60. Hiei Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Kumashiro T. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant Journal, 1994,6(2):271-282
61. Hiei Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Kumashiro T. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacteruim and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant Journal, 1994, 6(2):271-282
62. Hamilton C M. Stabel transfer of intact high molecular weight DNA into plant chromosomes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996,93:9975-9979
63. Hiei Y, Ohata S, Komari T etal. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant J, 1994, 6:271-282
64. Inoduma C, Sugiura K, Imaizumi N etal. Transgenic Japanese lawngrass(Zoysia Japonica Steud.) plant regenerated from protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1998,17: 334-338
65. Karen W L, Conger B V, Root and shoot formation from callus cultures of tall fescue [J]. Crop Science, 1979, 19:397-400
66. Kearney JF, Parrot WA, Hill NS. Infection of somatic embryos of tall fescue with Acemonium coenophialum. [J] Crop Science, 1991, 31: 979-984
67. Kim J B, Park S J, Kim D H. Cullus induction and plant regeneration from stolon in zoysia grass[J]. Korean Journal of Turfgrass science, 1997, 11:311-320
68. Lee Hyoshin, Kwon Yong-sham etc. Plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension culture of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000,20(1):7-12
69. L. Xiao, S.B. Ha. Efficient selection and regeneration of creeping bentgrass transformants following particle bombardment, Plant Cell Reports, 1997, (16): 874-878
70. Liu J, Liu G S, Jan C J. Comparison of Genetic Diversity of the Germplasm Resources of Confectionary Sunflower in China Based on RAPDs and AFLPs.Acta botanica sinica.2003, 450):352-358
71. Lisa L. Turfgrass biotechnology [J] Plant Science, 1996, 115: 1-8
72. Lyon B R. Expression of abacterial gene in transgenic tobacco plant confers resistance to the harbicide.[J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1989, 13:533-540
73. Lee L. Turfgrass biotechnology[J]. Plant Science, 1996,115:1-8
74. Lee L, Laramore C L, Day P R etal. Transformation and regeneration of creeping bentgrass(Agrosis plustris Hunds.) protoplasts [J]. Crop Sci, 1996, 36:401-406
75. M J Cho, C D Ha, P G Lemaux. Genetic transformation and hybridization: Production of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of nature seed-derived highly regenetative tissues. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(11): 1084-1089
76. Nielsen K A, Knudsen E. Regeneration of green plants from embryo genicsuspension cultures of Kentucky bluegrass(Poa Pratensis L.)[J]. Plants Physiol, 1993, 141:589-595
77. Park S H, Pinson S R M, Smith R H. T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of isolated shoot apices[J]. Plant Molecular Bio, 1996, 32:1135-1148
78. Rim Yongwoo, Kim Kiyong, Choi Keejun etc. Callus induction from seeds of Italian ryegrass and plant regeneration[J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000, 20(1):25-30
79. Sun C S. Plant regeneration from supersweat maize protoplasts derived from gametophytic cell suspensions[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989,8:313-316
80. Shetty K, Asano Y. The influence of organic nitrogen sources on the induction embryogenic callus in Agristis alba L.[J] Journal Plant Physiol, 1991, 139: 82-85
81. T T Yu, D Z Skinner, G H Liang, H N Trick, B Huang, S Muthukrishnan. Agrobacteritun-mediated transformation of creeping bentgrass using GTP as a report gene. Hereditas, 2000 ,Feb :737-741
82. Vander Valk P, Ruis F, Tettelaar Schrier A M, etal. Optimizing plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentucky bluegrass. The effect of benzyladnine [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1995, 40:101-103
83. William A, TORELLO, SYMMGTON A G. Regeneration from Pernnial Ryegrass Callus Tissue[J]. Hortscience, 1984,19(1): 56-57.
84. Xiao L, Ha S B. Efficient selection and regeneration of creeping bentgrass transformants following particle bombardment[Y]. Plant Cell Rep, 1997, 16: 874-878
85. Xu J, Schubert J, Altpeter F. Dissection of RNA-mediated ryegrass mosaic virus resistance in fertile transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The Plant Journal: for cell and molecular biology, 2001, 26(3):265-274
86. Yan Jiyu, R. E. Schmidt and David, C., 1993: The influence of plant growth
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87. Zhang W, Mcelory D, Wu R. Analysis of rice act region in transgenic rice plants[J]. The Plant Cell, 1991, 3:1155-1165
88. Zhong H, Liu C A, Vargas J M etal. Simultaneous control of weeds, dollar spot, and brown diseases in transgenic creeping bentgrass[A]. Ann Arbor Press, 1997: 203-210
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42. Ahloowalia S. Regeneration of Ryegrass Plants in Tissue Culture[J].Crop Science, 1975,15(4):449-452
43. Ashok Chzudhury, Qu Rongda. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of turf-type bermudagrass: effect of 6-benzyladenine in callus induction medium[J].Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2000,60(2): 113-120
44. Asano Y, Ugaki M, Transgenicplants of Agrostis alba obtained by
eletroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Report, 1994, 13: 243-246
45. Baldwin, N. A., Turfgrass Pests and Diseases, Sports Turf Research Institute 1990,14(20): 123-126
46. Cao J, Duan X, Mc Elroy D, etal. Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic tice plants following microprojectile mediated transforantion of suspension culture cells[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1992, 11:586-591
47. Cisar, J. L. and G. H. Snyder, 1993: Mobility and persistence of pesticides in a USGA—type green, 1. Putting green facility for monitoring pesticides, International Furfgrass Society Journal, (7): 971-977
48. Cho M J, Lemaux P G. Transgenic orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.)plants produced from highly regenerative tissues[M].Congress in Vitro Biology. 1999
49. Cho M J, Ha C D, Lemaux P G.. Produntion of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of highly regenerative tissue[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2000, 19:1084-1089
50. Chai M L, Kim D H. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean Lawngrass(Zoysia japonica)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5):455-458
51. Chang Fengqi, Li Yinxin, Liu Xuanmin, Liu Gongshe, Zhu Zhiqing. Characterization of variation induced by low-energy N~+ and cloning of differential expressed eDNA of a mutant inArabidopsis thaliana. Progress in natural science[J]. 2003, 13 (4): 271-275
52. Eizenga C C, Dahleen L S. Callus production regeneration and evaluation of plants from cultured inflorescences of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture, 1990, 22:7-15
53. Fredy Altpeter, Jianping Xu, Salahuddin Ahmed. Generation of large members of independently transformed fertile perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants of forage and turf-type cultivars. Molecular Breeding, 2000, 6(5):519-528
54. Finer J, Philippe V, Johns M W, etal. Development of the particle in flow gene
for DNA delivery to plant cell[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1992, 11:323-328
55. Guo Y D, Pulli S. An efficient androgenic embryogenesis and plant regeneration method through isolated microspore culture in timothy(Phleum pratense L.)[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(8):761-767
56. Garcia A, Dalton S J, Humphreys MO. Repruductive disturbances and phosphoglucoisomerase instability in Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) plants regenerated from callus and cell suspension cultures[J]. Heredity, 1994, 73: 356-362
57. Griffin J D and Dibble M S. High frequency plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentuchy bluegrass(Poa pratensis L.).Plant Cell Reports, 1995 ,(14):721-724
58. Griffia J D, Dibble M S. High frequency plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis L.)[J]. Plant Cell Report, 1995, 14:721-724
59. Hichey, M. J., T. R. O. Field and W. Rumball, 1993: Evaluation of native New Zealand Cotula (Leptinella dioica Hook. F.) Lines for lawn bowling greens, International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, (7): 775—779
60. Hiei Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Kumashiro T. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant Journal, 1994,6(2):271-282
61. Hiei Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Kumashiro T. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacteruim and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant Journal, 1994, 6(2):271-282
62. Hamilton C M. Stabel transfer of intact high molecular weight DNA into plant chromosomes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996,93:9975-9979
63. Hiei Y, Ohata S, Komari T etal. Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA[J]. Plant J, 1994, 6:271-282
64. Inoduma C, Sugiura K, Imaizumi N etal. Transgenic Japanese lawngrass(Zoysia Japonica Steud.) plant regenerated from protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1998,17: 334-338
65. Karen W L, Conger B V, Root and shoot formation from callus cultures of tall fescue [J]. Crop Science, 1979, 19:397-400
66. Kearney JF, Parrot WA, Hill NS. Infection of somatic embryos of tall fescue with Acemonium coenophialum. [J] Crop Science, 1991, 31: 979-984
67. Kim J B, Park S J, Kim D H. Cullus induction and plant regeneration from stolon in zoysia grass[J]. Korean Journal of Turfgrass science, 1997, 11:311-320
68. Lee Hyoshin, Kwon Yong-sham etc. Plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension culture of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000,20(1):7-12
69. L. Xiao, S.B. Ha. Efficient selection and regeneration of creeping bentgrass transformants following particle bombardment, Plant Cell Reports, 1997, (16): 874-878
70. Liu J, Liu G S, Jan C J. Comparison of Genetic Diversity of the Germplasm Resources of Confectionary Sunflower in China Based on RAPDs and AFLPs.Acta botanica sinica.2003, 450):352-358
71. Lisa L. Turfgrass biotechnology [J] Plant Science, 1996, 115: 1-8
72. Lyon B R. Expression of abacterial gene in transgenic tobacco plant confers resistance to the harbicide.[J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1989, 13:533-540
73. Lee L. Turfgrass biotechnology[J]. Plant Science, 1996,115:1-8
74. Lee L, Laramore C L, Day P R etal. Transformation and regeneration of creeping bentgrass(Agrosis plustris Hunds.) protoplasts [J]. Crop Sci, 1996, 36:401-406
75. M J Cho, C D Ha, P G Lemaux. Genetic transformation and hybridization: Production of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of nature seed-derived highly regenetative tissues. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(11): 1084-1089
76. Nielsen K A, Knudsen E. Regeneration of green plants from embryo genicsuspension cultures of Kentucky bluegrass(Poa Pratensis L.)[J]. Plants Physiol, 1993, 141:589-595
77. Park S H, Pinson S R M, Smith R H. T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of isolated shoot apices[J]. Plant Molecular Bio, 1996, 32:1135-1148
78. Rim Yongwoo, Kim Kiyong, Choi Keejun etc. Callus induction from seeds of Italian ryegrass and plant regeneration[J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000, 20(1):25-30
79. Sun C S. Plant regeneration from supersweat maize protoplasts derived from gametophytic cell suspensions[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989,8:313-316
80. Shetty K, Asano Y. The influence of organic nitrogen sources on the induction embryogenic callus in Agristis alba L.[J] Journal Plant Physiol, 1991, 139: 82-85
81. T T Yu, D Z Skinner, G H Liang, H N Trick, B Huang, S Muthukrishnan. Agrobacteritun-mediated transformation of creeping bentgrass using GTP as a report gene. Hereditas, 2000 ,Feb :737-741
82. Vander Valk P, Ruis F, Tettelaar Schrier A M, etal. Optimizing plant regeneration from seed-derived callus cultures of Kentucky bluegrass. The effect of benzyladnine [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 1995, 40:101-103
83. William A, TORELLO, SYMMGTON A G. Regeneration from Pernnial Ryegrass Callus Tissue[J]. Hortscience, 1984,19(1): 56-57.
84. Xiao L, Ha S B. Efficient selection and regeneration of creeping bentgrass transformants following particle bombardment[Y]. Plant Cell Rep, 1997, 16: 874-878
85. Xu J, Schubert J, Altpeter F. Dissection of RNA-mediated ryegrass mosaic virus resistance in fertile transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The Plant Journal: for cell and molecular biology, 2001, 26(3):265-274
86. Yan Jiyu, R. E. Schmidt and David, C., 1993: The influence of plant growth
regulators on turf quality and nutrient efficiency, International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, (7): 722—728
87. Zhang W, Mcelory D, Wu R. Analysis of rice act region in transgenic rice plants[J]. The Plant Cell, 1991, 3:1155-1165
88. Zhong H, Liu C A, Vargas J M etal. Simultaneous control of weeds, dollar spot, and brown diseases in transgenic creeping bentgrass[A]. Ann Arbor Press, 1997: 203-210