19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团研究
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摘要
在19世纪现代化进程中,英国已经逐渐形成了比较成熟的、独立于政治国家的私人自主领域——市民社会。英国中产阶级借助于市民社会的实体性组织——自愿社团,构建起公共领域,积极参与推动政治民主化进程。本文将在19世纪英国现代化进程的宏观历史背景中,以市民社会理论为分析视角和话语体系,以19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团为切入点,考察英国市民社会与政治国家之间的关系。基于此目的,本文把19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团作为一个特定对象进行研究,从自愿社团兴起的社会基础、组织类型、形态结构与经济机制、社会功能及其与国家关系五个方面入手,系统分析中产阶级自愿社团发展的动因、类型、机制、功能及其文化内涵,揭示自愿社团与英国政治现代化之间的内在关联性,力求客观认识与评价中产阶级自愿社团在19世纪英国社会发展中的地位与作用。
19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团的兴起具有深远的历史渊源和深厚的社会基础。17-18世纪启蒙运动思想家的市民社会理论和19世纪的自由主义思想以及中产阶级的“自助”观念等是自愿社团兴起发展的文化渊源。工业革命带来的经济发展改造了传统的社会结构,中产阶级在社会阶梯上崛起。随着中产阶级经济实力的增长和阶级意识的形成,必然产生要求政治变革、参与政权的愿望。然而,当时的英国社会并没有从组织形式上为这个集团提供发挥他们自身影响并获得社会声望的现成条件,他们必须创立自己的机构。随着工业化的迅猛发展,英国进入快速城市化时期,城市中的各种社会问题也成为中产阶级成立自愿社团的客观现实因素。
19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团从自身内涵到外在表现形式都是丰富多彩的。本文以布莱克本,博尔顿和普雷斯顿三个城镇数量众多的自愿社团为例,根据19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团的活动宗旨和社会功能,参照学界通常使用的分类标准,将其分为经济社团、政治社团、文化社团、慈善社团和宗教社团五个类别,对各个类型社团的活动情况和城镇中产阶级的参与情况进行说明和介绍。同时,对19世纪英国妇女社团的活动状况进行简要阐述,以展现19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团发展与繁荣的图景。
自愿社团作为市民社会的实体性组织,虽类型有别、目标各异,但其组织形态具有基本的相似性和共同特征。本文从微观层面对中产阶级自愿社团进行细致的组织形态分析,考察其内部结构,成员的资格限制、经济地位及职业状况,社团的经济管理机制,以及自愿社团自我管理的方式。展示自愿社团的组织管理模式,勾勒出中产阶级自愿社团的立体结构,认识自愿社团内部自律和自治的基础。
自愿社团对19世纪英国复杂的工业社会和城市化进程的重要贡献是,为中产阶级的城市生活提供了一种可资利用的自由选择方式,为高度分化的、流动的、异质的、多元化社会中的个人行动提供了互助合作的基础。本文将结合19世纪英国现代化的广阔社会历史背景中的自愿社团行动,从慈善公益,文化价值认同以及政治参与和社会治理等方面实证考察中产阶级自愿社团担负和履行的社会责任,并分析中产阶级自愿社团作为民主制度认同根基的特质。
市民社会需要政治国家正如政治国家需要市民社会一样,两者之间已经形成了辩证关系。就英国的历史情境而言,市民社会在19世纪的英国受到国家的珍视,国家以政治体制和法律制度保护市民社会,否则它不能以正式的社会结构存在。因而,本文将从理论层面研究中产阶级自愿社团的民主价值和意义。通过分析英国健全和完善的政治权力之间相互制衡的政治架构,与同样健全和完善的以社会制约权力的社会架构之间的关系与互动,从而认为,中产阶级自愿社团是形成市民社会与政治国家在适度分离基础上的融合与互动关系的关键要素,而两者的适度分离和良性互动是英国社会政治稳定的基础。
综合以上分析,笔者认为自治、自律、开放、民主的自愿社团文化是一种实践中的民主参与文化。这种民主参与文化倡导民主制度下的个人自由,希望把个人自由与公共价值观有机统一起来。19世纪英国中产阶级通过社团文化凝聚个人力量,以保证其自由参与和维持市民社会的能力,并对国家权力形成一种制衡的张力,从而为英国稳定、自由的民主体制奠定了基础。
In the modernization process of the19th century, Britain has gradually formed a more mature, independent of political country public sphere—the civil society. The British middle class by means of the voluntary societies, built the public sphere, attended political activities positively, which pushed the development of the political democratization. This paper is to study the relationship between the civil society and political state, with the perspectives of the civil society theory and the point-cut of the middle class voluntary societies in the19th Century British modernization of macro historical context. Based on this purpose, this paper makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the voluntary associations ranging from the social foundation, organization types, morphological structures and economic mechanism, social function and its relationship with the country, trying to shed light on the internal relatives between the voluntary societies and social development of Britain so as to discuss it objectively and fairly.
The rise of the British middle class voluntary societies in19th century had profound cultural historical origins and solid social foundation. The culture foundation including the17-18th century enlightenment thinkers'civil society theory, the19th-century liberal thought and the idea of "self-help" of the middle class. Industrial Revolution had greatly changed the class structure of traditional society in that the middle class has become the main class in British society. With the growth of the middle class economic strength and the formation of class" consciousness, and that they must have the demand of political change and the desire of the regime. British society at that time, however, was not provide an organizational form to exert their influence and access to social popularity for this group, they must create their own institutions. Along with the swift and violent development of the industrialization, Britain has entered into the era of rapid urbanization, and series of social problems in cities come forth subsequently, what become the objective reality factors that the middle class set up voluntary societies.
The voluntary society was full of variety from its own connotation to the visible expression. This paper focuses on the lots of the voluntary societies of three towns—Blackburn, Bolton and Preston, according to that of the activity purpose and social function as well as commonly used classification standard, put them into five categories such as the economic societies, political organizations, cultural associations, charitable organizations and religious communities, and to give a picture of the development and prosperity of them.
Although these societies were diverse in their form, size and purpose, they had some basic similarities and common characteristics of the organization form. From the micro level, this paper is to make a detailed study of the internal structure, membership qualification limit status, economic status and occupation, economic management mechanism and self-management way of the societies. Try to reveal the organizational management mode, outline a dimensional construct, and understand the basis of self-discipline and autonomy of the voluntary societies.
The important contribution of voluntary societies to the complex industrial society and urbanization was for the middle class provided available free choice of a way to the city life, it offered a form of cooperation and unity for the individual action of the highly differentiated, mobile, fragmented and diverse society. This paper is to investigate that the middle class carried out the social responsibilities from charity, culture identity and political participation and social governance aspects, as well as analyze the characteristics of the middle class voluntary associations as the foundations of democracy identity.
Civil society needs political state just as the political state needs to the civil society which has already formed the dialectical relationship between the two. In terms of historical context of Britain, civil society in19th century Britain was enshrined by the state that protected it with laws and with main force, otherwise it could not exist as a form of social structure. Therefore, this paper will research the democratic value and significance of the middle class voluntary society from the aspect of theory. Through the analysis of the checks and balances political structures between the sound and perfect political power, and also of the improve relationship between the socialization of power and the social fabric, consequently, I think that the voluntary association was the key factor that formed the interactive relationship based on the moderate separation of civil society and political state, and the moderate separation and positive interaction of two was the foundation of the British social and political stability.
On the basis of the above analysis, I think that the autonomy, self-discipline, democracy and open association culture is a kind of democratic participation culture in the practice. It advocates the personal freedom under the democracy, and hopes to unite harmoniously the personal freedom and public value. The middle class through the association culture condenses personal strength, to ensure that the ability of the freedom to participate and maintain civil society, and to form a tension balance of state power, consequently, such a culture paved the way for a stable open liberal democracy in the19th century Britain.
19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团的兴起具有深远的历史渊源和深厚的社会基础。17-18世纪启蒙运动思想家的市民社会理论和19世纪的自由主义思想以及中产阶级的“自助”观念等是自愿社团兴起发展的文化渊源。工业革命带来的经济发展改造了传统的社会结构,中产阶级在社会阶梯上崛起。随着中产阶级经济实力的增长和阶级意识的形成,必然产生要求政治变革、参与政权的愿望。然而,当时的英国社会并没有从组织形式上为这个集团提供发挥他们自身影响并获得社会声望的现成条件,他们必须创立自己的机构。随着工业化的迅猛发展,英国进入快速城市化时期,城市中的各种社会问题也成为中产阶级成立自愿社团的客观现实因素。
19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团从自身内涵到外在表现形式都是丰富多彩的。本文以布莱克本,博尔顿和普雷斯顿三个城镇数量众多的自愿社团为例,根据19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团的活动宗旨和社会功能,参照学界通常使用的分类标准,将其分为经济社团、政治社团、文化社团、慈善社团和宗教社团五个类别,对各个类型社团的活动情况和城镇中产阶级的参与情况进行说明和介绍。同时,对19世纪英国妇女社团的活动状况进行简要阐述,以展现19世纪英国中产阶级自愿社团发展与繁荣的图景。
自愿社团作为市民社会的实体性组织,虽类型有别、目标各异,但其组织形态具有基本的相似性和共同特征。本文从微观层面对中产阶级自愿社团进行细致的组织形态分析,考察其内部结构,成员的资格限制、经济地位及职业状况,社团的经济管理机制,以及自愿社团自我管理的方式。展示自愿社团的组织管理模式,勾勒出中产阶级自愿社团的立体结构,认识自愿社团内部自律和自治的基础。
自愿社团对19世纪英国复杂的工业社会和城市化进程的重要贡献是,为中产阶级的城市生活提供了一种可资利用的自由选择方式,为高度分化的、流动的、异质的、多元化社会中的个人行动提供了互助合作的基础。本文将结合19世纪英国现代化的广阔社会历史背景中的自愿社团行动,从慈善公益,文化价值认同以及政治参与和社会治理等方面实证考察中产阶级自愿社团担负和履行的社会责任,并分析中产阶级自愿社团作为民主制度认同根基的特质。
市民社会需要政治国家正如政治国家需要市民社会一样,两者之间已经形成了辩证关系。就英国的历史情境而言,市民社会在19世纪的英国受到国家的珍视,国家以政治体制和法律制度保护市民社会,否则它不能以正式的社会结构存在。因而,本文将从理论层面研究中产阶级自愿社团的民主价值和意义。通过分析英国健全和完善的政治权力之间相互制衡的政治架构,与同样健全和完善的以社会制约权力的社会架构之间的关系与互动,从而认为,中产阶级自愿社团是形成市民社会与政治国家在适度分离基础上的融合与互动关系的关键要素,而两者的适度分离和良性互动是英国社会政治稳定的基础。
综合以上分析,笔者认为自治、自律、开放、民主的自愿社团文化是一种实践中的民主参与文化。这种民主参与文化倡导民主制度下的个人自由,希望把个人自由与公共价值观有机统一起来。19世纪英国中产阶级通过社团文化凝聚个人力量,以保证其自由参与和维持市民社会的能力,并对国家权力形成一种制衡的张力,从而为英国稳定、自由的民主体制奠定了基础。
In the modernization process of the19th century, Britain has gradually formed a more mature, independent of political country public sphere—the civil society. The British middle class by means of the voluntary societies, built the public sphere, attended political activities positively, which pushed the development of the political democratization. This paper is to study the relationship between the civil society and political state, with the perspectives of the civil society theory and the point-cut of the middle class voluntary societies in the19th Century British modernization of macro historical context. Based on this purpose, this paper makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the voluntary associations ranging from the social foundation, organization types, morphological structures and economic mechanism, social function and its relationship with the country, trying to shed light on the internal relatives between the voluntary societies and social development of Britain so as to discuss it objectively and fairly.
The rise of the British middle class voluntary societies in19th century had profound cultural historical origins and solid social foundation. The culture foundation including the17-18th century enlightenment thinkers'civil society theory, the19th-century liberal thought and the idea of "self-help" of the middle class. Industrial Revolution had greatly changed the class structure of traditional society in that the middle class has become the main class in British society. With the growth of the middle class economic strength and the formation of class" consciousness, and that they must have the demand of political change and the desire of the regime. British society at that time, however, was not provide an organizational form to exert their influence and access to social popularity for this group, they must create their own institutions. Along with the swift and violent development of the industrialization, Britain has entered into the era of rapid urbanization, and series of social problems in cities come forth subsequently, what become the objective reality factors that the middle class set up voluntary societies.
The voluntary society was full of variety from its own connotation to the visible expression. This paper focuses on the lots of the voluntary societies of three towns—Blackburn, Bolton and Preston, according to that of the activity purpose and social function as well as commonly used classification standard, put them into five categories such as the economic societies, political organizations, cultural associations, charitable organizations and religious communities, and to give a picture of the development and prosperity of them.
Although these societies were diverse in their form, size and purpose, they had some basic similarities and common characteristics of the organization form. From the micro level, this paper is to make a detailed study of the internal structure, membership qualification limit status, economic status and occupation, economic management mechanism and self-management way of the societies. Try to reveal the organizational management mode, outline a dimensional construct, and understand the basis of self-discipline and autonomy of the voluntary societies.
The important contribution of voluntary societies to the complex industrial society and urbanization was for the middle class provided available free choice of a way to the city life, it offered a form of cooperation and unity for the individual action of the highly differentiated, mobile, fragmented and diverse society. This paper is to investigate that the middle class carried out the social responsibilities from charity, culture identity and political participation and social governance aspects, as well as analyze the characteristics of the middle class voluntary associations as the foundations of democracy identity.
Civil society needs political state just as the political state needs to the civil society which has already formed the dialectical relationship between the two. In terms of historical context of Britain, civil society in19th century Britain was enshrined by the state that protected it with laws and with main force, otherwise it could not exist as a form of social structure. Therefore, this paper will research the democratic value and significance of the middle class voluntary society from the aspect of theory. Through the analysis of the checks and balances political structures between the sound and perfect political power, and also of the improve relationship between the socialization of power and the social fabric, consequently, I think that the voluntary association was the key factor that formed the interactive relationship based on the moderate separation of civil society and political state, and the moderate separation and positive interaction of two was the foundation of the British social and political stability.
On the basis of the above analysis, I think that the autonomy, self-discipline, democracy and open association culture is a kind of democratic participation culture in the practice. It advocates the personal freedom under the democracy, and hopes to unite harmoniously the personal freedom and public value. The middle class through the association culture condenses personal strength, to ensure that the ability of the freedom to participate and maintain civil society, and to form a tension balance of state power, consequently, such a culture paved the way for a stable open liberal democracy in the19th century Britain.
引文
① 亨廷顿、米尔斯、高德索普、丹尼尔·贝尔等学者认为中产阶级是平衡官僚主义和平民主义的重要力量,在一定的条件下有稳定社会的功能。如,亨廷顿认为随着商业化的、官僚化的中间阶层的逐渐壮大,中间阶层的保守倾向将越来越明显,如果这时现代法治民主政治也取得一定的成就,中间阶层的保守性就成为法治民主政治的稳定力量。([美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变动社会的政治秩序.张岱云等译.上海：上海译文出版社,1989.第50页。)德国学者贝克在《没有劳动的资本主义》中指出：中产阶级“是不同阶级总体平衡中的一支主要的稳定力量。作为阶级平衡的重要因素,他们使自由资本主义社会得以延续下去。他们的发展将阻止无产阶级化的蔓延,在劳资间起缓冲作用——他们是阶级利益的平衡器和稳定器,是给社会带来和谐的使者”。(转引自张世鹏,殷叙彝.全球化时代的资本主义.北京：中央编译局,1998.第119页。)
② 美国学者李普塞特认为法西斯主义基本上是中产阶级的运动,它代表着既对资本主义也对社会主义,既对大企业也对大工会的抗议。([美]西摩·马丁·李普塞特.政治人——政治的社会基础.北京：商务印书馆,1993.第100-101页。)K.罗伯茨等学者在《破碎的中产阶级结构》一书中提出“破碎的中产阶级”观点,认为中产阶级会越来越走向破碎化,会分化为不同阶级,这样分裂、破碎的阶级本身矛盾重重,难以具有社会稳定功能的力量。(转引自李强.关于中产阶级的理论与现状.社会,2005第1期.第28-42页。)
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③ 霍布斯鲍姆在其著《工人：劳动的世界》指出,阶级的形成并不像建房子那样一次完成,阶级从来就没有完成过或者形成固定的形式,它永远都处在变化中。任何社会结构总是由不同的社会分层构成,而这种分层又是要受到社会经济和政治的发展变化影响发生重组。Eric. Hobsbowm, Workers:Worlds of Labor. New York:Pantheon Books,1984, p58.
④ 李宝芳.维多利亚时期英国中产阶级婚姻家庭生活研究.博士学位论文.天津,南开大学,2008。
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⑥ 也有学者认为最早对市民社会概念做出界定的是柏拉图,参见John Ehrenberg. Civil Society:The Critical History of an Idea.
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② 在洛克的《政府论》中译本中为“公民社会”。
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③ 依据哈贝马斯的观点,进入公共领域有两个标准：一是拥有财产,一是受过教育。“作为‘物主’的公众和作为‘人’的公众的统一过程集中说明了资产阶级私人的社会地位本来就是具有财产和教育的双重特征。”(哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型.第59页)因此,“只要拥有一定的财产和受过良好的教育就能占领讨论对象的市场。”(同上书,第42页)可见,当时的学校教育与其说是社会地位的一个前提,不如说是社会地位的一个结果,受教育阶层首先是有产阶层。
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① Abram. Blackburn. Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton Biographical Notes, B1, p.1, obit. of Peter Ormrod, May 1875; p.10, The Peter Rothwells of Bolton'; p.38,obit. of Peter Martin, July 1879. Shaw, Album of articles, Jeseph Harrison, BT, Jan.4,1930; Lewis family, Blackburn Times, Feb.10,1834. Richmond and Turton eds., Brewing Industry, p.332. Abram,'Sketches,'vol.Ⅱ, Preston Guardian, Feb.21,1880. Stephen Simpson, Simpson:Records of an Ancient Yeoman Family of the West Ridding of Yorkshire 1544-1922, Derby and London, 1922, p.24. Rev. William Kirkman. The Memorials of Mr. Thomas Crouch Hincksman, London,1885, p.3.
① Edward Baines, junior. The social, educational and religious state of the manufacturing districts. London and Leeds,1843.
② 王名.民间组织通论.北京：时事出版社,2004.第18-19页。
① Lois Basnett.'The History of the Bolton and Leigh Railway Based on the Hulton Papers (1824-1828),' Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, LXII,1950-51, pp.157-58,164-65,174.
② Public Record Office, DDHu 6/1,2,4-6,12,17,18,20,21.
③ John Marshall. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. Newton Abbot,1969, vol.Ⅰ.
① Public Record Office, Minutes of Directors of Preston and Wigan Railway Company, RAIL 534/4, Aug.5,1831, June 4,28,1838.
② N. Parker. The Preston and Longridge Railway. The Oakwood Press,1972. pp.4-7.
③ Catherine Rothwell. A History of Fleetwood-on-Wyre 1834-1934.
④ Public Record Office. Lancaster and Preston Railway Company Minutes, RAIL 347/1, Apr.13 1836, Jan.6 1837, June 19.
① Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton and Preston Railway Minute Book, RR/4/1, Apr.11,25,28, Oct. 13,27 1836; Gordon Biddle,'The Lancaster Tramroad,' part II, Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society, v.9, No.5, Nov.1963, pp.94,96.
② Brian G. Awty. 'The Introduction of Gas Lighting to Preston,'THSLC,125,1974,pp.84-100.
① William Alexander Abram. History of the Blackburn Gas-Light Company.1879.
② James Clegg.The Bolton Gas Company:1818-1872. An Historical Retrospect. Bolton,1872, reprinted from BC. pp.8-36.
③ Bolton Archives and Local Studies. Minutes of Commissioners of the Turton and Entwisle Reservoir, UWT/1, esp. May 9,21, Sep., Dec.26 1832, July 25 1836,Aug.2 1843.
④ Preston Chronicle, Sept.3 1836, p.1.
⑤ Bolton Free Press. May 1 1841, p.2; May 8 1841, p.2.
⑥ Extracts from Various Authors on the General Advantages of Bathing. Bolton,1846.
① Blackburn Standard, July 17 1850, p.1.
② Blackburn Standard, July 23 1845, p1.
③ Blackburn Gazette, Nov.28 1832, pp.1-4.
① Blackburn Reference Library,'Minutes and Reports of the proceeding of the Blackburn Association for the effecting the abolition of the East India Company's Monopoly of Salt, and reduction of the duty on Tea, and of the Commercial Association from Sep.24,1846 to Feb.9,1848,'including extracts from Blackburn Standard, Sept. 23 1846; Preston Guardian, Sept.4 1847; Manchester Guardian, Sept.4 1847.
② Sir Alan John Sykes eds.. Concerning the Bleaching Industry, Manchester,1925, pp.26-28.
① Linda Colley. Britons:Forging the Nation 1707-1837. New Haven and London,1992.
② W. Brimelow. Political and Parliamentary History of Bolton, Bolton,1882, pp.7-10; Bolton Chronicle, Sept.9 1837, p.2.
① Lt. Col. B. Palin Dobson, History of the Bolton Artillery 1860-1928. Bolton,1929. pp.2-3.
② Blackburn Mail, Apr.25 1798, p.3; Abram, A History of Blackburn, Town and Parish (Blackburn 1877), p.412.
③ Blackburn Mail, May 16 1798, p.3.
④ Blackburn Mail, Apr.25 1798, p.3.
⑤ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.50/75, Bancroft to Derby, Aug.26 1803.
⑥ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.50/75, Watson to Derby, July 26 1803.
① Bancroft. A Sermon Preached Before the Officers and Privates of the Loyal Bolton Volunteer Corps of Infantry, on Thursday, May 6th,1802, Being the Day on which they were Disembodied, and their Colours Deposited in the Parish Church of Bolton (Bolton 1802), pp.4,13.
② Albert Goodwin. The Friends of Liberty. Harvard University Press,1979, p.195.
③ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.40/1, May 15 1812.
④ Lancashire Record Office, DDHu 53/82/82, Notice of meeting, Sept.25 1818.
⑤ [德]马克斯·比尔.英国社会主义史.下卷.何新舜译.北京：商务印书馆,1959.第28页。
① D.J. Rowe. London Radicalism 1830-1843-A selection of the papers of Francis Place. London,1970, p.xvi, p.62.
② Bolton Chronicle, Feb.12 1831, p.4.
③ Bolton Chronicle, Feb.26 1831, pp.1,3.
④ Preston Chronicle, Apr.2 1831, p.3.
① Preston Chronicle, Oct.1,1831, p.3; Oct.8,1831 p.3; Preston Pilot, Mar.12 1831, p.2.
② Patrick Joyce,'A People and a Class:Industrial Workers and the Social Order in Nineteenth-Century England,'in Bush (ed.), Social Orders, p.205.
③ John A. Phillips, The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs:English Electoral Behaviour,1818-1841, Oxford,1992, pp.298-301.
④ David Wash,'Operative Conservatism in Lancashire,1833-1846. Some Comments on a Changing Political Culture', Occasional Paper in Politics and Contemporary History,11, University of Salford,1987, pp.22,27.
⑤ Blackburn Alfred, Feb.18 1833, p.8.
① Blackburn Standard, Apr.29 1835, p.8; Feb.4, p.4; Feb.11,p.4. Whittle, Blackburn, p.161.
② Preston Chronicle, June 6 1835, p.3.
③ Preston Chronicle, Feb.6 1836, p.2. David Walsh, "Working Class Political Integration and the Conservative Party:A Study of Class Relations and Party Political Development in the North-West,1800-1870," Ph. D. thesis, University of Salford,1991, chs.9-10.
④ Lancashire Record Office, DDPr/51/3a, Report of the Proceedings at the Meeting of the Bolton Operative Conservative Association, held in the Little Bolton Town Hall, June 1st,1836, Bolton,1836. pp.3-11,16-18, 27-28.
⑤ Report of the Proceedings at the First Anniversary Dinner of the Horwich Operative Conservative Association, Bolton,1836, pp.3-16.
⑥ R. Stewart.The Foundation of the Conservative Party 1830-1867. Longman,1978. p.133.
① Preston Chronicle, May 26 1832, p.3. For a clear statement of middle-class reformers reneging on their radicalism as soon as Reform was safe, see Belchem,'Orator'Hunt, pp.259-266.
② Bolton Free Press, Aug.18,1838, p.3.
③ Bolton Free Press, Mar.16 1844, p.3.
④ A. L. Lowell. The Government of England:Two Parts. New York, Macmillan,1919. p.42.
③ 参见王觉非.近代英国史.第459-460页。
① Bolton Free Press, Feb.16,1839, p.3.
② Bolton Free Press, Dec.27 1845, p.3.
③ Preston Chronicle, Feb.9 1839, p.2; Jan.4 1845, p.3; Dec.6, p.2; Dec.13, p.2.
④ Ashworth, Recollections, p.218.
① Porter. Science, Provincial Culture and Public Opinion in Enlightenment England. British Journal of Eighteenth-Century Studies,3,1980. pp.20-46.
② Census of Great Britain,1851. Education. England and Wales. Report and Tables. London,1854. p.245.
③ Harris Reference Library, Minutes of the Preston literary and Philosophical Society, Mar.12,20; Apr.30; May 3, 14; Dec.3 1810.
④ Marian Roberts. The Story of Winckley Square. Preston 1988. p.50.
⑤ John Rainforth. Address to the Bolton Philosophical and Literary Society, Aug.13 1813. Lancashire Record Office, Allen Collection, DP 282/14, printed circular of Oct.18 181.
⑥ Blackburn Mail, Aug.27 1823, p.2; Blackburn Standard, Oct.30 1844, p.3.
⑦ Catalogue of the Library at Penwortham Lodge, Preston,1823.
⑧ Abram. Blackburn Characters, p.103.
⑨ Hall ed.. Miss Weeton, p.255, letter to Mrs. Whitehead, Apr.18 1810:'The collection is numerous, valuable, and well selected. How rich I should be in books if I had all in Mr P's library that had never been read.'
① Tom Dunne. A History of Public Libraries in Bolton from the Beginnings to 1974. Ph. D. thesis, University of Strathclyde,1981. p.46-53.
② Blackburn Reference Library,'Exchange News Room a/c's & c.'
③ Susan Bullen. The Cultural Life of Preston 1742-1842. MA thesis, University of Leicester,1970. pp.43-44.
① J. H. Arrowsmith. Essay on Mechanics'Institute, with a Particular Relation to the Institute Recently Established in Bolton. Bolton 1825, pp.5,7,10,12-13,15-20.
② First Annual Report of the Bolton Mechanics Institute, Bolton.1826, pp.5,8,12.
③ Reports of the Bolton Mechanics Institute:Report for 1830-31. Bolton Chronicle, Oct.8,1831.
④ Reports of the Bolton Mechanics Institute:Report for 1837. Bolton Free Press, Sept.30,1837.
⑤ Joseph Livesey. Autobiography of Joseph Livesey. London,1881, pp.41-43.
⑥ Preston Chronicle, Nov.15 1828, p.3.
① Alison Andrew. The Working Class and Education in Preston 1830-1870. A Study of Social Relations'. Ph. D. thesis, University of Leicester,1987, pp.139-141.
② Lancashire Record Office, QDS/1/4/131, Preston Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge, Oct.1837.
③ Preston Chronicle, Apr.21 1849, p.4; Apr.28, pp.4,7. Hewitson, Preston, pp.449-450.
④ Blackburn Reference Library, Minute Book for the Mechanics Institute, B374.2,1844-46:Mar.27, Apr.4 1844.
① Whittle, Blackburn, pp.32-33.
② John Taylor. Autobiography of a Lancashire Lawyer. Bolton,1883.pp.68-69.
③ John Taylor. Autobiography of a Lancashire Lawyer, pp.122-24.
④ Hewitson. Preston, p.250.
⑤ Henry Whittaker. The Union Club, Blackburn 1849-1949. A Short History. Blackburn,1950. pp.4-12.
① Blackburn Mail, Jan.22 1794, p.3; Jan.29, p.3; Feb.12, p.3.
② Blackburn Mail, Feb.27 1811.
③ Lancashire Record Office, Allen Collection, DP 281/37, Report of the Committee for the Relief of the Poor resident in the Township of Little Bolton,1817. BM, Jan.19 1820, p.2.
④ Public Record Office, HO 40/20, J. W. Whittaker to Francis Fortune, London, May 8 1826.
① Blackburn Mail, Apr.12,1826, p.3.
② Public Record Office, Kew, Home Office Papers:40/19, Rogerson to Peel, May 20; 40/21, printed resolutions of meeting, Aug.12; McAdam to James McAdam (his son), Aug.13.
③ Cooke Taylor.Tour in the Manufacturing Districts.pp.42-43.
① Bolton District Provident Society Report,1840, pp.30-33.
② Bolton District Provident Society Report,1842, pp.7-11.
③ The Blackburn Standard, Dec.1 1841, pp.1,3; Nov.17, p.2.
① Blackburn Reference Library, Report of the Blackburn Strangers'Friend Society For the Year 1827.
② Lancashire Record Office, Preston Dispensary Records. Draft First Report, Oct.1910; Derby to John Taylor, Nov. 25 1809.
③ John V. Pickstone. Medicine and Industrial Society. A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region,1752-1946. Manchester,1985. pp.69-71; Meg Whittle. Philanthropy in Preston:The Changing Face of Charity in a 19th Century Provincial Town. Ph. D. thesis, University of Lancaster,1990. pp.88-111.
④ Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton Dispensary Minute Book 1813-1818. HBO/1/1/1, Dec.2,11 1813, Mar.4 1814.
① Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton Infirmary Reports 1818-1860, HBO/1/10/1,1818-19 Report, pp. 4-24.
② Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Report for 1825-26, pp.3-4; 1826-27, pp.10,12; 1827-28, pp.6-7; 1828-29, pp.3-5,11; 1829-30, pp.4-6.
③ Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Report for 1830-31, pp.4-5,7; 1836-37, pp.3-4,6; 1837-38, pp.3-5;1838-39, pp.4-5.
① J. G Shaw. History of the Blackburn Saving Bank 1831-1931. Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/11, Blackburn Savings Bank, Fed.1818.
② Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/10a, Bolton Bank for Savings, deposited in office of Clerk of the Peace, Apr.
① Lancashire Record Office, QDS/2/1/45, Lodge of Peace and Unity.
② Brother James Rostron, History of the Lodge of Fidelity, No.269,1788-1914, Blackburn,1914.
① Harris, Preston Auxiliary Bible Society:Address and Reports:Report of the Preston Auxiliary Bible Society (Preston 1815), pp.5-6,9-16,28,34-36.
② 其职业主要根据Rogerson's Lancashire Directory (Blackburn,1818)整理。
① Preston Chronicle, Dec.7 1818, p.2; Dec.14, p.2.
② Preston Chronicle, Apr.16 1836, p.3.
③ Preston Chronicle, Dec.14 1833, p.2-3.
④ Blackburn Alfred, Mar.12 1834, p.1.
⑤ Blackburn Alfred, Mar.20 1833, p.1.
① George Thistlethwaite, William Thistlethwaite, pp.57-63.
② William Jones, The Fainting of a Standard-Bearer. A Sermon Preached at Mawdley-Street Chapel, Bolton, on Sunday, January 14th,1838, Occasioned by the Lamented Death of the Rev. William Thistlethwaite, M A. (Bolton, 2nd edn.,1838),pp.4,7-8.
③ Whitaker, An History of the Original Parish of Whalley.4th edn.,1872, vol.11,p.217.
① Sir Walter Scott's.St Ronan's Well. edited by Mark Weinstein. Edinburgh University Press,1995.
② Daniel C. Paton's. Drink and the Temperance Movement in Nineteenth-Century Scotland. Ph.D thesis, Edinburgh University,1976.
③ Anonymous feature article. Intemperance-causes and remedies. The Scotsman,16 June 1827.
④ George B. Wilson. Alcohol and the Nation:A Contribution to the Study of the Liquor Problem in the United Kingdom from 1800 to 1935. London:Nicholson & Watson,1940; Paton. Drink and the Temperance Movement, pp.103-3; Rudolph Kenny and Anthony Mooney. People's Palace:Victorian and Edwardian Pubs of Scotland.Edinburgh:Paul Harris,1983. pp.19-20.
⑤ Lancashire Record Office, OGR/2/29, Chaplain's Report, Oct.1839. p.9.
① W. E. Moss. Blackburn's First Temperance Society Centenary, Blackburn 1931, p.8.转引自Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians:The Temperance Question in England 1815-1872, Pittsburgh,1972. p.107.
② D. O'Connor. The Temperance Movement in Bolton'MS. Bollon Archives and Local Studies,1974.pp.3-4.
③ Bolton Free Press, Jan.4 1840. O'Connor,'Temperance Movement,'pp.6,20,25-26,30-31.
① Frank Hodgkinson. The Social Origins of the Teetotal Movement in Preston 1820-1835.Cert. Ed. dissertation, Chorley College of Education,1976.
② Davidoff and Hall. Family Fortunes, p.430.
③ Clive Behagg. Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century. London:Routledge,1990; Eugenion F. Biagini and Alastair J. Reid. eds.. Currents of Radicalism:Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain,1850-1914. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991; Brian Harrison and Patricia Hollies, eds.. Robert Lowery, Radical and Chartist. London:Europa,1979. pp.11-13.
④ Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England. New Haven, London:Ylae Untiversity Press,1988.p.256.
① Thomas Bernard. An Account of the Ladies'Schools and Some Other Charities at Leeds. Report of the Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor,4 25 Dec.1803.
② Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England, p.342.
③ Simey. Charitable Efforts in Liverpool in Nineteenth Century, p.21.
④ Amanda Vikery.The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England.p.342.
⑤ Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England, p.342.
⑥ Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes, p.434.
⑦ F. K. Prochaska. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, pp.5-27.
⑧ Annual Reports of the Leeds Guardian Society. Leeds,1820-51.
⑨ Sandra Burmand. edt.Fit Work for Women. London:Croom Helm,1979,p.34.
① Sandra Burmand. edt.Fit Work for Women, p.54.
② Yaffa Clair Drazanin. Victorian London's Midddle-Class Housewige. London:Grennwood Press,2000. p.146.
③ Sue Morgan. edt. Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain,1750-1900. London:Macmillan,2002, p.30.
④ Sue Morgan, edt. Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain,1750-1900. p.30.
⑤ Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. edt. Gender in Eighteenth-Century England, Role, Representations and Responsibilities. London:Longman,1997, p.118.
⑥ Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. edt. Gender in Eighteenth-Century England, Role, Representations and Responsibilities, p.114-119.
⑦ Pamela Horn. Victorian Countrywomen. Oxford,1991. p51.
① Pamela Horn. Victorian Countrywomen. Oxford,1991. p.60.
② Helen Corr. The Schoolgirl's Curriculum and the Ideology of the Home,1870-1914. Glasgow Women's Studies Group, Uncharted Lives:Extracts from Scottish Women's Experiences,1850-1982.Glasgow,1983; Sheila Hamilton. The First Generations of University Women. Gordon Donaldson, edt. Four Centuries. Edinburgh University Life,1583-1983. Edinburgh,1983.
③ Jane Randall. The Origins of Modern Feminism, Women in Britain, France and the U S.,1790-1880, London: Macmillian,1985, p.246.
④ Jane Rendall. edt. Equal or Different Women's Politcis 1800-1914. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1987, p.84.
① Jane Randall. The Origins of Modern Feminism, Women in Britain, France and the U S.,1790-1880. p.246.
② Harold L. Smith. Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928. London:Longman,1998. p.6.
③ Liddington and Norris. One Hand Tied Behind Us. pp.64-83.
① Profiles of Excellence:Studies of the Effectiveness of Nonprofit Organizations. Executive Summary. Washington, DC:Independent Sector,1989. p.3.
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① W. Brimelow. Political and Parliamentary History of Bolton, Bolton,1882. pp.7-10; Bolton Chronicle, Sept.9 1837. p.2.
② Lancashire Record Office, Preston Dispensary Records. Draft First Report, Oct.1910; Derby to John Taylor, Nov. 25 1809.
③ Rudd. An Address...May 13 1811; At the Commencement of a Course of Lectures to the Society, on Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Preston 1811. pp.9-10.
④ Harris. Preston Auxiliary Bible Society:Address and Reports:Report of the Preston Auxiliary Bibl Society.Preston,1815.p.5.
⑤ Souvenir of the Preston Savings Bank 1816-1907, Preston 1907. pp.16-28; Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/33, Preston Bank for Savings, Jan.1 1822.
⑥ J. H. Arrowsmith. Essay on Mechanics'Institute, with a Particular Relation to the Institute Recently Established in Bolton. Bolton 1825. pp.5,7,10,12-13,15-20.
⑦ Blackburn Gazette, Nov.28 1832, pp.1-4.
① Blackburn Alfred, Feb.18 1833, p.8.
② Bolton Free Press, Aug.18,1838, p.3.
③ Bolton District Provident Society Report,1840, pp.30-33.
④ Blackburn Reference Library,'Minutes and Reports of the proceeding of the Blackburn Association for the effecting the abolition of the East India Company's Monopoly of Salt, and reduction of the duty on Tea, and of the Commercial Association from Sep.24,1846 to Feb.9,1848'.
⑤ Peter Borsay. English Urban Renaissance:Culture and Society in the Provincial Town,1660-1770.
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③ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973. vol.1. New York,1974.pp1036-1037.
① Birmingham Journal, Aug.4,1832.
② Carlos Flick, The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain,1830-39. p28.
③ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973.vol.1. pp1030-1031.
④ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973.vol.1. p1031.
⑤ Carlos Flick.The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain 1830-39. p50.
⑥ Carlos Flick.The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain 1830-39. p80-82.
① Eric J. Evans. The Forging of the Modern State:Early Industrial Britain,1783-1870. p62.
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② R. J. Morris. Urban Associations in England and Scotland,1750-1914:The Formation of the Middle Class or the Formation of a Civil Society?; The first Annual Report of the Society for the Suppression of Beggars, Edinburgh 1814; Report of the Society for the relief of the Destitute Sick, Edinburgh 1817; Report of the Committee for Affording Relief to the Labouring Classes in the City and Suburbs, Edinburgh 1817.
① Toshihiko Iwama. Voluntary Societies And The Urban Local Community:A Case Study of The Halifax Mechanics'Institution. Family & Community History.Vol.11/Ⅰ, May 2008.
① Proceedings of the fifth meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held in Dublin, Aug. 1835, Dublin:Philip Dixon Hardy,3, Cecilia-Street,1835.
② Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Held at Oxford in June 1847. London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① Report of the committee appointed by the commissioners of police to inquire into the practicality of suppressing the practice of common begging and relieving the industrious poor. Edinburgh,1812.
② Report of the ordinary directors of the Edinburgh Lancastrian School Society. Edinburgh,1813; Observations upon the propriety of establishing a Lancastrian School in Edinburgh. Edinburgh,1811.
③ J. F. C. Harrison. Learning and living,1790-1960:a study of the English adult education movement.1961. pp. 59-61; H.0. Home. A history of savings banks. Oxford,1947.
④ Leeds Mercury,22 Aug.1840.
⑤ Leeds Mercury,19 Sep.1840.
① General Minute Book of the Transactions of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society,19 May 1826. Archives Department, Leeds University Library.
② H. O. Home. The History of Savings Banks. Oxford,1847.
③ Halifax and Huddersfield Express,21 Jan.1832.
④ Report of the Yorkshire Union of the Mechanics' Institutes.1841. p.19.
⑤ John Naylor. Some factors in the making of the soul in Halifax parish, Hebden Bridge:A.F. Thomas.1911, p.11
① HG 2 Oct.1847.30 Dec.1848.
② Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:2, Jan.1849-Jan.1850.
③ J.G. Dunlop.ed., The Dunlop Papers, Volume 1:Autobiography of John Dunlop. London:privately printed,1932, p.59.
④ J.G. Dunlop.edt. Autobiography of John Dunlop, p.60.
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⑦ John Dunlop. On the Extent and Remedy of National Intemperance. Glasgow:William Collins,1829. p.iii.
⑧ Glasgow and West of Scotland Temperance Society, First Annual Report.Glasgow,1830. p.3.
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4.1857-58(170) London Mechanics'Institution.
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1. The Spectator (1828-1900)(《观察者》)
2. The Annual Register (1800-1900)(《年度记事》)
3. Leeds Mercury (1807-1900)(《利兹信使》)
4. Blackburn Gazette (1832-1839)(《布莱克本公报》)
5. Blackburn Mail (1793-1829)(《布莱克本邮报》)
6. Blackburn Standard (1835-1851)(《布莱克本准则》)
7. Bolton Chronicle (1825-1850)(《博尔顿年鉴》)
8. Bolton Free Press (1835-1847)(《博尔顿自由通讯》)
9. Preston Chronicle (1812-1851)(《普雷斯顿年鉴》)
10. Preston Guardian (1844)(《普雷斯顿卫报》)
11. Preston Pilot (1831-1850)(《普雷斯顿向导》)
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② 美国学者李普塞特认为法西斯主义基本上是中产阶级的运动,它代表着既对资本主义也对社会主义,既对大企业也对大工会的抗议。([美]西摩·马丁·李普塞特.政治人——政治的社会基础.北京：商务印书馆,1993.第100-101页。)K.罗伯茨等学者在《破碎的中产阶级结构》一书中提出“破碎的中产阶级”观点,认为中产阶级会越来越走向破碎化,会分化为不同阶级,这样分裂、破碎的阶级本身矛盾重重,难以具有社会稳定功能的力量。(转引自李强.关于中产阶级的理论与现状.社会,2005第1期.第28-42页。)
① John Ehrenberg. Civil Society:The Critical History of an Idea. New York University Press,1999.p.219.
② [美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变动社会的政治秩序.第35页。
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④ [美]巴林顿·摩尔.民主和专制的社会起源.拓夫等译.北京：华夏出版社,1987。
① David Owen. English philanthropy,1660-1960. Harvard,1960.
② Hyppolyte A.Taine. Notes on England. Translated by Edward Hyams.1957.p.168.
③ S. Yeo. Religion and Voluntary Organisations in crisis. London,1976.p.57.
④ 阿米·古特曼等.结社：理论与实践.吴玉章等译.北京：三联书店,2006.第407页。
① David Willets. Civic Conservatism,1994; William Hague. Speaking with Conviction.1998; Chris Patten. Respect for the Earth:Sustainable Development.2000; David Blunkett. Politics and Progress:Renewing Democracy and Civil Society.2001; J. Gordon Brown. Civic Society in Modern Britain, ed. by John Wilson.Amersham,2001.
② Koditschek. Class Formation and urban Industrial Society:Bradford,1750-1850.; M.J.D. Roberts. Making English Morals:Voluntary Association and Moral Reform in England,1787-1886.
① T. Koditschek. Class Formation and urban Industrial Society:Bradford,1750-1850.
② Brian David Ashford Lewis. Bourgeois ideology and order: Middle-class culture and politics in Lancashire, 1789-1851. Ph. D. thesis, Harvard University,1994.
③ John Garrard. Democratisation in Britain:Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800. Palgrave,2002.
④ R. J. Morris. Urban Associations in England and Scotland,1750-1914:The Formation of the Middle Class or the
① R. J. Morris. Civil Society and the Nature of Urbanism:Britain,1750-1850. Urban History,1998,25:pp. 289-301.
② S. Yeo. Religion and Voluntary organization.
③ R. J. Morris. Voluntary societies and British urban elites,1780-1850.
④ David Owen. English philanthropy,1660-1960; P.H.J.H. Gosden. Self-Help. Voluntary Associations in Nineteenth Century Britain. London,1973; Christopher J. Prom. For The Glorious Privilege of Being Independent: Friendly Societies And Mutual Aid In Great Britain,1870-1910. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign Graduate College,2004.
⑤ David G Green. Re-inventing Civil Society:The Rediscovery of Welfare Without Politics. London,1993.
① Anthony Howe. The Cotton Master,1830-50.Oxford,1984; T. Koditschek. Class Formation and urban Industrial Society; R. J. Morris. Class, Sect and Party;约翰·斯梅尔著：《中产阶级文化的起源》。
② [法]托克维尔.论美国的民主：加布里埃尔·A·阿尔蒙德,西德尼·维伯.公民文化——五国的政治态度和民主制.徐湘林等译.北京：华夏出版社,1989;Simone Chambers. A Critical Theory of Civil Society. In:Chambers and Kymlicka eds. Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society. Princeton,2002; Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers. Associations and Democracy. London:Verso,1995; Mark E. Warren. Democracy and Association.New Jersey:Princeton University Press,2001; John Garrard. Democratisation in Britain; Jose Harris. eds. Civil Society in British History:Ideas, Identities, Institutions. Oxford University Press,2003.
③ Mark E. Warren. Democracy and Association.
④ George Moyser and Geraint Parry. Voluntary Association and Democratic Participation in Britain.In:Jan W. van Deth eds. Private Group and Public Life. London and New York:Routledge,2002.
⑤ Nancy Bums. The formation of American Local Government. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994.
⑥ Pamela Paxton. Social Capital and Democracy. American Sociological Review 2002,67:pp.254-277.
① 加布里埃尔·A·阿尔蒙德、西德尼·维伯.公民文化——五国的政治态度和民主制。
② [英]罗伯特·D.帕特南.使民主运转起来——现代意大利的公民传统.王列、赖海榕译.南昌：江西人民出版社,2001。
③ James Madison. "Federalist Paper No.10", Clinton Rossiter, eds., The Federalist Papers, New York:Mentor.
④ 丹尼尔·贝尔.市民社会与公德.载阿米·古特曼等.结社；Eric Uslaner and Richard S. Conley. Civic Engagement and Particularized Trust. American Politics Research,2003,31:pp.331-360.
① James S. Coleman. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology,1988,94: pp.95-120.
② R. J. Morris. Civil Society and the Nature of Urbanism:Britain,1750-1850.
③ Graeme Morton. Civil Society, municipal government and the state:enshrinement, empowerment and legitimacy. Scotland,1800-1929. Urban History,1998,25:pp.289-301.
④ Martin Gorsky. Mutual aid and civil society:friendly societies in nineteenth-century Bristol. Urban History,1998, 25:pp.302-322.
① David Barrie. Police in civil society:Police, Enlightenment and civic virtue in urban Scotland, c.1780-1833. Urban History,2010,37:pp.45-65.
② Jose Harris. eds. Civil Society in British History:Ideas, Identities, Institution.
③ John Garrard. Democratisation in Britain:Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800.
① 此项目的阶段性成果是：陈勇.咖啡馆与近代早期英国的公共领域——哈贝马斯话题的历史管窥.浙江学刊,2008第6期。
② 徐奉臻.英国政治现代化的进程及其特点——读阎照祥关于英国政治制度史的几本论著.史学月刊,2004年第10期。
① 陆伟芳.中产阶级与近代英国城市郊区扩展.史学理论研究,2007年第4期。
① [法]费尔南·布罗代尔.十五世纪至十八世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义.顾良等译.北京：三联书店,1992。
② A. Briggs. The Language of Class Early Nineteenth Century England. In:Briggs and John Saville. Essays in Labor History, Vol.1. London:Sage Publications,1960. pp.50-52.
③ [美]C.莱特·米尔斯.白领：美国的中产阶级.周晓虹译.南京：南京大学出版社,2006。
④ [美]格尔哈斯·伦斯基.权力与特权：社会分层的理论.关信平,陈宗显,谢晋宇译.杭州：浙江人民出版社,1987。
① [美]丹尼斯·吉尔伯特,约瑟夫·A·卡尔.美国阶级结构.彭华民等译.北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992。
② [美]丹尼尔·贝尔.后工业社会的来临——对社会预测的一项探索.高铦等译.北京：新华出版社,1997。
③ 霍布斯鲍姆在其著《工人：劳动的世界》指出,阶级的形成并不像建房子那样一次完成,阶级从来就没有完成过或者形成固定的形式,它永远都处在变化中。任何社会结构总是由不同的社会分层构成,而这种分层又是要受到社会经济和政治的发展变化影响发生重组。Eric. Hobsbowm, Workers:Worlds of Labor. New York:Pantheon Books,1984, p58.
④ 李宝芳.维多利亚时期英国中产阶级婚姻家庭生活研究.博士学位论文.天津,南开大学,2008。
⑤ K. G Davies. The Mess of the Middle Class. Past and Present,1962, No.22.pp.77-83.
⑤ [德]于尔根·科卡.19世纪的资产阶级—欧洲模式与德国实例.载于尔根·科卡.社会史：理论与实践.景德祥译.上海：上海人民出版社,2006.第109页。
① [英]雷蒙德·威廉斯.关键词：文化与社会的词汇.刘建基译.北京：三联书店,2005.第29页。
② [美]彼得·盖伊.施尼兹勒的世纪：中产阶级文化的形成,1815-1914.梁永安译.北京：北京大学出版社,2006.第337页。
① The Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition. Volume 19. Grolier Incorporated,1991. p.70.
② Jurgen Kocka. The Middle Classes in Europe.The Journal of Modern History,1995. Vol.67. p.784.
③ 马克思恩格斯全集.北京：人民出版社,1973年.第26卷,第2册.第653页。
① 俞可平.中国公民社会：概念、分类与制度环境.中国社会科学,2006年第1期。
② 邓正来.台湾民间社会语式的研究.中国社会科学季刊,1993第5期。
③ 邓正来.中国发展研究的检视——兼论中国市民社会研究.中国社会科学季刊,1994年第8期。
① 林毓生.中国人文的重建.载于《思想与人物》,台湾：联经出版事业公司,1983年.第13-14页。
② 《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,北京：人民出版社,1995年.第43页。
③ 查尔斯·泰勒.市民社会的模式.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会——一种社会理论的研究路径(增订版).上海：上海人民出版社,2006.第26页。
④ [德]哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型.曹卫东等译.上海：学林出版社,1999.序言,第29页。
⑤ 参见何增科.市民社会概念的历史演变.中国社会科学,1994年第5期；王新生.市民社会论,南宁：广西人民出版社,2003.第一章。
⑥ 也有学者认为最早对市民社会概念做出界定的是柏拉图,参见John Ehrenberg. Civil Society:The Critical History of an Idea.
⑦ 亚里士多德.政治学.吴寿彭译.北京：商务印书馆,1983.第113页。
① 戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺、邓正来主编.布莱克维尔政治学百科全书.北京：中国政法大学出版社,1992.第125页。
② 在洛克的《政府论》中译本中为“公民社会”。
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④ 查尔斯·泰勒.市民社会的模式.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会：一种社会理论的研究路径。
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④ Preston Chronicle, Sept.3 1836, p.1.
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⑥ Extracts from Various Authors on the General Advantages of Bathing. Bolton,1846.
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③ Blackburn Gazette, Nov.28 1832, pp.1-4.
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② Sir Alan John Sykes eds.. Concerning the Bleaching Industry, Manchester,1925, pp.26-28.
① Linda Colley. Britons:Forging the Nation 1707-1837. New Haven and London,1992.
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② Blackburn Mail, Apr.25 1798, p.3; Abram, A History of Blackburn, Town and Parish (Blackburn 1877), p.412.
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④ Blackburn Mail, Apr.25 1798, p.3.
⑤ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.50/75, Bancroft to Derby, Aug.26 1803.
⑥ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.50/75, Watson to Derby, July 26 1803.
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② Albert Goodwin. The Friends of Liberty. Harvard University Press,1979, p.195.
③ Home Office Papers:Correspondence re internal defence, disturbances, and law and order.40/1, May 15 1812.
④ Lancashire Record Office, DDHu 53/82/82, Notice of meeting, Sept.25 1818.
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⑤ Blackburn Alfred, Feb.18 1833, p.8.
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③ Preston Chronicle, Feb.6 1836, p.2. David Walsh, "Working Class Political Integration and the Conservative Party:A Study of Class Relations and Party Political Development in the North-West,1800-1870," Ph. D. thesis, University of Salford,1991, chs.9-10.
④ Lancashire Record Office, DDPr/51/3a, Report of the Proceedings at the Meeting of the Bolton Operative Conservative Association, held in the Little Bolton Town Hall, June 1st,1836, Bolton,1836. pp.3-11,16-18, 27-28.
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① Preston Chronicle, May 26 1832, p.3. For a clear statement of middle-class reformers reneging on their radicalism as soon as Reform was safe, see Belchem,'Orator'Hunt, pp.259-266.
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③ Bolton Free Press, Mar.16 1844, p.3.
④ A. L. Lowell. The Government of England:Two Parts. New York, Macmillan,1919. p.42.
③ 参见王觉非.近代英国史.第459-460页。
① Bolton Free Press, Feb.16,1839, p.3.
② Bolton Free Press, Dec.27 1845, p.3.
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⑦ Catalogue of the Library at Penwortham Lodge, Preston,1823.
⑧ Abram. Blackburn Characters, p.103.
⑨ Hall ed.. Miss Weeton, p.255, letter to Mrs. Whitehead, Apr.18 1810:'The collection is numerous, valuable, and well selected. How rich I should be in books if I had all in Mr P's library that had never been read.'
① Tom Dunne. A History of Public Libraries in Bolton from the Beginnings to 1974. Ph. D. thesis, University of Strathclyde,1981. p.46-53.
② Blackburn Reference Library,'Exchange News Room a/c's & c.'
③ Susan Bullen. The Cultural Life of Preston 1742-1842. MA thesis, University of Leicester,1970. pp.43-44.
① J. H. Arrowsmith. Essay on Mechanics'Institute, with a Particular Relation to the Institute Recently Established in Bolton. Bolton 1825, pp.5,7,10,12-13,15-20.
② First Annual Report of the Bolton Mechanics Institute, Bolton.1826, pp.5,8,12.
③ Reports of the Bolton Mechanics Institute:Report for 1830-31. Bolton Chronicle, Oct.8,1831.
④ Reports of the Bolton Mechanics Institute:Report for 1837. Bolton Free Press, Sept.30,1837.
⑤ Joseph Livesey. Autobiography of Joseph Livesey. London,1881, pp.41-43.
⑥ Preston Chronicle, Nov.15 1828, p.3.
① Alison Andrew. The Working Class and Education in Preston 1830-1870. A Study of Social Relations'. Ph. D. thesis, University of Leicester,1987, pp.139-141.
② Lancashire Record Office, QDS/1/4/131, Preston Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge, Oct.1837.
③ Preston Chronicle, Apr.21 1849, p.4; Apr.28, pp.4,7. Hewitson, Preston, pp.449-450.
④ Blackburn Reference Library, Minute Book for the Mechanics Institute, B374.2,1844-46:Mar.27, Apr.4 1844.
① Whittle, Blackburn, pp.32-33.
② John Taylor. Autobiography of a Lancashire Lawyer. Bolton,1883.pp.68-69.
③ John Taylor. Autobiography of a Lancashire Lawyer, pp.122-24.
④ Hewitson. Preston, p.250.
⑤ Henry Whittaker. The Union Club, Blackburn 1849-1949. A Short History. Blackburn,1950. pp.4-12.
① Blackburn Mail, Jan.22 1794, p.3; Jan.29, p.3; Feb.12, p.3.
② Blackburn Mail, Feb.27 1811.
③ Lancashire Record Office, Allen Collection, DP 281/37, Report of the Committee for the Relief of the Poor resident in the Township of Little Bolton,1817. BM, Jan.19 1820, p.2.
④ Public Record Office, HO 40/20, J. W. Whittaker to Francis Fortune, London, May 8 1826.
① Blackburn Mail, Apr.12,1826, p.3.
② Public Record Office, Kew, Home Office Papers:40/19, Rogerson to Peel, May 20; 40/21, printed resolutions of meeting, Aug.12; McAdam to James McAdam (his son), Aug.13.
③ Cooke Taylor.Tour in the Manufacturing Districts.pp.42-43.
① Bolton District Provident Society Report,1840, pp.30-33.
② Bolton District Provident Society Report,1842, pp.7-11.
③ The Blackburn Standard, Dec.1 1841, pp.1,3; Nov.17, p.2.
① Blackburn Reference Library, Report of the Blackburn Strangers'Friend Society For the Year 1827.
② Lancashire Record Office, Preston Dispensary Records. Draft First Report, Oct.1910; Derby to John Taylor, Nov. 25 1809.
③ John V. Pickstone. Medicine and Industrial Society. A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region,1752-1946. Manchester,1985. pp.69-71; Meg Whittle. Philanthropy in Preston:The Changing Face of Charity in a 19th Century Provincial Town. Ph. D. thesis, University of Lancaster,1990. pp.88-111.
④ Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton Dispensary Minute Book 1813-1818. HBO/1/1/1, Dec.2,11 1813, Mar.4 1814.
① Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Bolton Infirmary Reports 1818-1860, HBO/1/10/1,1818-19 Report, pp. 4-24.
② Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Report for 1825-26, pp.3-4; 1826-27, pp.10,12; 1827-28, pp.6-7; 1828-29, pp.3-5,11; 1829-30, pp.4-6.
③ Bolton Archives and Local Studies, Report for 1830-31, pp.4-5,7; 1836-37, pp.3-4,6; 1837-38, pp.3-5;1838-39, pp.4-5.
① J. G Shaw. History of the Blackburn Saving Bank 1831-1931. Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/11, Blackburn Savings Bank, Fed.1818.
② Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/10a, Bolton Bank for Savings, deposited in office of Clerk of the Peace, Apr.
① Lancashire Record Office, QDS/2/1/45, Lodge of Peace and Unity.
② Brother James Rostron, History of the Lodge of Fidelity, No.269,1788-1914, Blackburn,1914.
① Harris, Preston Auxiliary Bible Society:Address and Reports:Report of the Preston Auxiliary Bible Society (Preston 1815), pp.5-6,9-16,28,34-36.
② 其职业主要根据Rogerson's Lancashire Directory (Blackburn,1818)整理。
① Preston Chronicle, Dec.7 1818, p.2; Dec.14, p.2.
② Preston Chronicle, Apr.16 1836, p.3.
③ Preston Chronicle, Dec.14 1833, p.2-3.
④ Blackburn Alfred, Mar.12 1834, p.1.
⑤ Blackburn Alfred, Mar.20 1833, p.1.
① George Thistlethwaite, William Thistlethwaite, pp.57-63.
② William Jones, The Fainting of a Standard-Bearer. A Sermon Preached at Mawdley-Street Chapel, Bolton, on Sunday, January 14th,1838, Occasioned by the Lamented Death of the Rev. William Thistlethwaite, M A. (Bolton, 2nd edn.,1838),pp.4,7-8.
③ Whitaker, An History of the Original Parish of Whalley.4th edn.,1872, vol.11,p.217.
① Sir Walter Scott's.St Ronan's Well. edited by Mark Weinstein. Edinburgh University Press,1995.
② Daniel C. Paton's. Drink and the Temperance Movement in Nineteenth-Century Scotland. Ph.D thesis, Edinburgh University,1976.
③ Anonymous feature article. Intemperance-causes and remedies. The Scotsman,16 June 1827.
④ George B. Wilson. Alcohol and the Nation:A Contribution to the Study of the Liquor Problem in the United Kingdom from 1800 to 1935. London:Nicholson & Watson,1940; Paton. Drink and the Temperance Movement, pp.103-3; Rudolph Kenny and Anthony Mooney. People's Palace:Victorian and Edwardian Pubs of Scotland.Edinburgh:Paul Harris,1983. pp.19-20.
⑤ Lancashire Record Office, OGR/2/29, Chaplain's Report, Oct.1839. p.9.
① W. E. Moss. Blackburn's First Temperance Society Centenary, Blackburn 1931, p.8.转引自Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians:The Temperance Question in England 1815-1872, Pittsburgh,1972. p.107.
② D. O'Connor. The Temperance Movement in Bolton'MS. Bollon Archives and Local Studies,1974.pp.3-4.
③ Bolton Free Press, Jan.4 1840. O'Connor,'Temperance Movement,'pp.6,20,25-26,30-31.
① Frank Hodgkinson. The Social Origins of the Teetotal Movement in Preston 1820-1835.Cert. Ed. dissertation, Chorley College of Education,1976.
② Davidoff and Hall. Family Fortunes, p.430.
③ Clive Behagg. Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century. London:Routledge,1990; Eugenion F. Biagini and Alastair J. Reid. eds.. Currents of Radicalism:Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain,1850-1914. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991; Brian Harrison and Patricia Hollies, eds.. Robert Lowery, Radical and Chartist. London:Europa,1979. pp.11-13.
④ Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England. New Haven, London:Ylae Untiversity Press,1988.p.256.
① Thomas Bernard. An Account of the Ladies'Schools and Some Other Charities at Leeds. Report of the Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor,4 25 Dec.1803.
② Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England, p.342.
③ Simey. Charitable Efforts in Liverpool in Nineteenth Century, p.21.
④ Amanda Vikery.The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England.p.342.
⑤ Amanda Vikery. The Gentlemen's Dauthter:Women's Lives in Georgian England, p.342.
⑥ Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes, p.434.
⑦ F. K. Prochaska. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, pp.5-27.
⑧ Annual Reports of the Leeds Guardian Society. Leeds,1820-51.
⑨ Sandra Burmand. edt.Fit Work for Women. London:Croom Helm,1979,p.34.
① Sandra Burmand. edt.Fit Work for Women, p.54.
② Yaffa Clair Drazanin. Victorian London's Midddle-Class Housewige. London:Grennwood Press,2000. p.146.
③ Sue Morgan. edt. Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain,1750-1900. London:Macmillan,2002, p.30.
④ Sue Morgan, edt. Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain,1750-1900. p.30.
⑤ Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. edt. Gender in Eighteenth-Century England, Role, Representations and Responsibilities. London:Longman,1997, p.118.
⑥ Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. edt. Gender in Eighteenth-Century England, Role, Representations and Responsibilities, p.114-119.
⑦ Pamela Horn. Victorian Countrywomen. Oxford,1991. p51.
① Pamela Horn. Victorian Countrywomen. Oxford,1991. p.60.
② Helen Corr. The Schoolgirl's Curriculum and the Ideology of the Home,1870-1914. Glasgow Women's Studies Group, Uncharted Lives:Extracts from Scottish Women's Experiences,1850-1982.Glasgow,1983; Sheila Hamilton. The First Generations of University Women. Gordon Donaldson, edt. Four Centuries. Edinburgh University Life,1583-1983. Edinburgh,1983.
③ Jane Randall. The Origins of Modern Feminism, Women in Britain, France and the U S.,1790-1880, London: Macmillian,1985, p.246.
④ Jane Rendall. edt. Equal or Different Women's Politcis 1800-1914. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1987, p.84.
① Jane Randall. The Origins of Modern Feminism, Women in Britain, France and the U S.,1790-1880. p.246.
② Harold L. Smith. Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928. London:Longman,1998. p.6.
③ Liddington and Norris. One Hand Tied Behind Us. pp.64-83.
① Profiles of Excellence:Studies of the Effectiveness of Nonprofit Organizations. Executive Summary. Washington, DC:Independent Sector,1989. p.3.
② [美]詹姆斯·P.盖拉特.21世纪非营利组织管理.邓国胜等译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.第9页。
① W. Brimelow. Political and Parliamentary History of Bolton, Bolton,1882. pp.7-10; Bolton Chronicle, Sept.9 1837. p.2.
② Lancashire Record Office, Preston Dispensary Records. Draft First Report, Oct.1910; Derby to John Taylor, Nov. 25 1809.
③ Rudd. An Address...May 13 1811; At the Commencement of a Course of Lectures to the Society, on Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Preston 1811. pp.9-10.
④ Harris. Preston Auxiliary Bible Society:Address and Reports:Report of the Preston Auxiliary Bibl Society.Preston,1815.p.5.
⑤ Souvenir of the Preston Savings Bank 1816-1907, Preston 1907. pp.16-28; Lancashire Record Office, QDS/3/1/33, Preston Bank for Savings, Jan.1 1822.
⑥ J. H. Arrowsmith. Essay on Mechanics'Institute, with a Particular Relation to the Institute Recently Established in Bolton. Bolton 1825. pp.5,7,10,12-13,15-20.
⑦ Blackburn Gazette, Nov.28 1832, pp.1-4.
① Blackburn Alfred, Feb.18 1833, p.8.
② Bolton Free Press, Aug.18,1838, p.3.
③ Bolton District Provident Society Report,1840, pp.30-33.
④ Blackburn Reference Library,'Minutes and Reports of the proceeding of the Blackburn Association for the effecting the abolition of the East India Company's Monopoly of Salt, and reduction of the duty on Tea, and of the Commercial Association from Sep.24,1846 to Feb.9,1848'.
⑤ Peter Borsay. English Urban Renaissance:Culture and Society in the Provincial Town,1660-1770.
① Report of the public meeting of the Leeds Temperance Society held in the Music Hall,21 January 1836. Leeds, 1836; J. W. Hudson. The history of adult education.1851. pp.92-5; J. F. C. Harrison. Drink and the Victorians.p. 38.
② [英]迈克尔·曼.社会权力的来源.第二卷·上.陈海宏等译.上海：上海人民出版社,2007.第137页。
① H.T.Dickinson. Liberty and Property.London,1977, p52.
② F. O'Gorman. The Emergence of the British Two-Party System 1760-1832. Edward Arnold,1982. p62-63.
③ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973. vol.1. New York,1974.pp1036-1037.
① Birmingham Journal, Aug.4,1832.
② Carlos Flick, The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain,1830-39. p28.
③ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973.vol.1. pp1030-1031.
④ Joel H. Wiener, edt. Great Britain:the lion at home:a documentary history of domestic policy,1689-1973.vol.1. p1031.
⑤ Carlos Flick.The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain 1830-39. p50.
⑥ Carlos Flick.The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain 1830-39. p80-82.
① Eric J. Evans. The Forging of the Modern State:Early Industrial Britain,1783-1870. p62.
② [英]约翰·哈里森.1830—50年英国激进的和社会的改革运动.载王觉非编.英国政治经济和社会现代化.南京：南京大学出版社,1989.第465页。
③ [英]R.G.甘米奇.宪章运动史.苏公隽译.北京：商务印书馆,1996.第16页。
④ [英]R.G.甘米奇.宪章运动史.第22-23页。
① [英]R.G.甘米奇.宪章运动史.第23页。
② R. J. Morris. Urban Associations in England and Scotland,1750-1914:The Formation of the Middle Class or the Formation of a Civil Society?; The first Annual Report of the Society for the Suppression of Beggars, Edinburgh 1814; Report of the Society for the relief of the Destitute Sick, Edinburgh 1817; Report of the Committee for Affording Relief to the Labouring Classes in the City and Suburbs, Edinburgh 1817.
① Toshihiko Iwama. Voluntary Societies And The Urban Local Community:A Case Study of The Halifax Mechanics'Institution. Family & Community History.Vol.11/Ⅰ, May 2008.
① Proceedings of the fifth meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held in Dublin, Aug. 1835, Dublin:Philip Dixon Hardy,3, Cecilia-Street,1835.
② Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Held at Oxford in June 1847. London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① Report of the committee appointed by the commissioners of police to inquire into the practicality of suppressing the practice of common begging and relieving the industrious poor. Edinburgh,1812.
② Report of the ordinary directors of the Edinburgh Lancastrian School Society. Edinburgh,1813; Observations upon the propriety of establishing a Lancastrian School in Edinburgh. Edinburgh,1811.
③ J. F. C. Harrison. Learning and living,1790-1960:a study of the English adult education movement.1961. pp. 59-61; H.0. Home. A history of savings banks. Oxford,1947.
④ Leeds Mercury,22 Aug.1840.
⑤ Leeds Mercury,19 Sep.1840.
① General Minute Book of the Transactions of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society,19 May 1826. Archives Department, Leeds University Library.
② H. O. Home. The History of Savings Banks. Oxford,1847.
③ Halifax and Huddersfield Express,21 Jan.1832.
④ Report of the Yorkshire Union of the Mechanics' Institutes.1841. p.19.
⑤ John Naylor. Some factors in the making of the soul in Halifax parish, Hebden Bridge:A.F. Thomas.1911, p.11
① HG 2 Oct.1847.30 Dec.1848.
② Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:2, Jan.1849-Jan.1850.
③ J.G. Dunlop.ed., The Dunlop Papers, Volume 1:Autobiography of John Dunlop. London:privately printed,1932, p.59.
④ J.G. Dunlop.edt. Autobiography of John Dunlop, p.60.
⑤ Bernard Aspinwall. Portable Utopia:Glasgow and the United States,1820-1920. Aberdeen:Aberdeen University Press,1984. pp.109-119.
⑥ P.T. Winskill. The Temperance Movement and Its Workers:A Record of Social, Moral, Religious and political Progress, vol.Ⅰ. London:Blackie& Son,1893. pp.57; Thomson. Random Notes and Rambling Recollections. pp.123-4.
⑦ John Dunlop. On the Extent and Remedy of National Intemperance. Glasgow:William Collins,1829. p.iii.
⑧ Glasgow and West of Scotland Temperance Society, First Annual Report.Glasgow,1830. p.3.
① Stewart J. Brown. Thomas Chalmers and the communal ideal in Victorian Scotland.In T.C. Smout. edt., Victorian Values:A Joint Symposium of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the British Academy. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992. pp.61-80.
② John Dunlop. The University Tendency to Association in Mankind. London:Houlston & Stoneman,1840. p.224.
③ Stevenson Macgill. On elementary education. Edinburgh:Waugh& Innes,1819. pp.192-238.
④ John Dunlop. The University Tendency to Association in Mankind. London:Houlston & Stoneman,1840. p.121.
⑤ John Dunlop. The University Tendency to Association in Mankind. p227.
⑥ Scottish Temperance Society, Fourth Annual Report. Glasgow,1834. pp.44-48.
① British Parliamentary Papers,1834(559), VIII, Select Committee of the House of Commons on Drunkenness, p.581.
② Western Scottish Temperance Union, Second Annual Report. Glasgow,1841.
③ 根据1841年的英国人口普查数据整理。
④ James Handley. The Irish in Scotland. Glasgow:John S. Burns,1964. pp.116-118.
⑤ Glasgow Herald,19 August 1842.
⑥ Harrison. Drink and the Victorians.p112-120.
⑦ Wilson. Alcohol and the Nation, pp.118-9.
① Report of the ordinary directors of the Edinburgh Lancastrian School Society. Edinburgh,1813; British and Foreign School Society, Manual of the System of Teaching,1816; Leeds Mercury,14 September 1839; Annual general meeting of the British and Foreign School Society, Newcastle, In Wilson Collection, vol. iv, p.866.
② Scottish Missionary and Philanthropic Register, vol. XII, Edinburgh,1831.
① Second Annual Report of the Second Leeds Permanent Building Society. Leeds,1851.
① Blackburn Mail. Feb.27 1811.
② William Alexander Abram. A History of Blackburn, Town and Parish. Blackburn,1877. pp.284-285,570.
③ J. G. Shaw. History of the Blackburn Saving Bank 1831-1931.
④ Blackbum Alfred, Mar.12 1834, p.1.
⑤ Lancashire Record Office, Feilden Papers, Rectory and Manor of Blackburn, DDCm 2/45, Abstract of Messrs Feilden's Title to the Rectory of Blackburn.
⑥ The Blackburn Standard, Dec.1 1841, pp.1,3; Nov.17, p.2.
⑦ Bolton Free Press, Dec.27 1845,p.3.
① Lancashire Record Office, DDPr/51/3a, Report of the Proceedings at the Meeting of the Bolton Operative Conservative Association, held in the Little Bolton Town Hall, June 1st,1836, Bolton,1836. pp.3-28.
② J.G Dunlop. ed., The Dunlop Papers, Volume 1:Autobiography of John Dunlop; J.G. Dunlop, The Dunlop Papers, Volume Ⅱ:The Dunlops of Dunlop, and of Auchenskaith, Keppoach and Gairbraid, London:privately printed, 1933.
③ Dunlop. The Dunlops of Dunlop. p.229.
④ David Keir. The House of Collins:the Story of a Family of Publishers from 1789 to the Present Day. London: Collins,1952. pp.94-98.
⑤ Winskill. The Temperance Movement, vol.Ⅰ, p.57.
⑥ Irene Maver. The Temperance Movement and the Urban Association Ideal:Scotland,1820s to 1840s. In Graeme Morton and R. J. Morris, edt., Civil Society, Associations and Urban Places:Class, Nation and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Ashgate,2005.
① Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Oxford in June 1847, London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① R. J. Morris. Voluntary societies and British urban elites,1780-1850.
② T. Bottomore. Social stratification in voluntary organizations; N. Babchuck and Alan Booth. Voluntary association membership:a longitudinal analysis. American Sociological Review,34 (1969), pp.31-45; James Curtis. Voluntary association joining:a cross national comparative note. American Sociological Review,36 (1971). Pp.872-879.
③ Tyne Mercury.2 March 1824, Wilson Collection, vol.2. p.336; G Crossick. The labour aristocracy and its values: a study of mid-Victorian Kentish London, Victorian Studies, xiv (1976). pp.301-328. notes the survival of the need for patrons amongst the fiercely independent artizan societies of Kentish London.
*Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:1,1825.
① Toshihiko Iwama. Voluntary Societies And The Urban Local Community:A Case Study of The Halifax Mechanics' Institution, p.18.
② Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Oxford in June 1847.London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:1,1825.
② Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Oxford in June 1847, London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① Prospectus of the proposed botanical and zoological gardens. Newcastle upon Tyne,1838; Wilson Collection, vol. 6, p.1398.
② Fredric Hill. National education:its present state and prospects. London,1836. p.195.
① Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:1,1825.
② J.F.C. Harrison. Learning and living,1790-1960:A study in the history of the English adult education movement, London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1961, p.70.
③ J.F.C. Harrison. Learning and living,1790-1960, p.70
④ Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Oxford in June 1847, London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
⑤ R. J. Morris. Civil Society and the Nature of Urbanism:Britain,1750-1850.
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② A. Giddens. The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge,1990.
③ Toshihiko Iwama. Voluntary Societies And The Urban Local Community:A Case Study of The Halifax Mechanics'Institution, p.19.
① Rudd. An Address...May 13 1811; At the Commencement of a Course of Lectures to the Society, on Natural and Experimental Philosophy (Preston 1811), pp.9-10.
② Blackburn Reference Library. Exchange News Room a/c's& c.
③ Susan Bullen. The Cultural Life of Preston 1742-1842. MA thesis. University of Leicester,1970. pp.43-44.
④ Blackburn Standard, Sept.23 1846.
⑤ The First Annual Report of the Bolton Mechanics Institute, Bolton,1826, pp.5-12.
⑥ Prospectus of the proposed botanical and zoological gardens. Newcastle upon Tyne,1838. Wilson Collection, vol. 6, p.1398. This collection is in Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Library.
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② William Alexander Abram. History of the Blackburn Gas-Light Company.1879.
③ Extracts from Various Authors on the General Advantages of Bathing......Bolton,1846.
④ Blackburn Standard, July 23 1845, p1.
⑤ Blackburn Mail, Feb.27 1811.
⑥ John Venn. The Life and...Letters of... Henry Venn. New York,1855, p.365; E. M. Howse, Saints in Politics.London,1952, pp.126-27.
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① Bolton Free Press, Dec.27 1845, p.3.
② Frank. K. Prochaska. Women and Philanthropy in nineteeth-century England, pp.44-45.
③ Family Fortunes, p.434.
④ Preston Chronicle. Apr.21 1849. p.4; Apr.28, pp.4,7. Hewitson, Preston, pp.449-450.
⑤ The Preston Institute Bazaar Gazette,4, Monday, Apr.30 1849. p.2.
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① 勒内·达维德.当代主要法律体系.上海：上海译文出版社,1984.第327-329。
② Rogerson's Lancashire Directory, Blackburn,1818.
③ [英]阿米·古特曼等.结社.第416页。
④ Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Held at Oxford in June 1847, London:John Murray, Albemarle Street,1848.
① Bolton Free Press, Jan.4 1840; O'Connor,'Temperance Movement,'pp.6,20,25-26,30-31.
② John Taylor. Autobiography of a Lancashire Lawyer, Being the Life and Recollections of John Taylor, Attorney-at-Law, And First Coroner of the Borough of Bolton. Bolton,1883. pp.68-69.
③ J. Livesey. A Word to Publicans. London:S. W. Partridge & Co.1868.
① Harris Reference Library, Minutes of the Preston literary and Philosophical Society, Mar.12,20; Apr.30; May 3, 14; Dec.3 1810.
② Second annual report of the Leeds Friendly Loan Society, Leeds,1846, p.9.
③ Report of the Public Meeting of the Leeds Temperance Society held in the Music Hall, Tuesday 21 January 1836, to consider the propriety of adopting the total abstinence pledge... Leeds,1836.
④ Leeds Mercury,13 June 1840.
⑤ Leeds Mercury,13 June 1840.
① [英]阿米·古特曼等.结社.第411页。
② Asa Briggs. Samuel Smiles, The Gospel of Self-Help. History Today, vol.37,1987. p.36.
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① 参见罗伯特·D.帕特南.使民主运转起来——现代意大利的公民传统。
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③ The Character of a Coffee-House, London,1673, p.3. (http//:eebo.chadwyck.com.)
④ G. M. Trevelyan. English Social History:A Survey of Six Centuries Chaucer to Queen Victoria. London: Longmans,1942. p.324.
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⑥ Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:1,1831.
① Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:1,1833.
② Halifax Guardian,12 Jan.1833.
③ Halifax Reformer, Aug 1847-Aug 1848.
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① Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:2, Jan.-July 1849.
② Halifax Guardian,19 and 16 Jan.,2,9 and 16 Feb.1850.
③ Toshihiko Iwama. Voluntary Societies and The Urban Local Community:A Case Study of The Halifax Mechanics' Institution, p.23.
④ Halifax Guardian,1 Feb.1851.
⑤ Calderdale District Archives, the Halifax Mechanics' institution:2,1852-1853.
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② P. Bourdieu. The Forms of Capital, in Richardson ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, CT:Greenwood Press,1986.
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⑤ Simme. The Sociology of Simmel. K. Wolff edt., New York:Free Press,1950. pp.326,386.
⑥ [美]弗朗西斯·福山.信任：社会美德和创造经济繁荣.第427页。
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② [法]托克维尔.旧制度与大革命.第57页。
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③ [法]托克维尔.论美国的民主.下卷.第646-647页。
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① [美]罗伯特·D.帕特南.使民主运转起来：现代意大利的公民传统.第203-204页。
② William Galston. Liberal Purposes. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1991. pp.221-224.
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⑤ [美]罗伯特·D.帕特南.使民主运转起来.第208页。
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① P. Hirst. The state, civil society and the collapse of Soviet communism. Economy and Society.2(1991). pp.220-231.
② 邓正来.市民社会与国家——学理上的分野与两种架构.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会——一种社会理论的研究路径.第91页。
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② 亚当·塞利格曼.近代市民社会概念的缘起.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会—一种社会理论的研究路径.第71页。
③ [英]约翰·洛克.政府论.下篇.第63页。
① [英]洛克.政府论.下篇.第79-80页。
② [英]休谟.人性论.下册.第580,579页。
③ [英]休谟.休谟政治论文选.第129,125页。
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① 参见袁祖社.权力与自由.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003.第30页。
② [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.上册.张雁深译.北京：商务印书馆,1995.第154页。
③ [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.上册.第17页。
① [加]查尔斯·泰勒.市民社会的模式.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会.第15,16,27页。
① 黑格尔把他的哲学划分为逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学三个组成部分；精神哲学又划分为主观精神、客观精神、绝对精神三大部分。“法哲学”,就是对“客观精神”的发展、发挥和补充。在他的体系中,“客观精神”即“法哲学”又被分为法、道德、伦理三个环节,而“伦理”的展开也包含了家庭、市民社会、国家三个阶段。黑格尔的“客观精神”或“法哲学”是关于社会意识的哲学。他认为,社会意识的发展过程,就是“意志自由”的实现过程。参见王新生.市民社会论.第11页。
② [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.范扬,张企泰译.北京：商务印书馆,1961.第43页。
③ [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第203页。
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⑤ [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第197,198页。
⑥ [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第309页。
① [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第254页。
② [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第258页。
③ [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理.第259页。
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⑥ 马克思恩格斯选集.第1卷.北京：人民出版社,1956.第251页。
① E. Gellner. Conditions of Liberty:Civil Society and its Rivals. London,1994. p.98.
② 约翰·基恩.市民社会与国家权力.载邓正来等主编.国家与市民社会.第101-120页。
③ [英]拉尔夫·密利本德.英国资本主义民主制.博铨,向东译.北京：商务印书馆,1988.第2页。
④ [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.上卷.第154页。
⑤ [英]阿克顿.自由与权力——阿克顿勋爵论说文集.侯建,范亚峰译.北京：商务印书馆,2001.第342页。
⑥ 殷啸虎.感悟宪政.北京：北京大学出版社,2006.第21页。
① [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.上卷.第155-156页。
② [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神.上卷.第155页。
③ Michael Mann. The Sources of Social Power, Vol.2:The Rise of Classes and Nation States,1760-1914. Cambridge University Press,1993. p114.
① 参见范成东.工业革命时期的利益集团和议会立法.福建：东南大学出版社,1996。
② [英]汤普森.英国工人阶级的形成.钱乘旦等译.南京：译林出版社,2001.第704页。
① 参见[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿.变动社会的政治秩序.第37页。
② R. J. Morris. Subscriber democracies, pp.6-7.
③ G. Morton. Scottish rights and "centralisation" in the mid-nineteenth century. Nations and Nationalism.2(1996). pp.258-63.
① [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第416页；李本公主编.国外非政府组织法规汇编.北京：中国社会出版社,2003.第382页。
② [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第411页。
③ [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第413页。
④ [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第421页。
⑤ [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第413页。
① [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第413页。
② [英]阿米·古特曼等著.结社.第425页。
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2. The Annual Register (1800-1900)(《年度记事》)
3. Leeds Mercury (1807-1900)(《利兹信使》)
4. Blackburn Gazette (1832-1839)(《布莱克本公报》)
5. Blackburn Mail (1793-1829)(《布莱克本邮报》)
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1. http://search.proquest.com/britishperiodicals/?accountid=133058 (英国期刊网)
2. http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk/marketing/index.jsp (英国议会文件网站)
3. http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/British_Regional,_Local_and_Family_History_Sources(英国区域,地方和家庭史资料网站)
4. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/Default.aspx(英国历史在线)
5. http://www.obliquity.com/family/parish(英国教区档案网站)
6. http://www.royalhistoricalsociety.org/respubs.htm(英国皇家历史学会)