第三人利益合同制度研究
|
摘要
合同相对性原则表现为：合同关系仅拘束合同当事人，非合同当事人既不享有合同权利，也不承担合同义务。第三人利益合同赋予合同当事人之外的第三人享有合同权利，是合同相对性原则的例外。如今，第三人利益合同已被多数国家和地区的立法和判例确认，在社会经济交往中被广泛适用，体现出独特的价值功能：第三人享有直接请求权能缩短给付过程，节约交易成本，维护第三人的信赖利益，有助于实现合同当事人的意思自由和特定目的，符合社会生活的需要。
第三人利益合同并非是合同的一个独特类型，它是合同内容中附有“利益第三人约款”，从第三人的角度，将其称为第三人利益合同，但是第三人利益合同的缔结者仍然是约定人和受约人，因此第三人利益合同的成立，并不以第三人有行为能力为必要，也无需第三人承诺，甚至亦无需第三人知悉，只要第三人在合同履行时能确定即可。第三人利益合同可以附条件或期限，但根据第三人利益合同的本质，不能使第三人负担义务。
第三人利益合同的效力表现特殊性：第三人接受合同利益的意思表示使其权利确定而不可撤销，并限制合同当事人权利的行使，表现为：非经第三人同意，当事人不得任意变更和解除合同。第三人一经拒绝接受合同权利，即视为权利自始未发生。第三人享有合同权利，可以直接请求债务人向自己为给付，但专属于合同当事人的权利，如变更、撤销权等，第三人并不享有。第三人享有的合同权利，取决于创设这种权利的合同的有效性。如果该合同无效、可撤销、或不可强制执行，第三人的权利也受同样的影响。债权人享有的债权的内容是请求债务人向第三人履行债务，而非向自己履行，并应依约履行对债务人的义务。债务人应依约向第三人履行债务，否则，应向第三人承担违约责任，但是基于合同关系而生的对债权人的一切抗辩，债务人均可以向第三人主张。
The doctrine of privities means that contract relation only restrains contract parties. Anybody, who is not a contract party, neither enjoys contract rights, nor bears contract obligations. The contract for the benefit of third party is an exception of the doctrine of privities, which gives third party the right to enjoy contract rights. Nowadays, the contract for the benefit of third party has been established by the legislations and legal precedents of many countries and districts in the world. The contract for the benefit of third party is extensively applied in social economic exchange. This contract has some unique values: the third party has the right to directly acquire performance. It can shorten the process of performance, save the transaction cost, safeguard the reliance benefit of third party and contribute to realize the special purpose of the parties.
The contract for the benefit of third party is not a particular type of contract, but it is a common contract, which contains the terms of the benefit for third party. From the view of third party, it is named the contract for the benefit of third party. But the parties of the contract for the benefit of third party yet are promisor and promisee, the third party is not the contract party. So it is not necessary for third party to have capacity to contract, to make acceptance, even to know it, when the contract is made. But the third party must be determined when the contract is performed. The contract for the benefit of third party may include condition and period, but according to the
spirit of the contract, third party can not bear any obligations.
The effect of the contract for the benefit of third party has specialties. Once third party accepts the rights given by the contract, the rights will be definite inviolable and limit the parties rights. The parties have no right to change or revoke the contract ,if third party does not agree. Once third party refuses the rights, then the rights will be originally non-existing. Third party has the rights to directly acquire debtor performance to him, because he enjoys the creditor's rights, but some belonging to the parties rights, for example, changing or revoking the contract, third party can't enjoy
them. The third party rights depend on the validity of the contract for making these rights. If the contract is valid, invalid or unenforceable, the third party's rights will be also similarly affected. Creditor should acquire debtor to perform liabilities to third party, not to himself. Debtor must perform bis liabilities to third party according to the contract, or else he should bear the liability of the breach, but debtor can protest all demurs ,being against the creditor in the light of the contract, to third party.
第三人利益合同并非是合同的一个独特类型，它是合同内容中附有“利益第三人约款”，从第三人的角度，将其称为第三人利益合同，但是第三人利益合同的缔结者仍然是约定人和受约人，因此第三人利益合同的成立，并不以第三人有行为能力为必要，也无需第三人承诺，甚至亦无需第三人知悉，只要第三人在合同履行时能确定即可。第三人利益合同可以附条件或期限，但根据第三人利益合同的本质，不能使第三人负担义务。
第三人利益合同的效力表现特殊性：第三人接受合同利益的意思表示使其权利确定而不可撤销，并限制合同当事人权利的行使，表现为：非经第三人同意，当事人不得任意变更和解除合同。第三人一经拒绝接受合同权利，即视为权利自始未发生。第三人享有合同权利，可以直接请求债务人向自己为给付，但专属于合同当事人的权利，如变更、撤销权等，第三人并不享有。第三人享有的合同权利，取决于创设这种权利的合同的有效性。如果该合同无效、可撤销、或不可强制执行，第三人的权利也受同样的影响。债权人享有的债权的内容是请求债务人向第三人履行债务，而非向自己履行，并应依约履行对债务人的义务。债务人应依约向第三人履行债务，否则，应向第三人承担违约责任，但是基于合同关系而生的对债权人的一切抗辩，债务人均可以向第三人主张。
The doctrine of privities means that contract relation only restrains contract parties. Anybody, who is not a contract party, neither enjoys contract rights, nor bears contract obligations. The contract for the benefit of third party is an exception of the doctrine of privities, which gives third party the right to enjoy contract rights. Nowadays, the contract for the benefit of third party has been established by the legislations and legal precedents of many countries and districts in the world. The contract for the benefit of third party is extensively applied in social economic exchange. This contract has some unique values: the third party has the right to directly acquire performance. It can shorten the process of performance, save the transaction cost, safeguard the reliance benefit of third party and contribute to realize the special purpose of the parties.
The contract for the benefit of third party is not a particular type of contract, but it is a common contract, which contains the terms of the benefit for third party. From the view of third party, it is named the contract for the benefit of third party. But the parties of the contract for the benefit of third party yet are promisor and promisee, the third party is not the contract party. So it is not necessary for third party to have capacity to contract, to make acceptance, even to know it, when the contract is made. But the third party must be determined when the contract is performed. The contract for the benefit of third party may include condition and period, but according to the
spirit of the contract, third party can not bear any obligations.
The effect of the contract for the benefit of third party has specialties. Once third party accepts the rights given by the contract, the rights will be definite inviolable and limit the parties rights. The parties have no right to change or revoke the contract ,if third party does not agree. Once third party refuses the rights, then the rights will be originally non-existing. Third party has the rights to directly acquire debtor performance to him, because he enjoys the creditor's rights, but some belonging to the parties rights, for example, changing or revoking the contract, third party can't enjoy
them. The third party rights depend on the validity of the contract for making these rights. If the contract is valid, invalid or unenforceable, the third party's rights will be also similarly affected. Creditor should acquire debtor to perform liabilities to third party, not to himself. Debtor must perform bis liabilities to third party according to the contract, or else he should bear the liability of the breach, but debtor can protest all demurs ,being against the creditor in the light of the contract, to third party.
引文
1．崔建远，《新合同法原理与案例评释》(上下)，吉林大学出版社1999年版。
2．王利明、崔建远，《合同法新论总则》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
3．史尚宽，《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
4．王军，《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
5．何宝玉，《英国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
6．梁慧星，《民法总论》，法律出版社2000年版。
7．尹田，《法国现代合同法》，法律出版社1997年版。
8．[美]E博登海默著，邓正来译，《法理学法律哲学与法律方法》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
9．王泽鉴，《民法学说与判例研究》(2，6，7)，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
10．[英]P．S．阿蒂亚著，赵旭东、何帅领、邓晓霞译，《合同法导论》，法律出版社2002年版。
11．[美]柯宾著，徐国栋、夏登峻译，《柯宾论合同》(上下)，中国大百科全书出版社，1997年版。
12．[德]海因 克茨著，周忠海、李居迁、宫立云译，《欧洲合同法原则》法律出版社2001年版。
13．周小明，《信托制度比较法研究》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
14．张俊浩，《民法学原理》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
1．《中华人民共和国民法通则》
2．《中华人民共和国合同法》
3．《德国民法典》，郑冲、贾红梅译，法律出版社1999年版。
4．《法国民法典》，罗结珍译，中国法制出版社1999年版。
5．《日本民法典》，王书江译，中国人民公安大学出版社1999年版。
6．《欧洲合同法原则》，韩世远译，载梁慧星主编，《民商法论丛》第12卷，法律出版社1999年版第831-866页。
2．王利明、崔建远，《合同法新论总则》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
3．史尚宽，《债法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
4．王军，《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
5．何宝玉，《英国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
6．梁慧星，《民法总论》，法律出版社2000年版。
7．尹田，《法国现代合同法》，法律出版社1997年版。
8．[美]E博登海默著，邓正来译，《法理学法律哲学与法律方法》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
9．王泽鉴，《民法学说与判例研究》(2，6，7)，中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
10．[英]P．S．阿蒂亚著，赵旭东、何帅领、邓晓霞译，《合同法导论》，法律出版社2002年版。
11．[美]柯宾著，徐国栋、夏登峻译，《柯宾论合同》(上下)，中国大百科全书出版社，1997年版。
12．[德]海因 克茨著，周忠海、李居迁、宫立云译，《欧洲合同法原则》法律出版社2001年版。
13．周小明，《信托制度比较法研究》，中国政法大学出版社1997年版。
14．张俊浩，《民法学原理》，中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
1．《中华人民共和国民法通则》
2．《中华人民共和国合同法》
3．《德国民法典》，郑冲、贾红梅译，法律出版社1999年版。
4．《法国民法典》，罗结珍译，中国法制出版社1999年版。
5．《日本民法典》，王书江译，中国人民公安大学出版社1999年版。
6．《欧洲合同法原则》，韩世远译，载梁慧星主编，《民商法论丛》第12卷，法律出版社1999年版第831-866页。