农村社区公共产品的需求意愿及影响因素研究
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摘要
我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,也是农业大国。“二元”结构是我国经济社会发展的基本特征,农村社区与城市社区在人均收入、生活水平、保障条件等各方面存在着较大差异,改革开放三十年以来,尽管我国农业和农村得到较大发展,但农业生产基础仍较薄弱,农村社会公共事业滞后的状况也未得到彻底改变,城乡公共服务水平差距依然较大。我国农业目前正处于由传统向现代转变的关键时期,要缩小城乡差距、促进农村社会和谐发展,就要坚持城乡统筹发展战略,就要走城乡协调发展之路。要逐步消除城乡分割的二元公共产品制度安排,为农民提供有保障的、城乡统一的公共产品,逐步实现城乡公共服务均等化。要实现城乡基本公共服务均等化,除了大幅度提高农村社区公共产品供给的强度以外,还应通过提高供给效率来提高农村社区公共产品需求的满足度。而最大化地提高公共产品的供给效率,防止供给失效或低效,就须使农村公共产品供给与需求相切合,尽量减少供需脱节的现象,建立以需求意愿为导向的农村公共产品供给机制。毕竟目前政府公共财力依然有限,在有限的财力下,最优化地满足农户对公共产品的需求,这就需要清楚了解、准确把握农民的真实需求意愿。因此,本文将在刻画农村社区公共产品需求意愿统计特征的基础上,将影响因素的分析作为研究主题。
由于我国经济社会发展不均衡,东中西部差异大,厘清不同发展水平地区的农村社区公共产品需求意愿特征和影响因素问题,就可以通过需求意愿考察来反证一定供给水平下需求的已满足程度,从理论上为农村社区公共产品的优化配置提供新的判断依据,同时,对于克服发展经济学的非平衡发展理论带来的实践难题,丰富我国农村公共产品需求方面的研究成果,进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制下的公共产品供给制度、农村公共产品受益理论、地方公共产品有效供给与需求理论等方面具有一定的理论意义。从实践的视角看,既有助于合理配置农村社区公共产品、优化不同发展水平区域的城乡基本公共服务均等化的实现途径和实施方案,也有助于为政府在一定财政约束下建立以需求意愿为导向的农村社区公共产品供给机制,还有助于满足不同发展水平区域农民对农村社区公共产品的不同需求,有效减轻农民负担,促进农民增收,推进不同发展水平的城乡协调发展。
本文正是沿着以上思路,将研究目标设定为：在文献分析和理论整理的基础上,通过对样本地区调查数据的实证分析和比较分析,揭示出不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿总体特征,并且分类分析出不同农村社区公共产品的不同影响因素。研究具体目标是：1、定量分析出江苏苏南、苏中、苏北不同发展水平区域农户对社区公共产品需求意愿的不同结构特征和优先次序,并比较分析原因。2、实证分析出不同发展水平区域农户对农村生产性公共产品需求意愿的影响因素,并比较分析出其差异原因。3、实证分析出不同发展水平区域农户对农村生活性公共产品需求意愿的影响因素,并比较分析出其差异原因。
为了完成以上研究目标,本文运用了公共经济学、计量经济学的相关理论,采用逻辑演绎、规范分析、实证分析、统计分析、比较分析等方法,对不同发展水平下的中国农村社区公共产品需求意愿的变化过程及其影响因素进行考察与研究。研究发现：不同发展水平的地区,随着收入水平的不断提高,农村社区的公共产品需求意愿结构有着较大变化。农民对社区公共产品需求意愿逐步由关乎农业基本生产的保障型生产性公共产品向文化娱乐等发展享受型生活性公共产品需求转移。从具体的公共产品需求意愿影响因素来看,农户的需求意愿受户主个人特征、家庭特征以及村庄特征的共同影响,但不同公共产品在不同地区影响的具体因素和原因并不一样。
本文的主要内容有：
一、农村社区公共产品需求意愿理论分析。在阐述农村社区公共产品需求意愿的有关理论的基础上,分析区域发展水平与农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构的内在关系,揭示不同发展水平对农村社区公共产品需求意愿影响的实现机理。
二、农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构分析。在理论分析框架内,先运用CV法分析不同发展水平区域农村社区公共产品的需求意愿结构状况,再通过对不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿优先序聚类分析,然后对比分析出不同发展水平下的引致原因和结构效应,从总体上把握不同区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构特征。
三、农村生产性公共产品的需求意愿变化及影响因素分析。先从生产性的维度考察不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿变化原因,以农田水利设施为例,通过构建Logit模型,对不同地区农田水利设施的调查数据进行实证分析,识别出影响需求意愿变化的因素,并对比分析这些因素变化的产生原因。
四、农村生活性公共产品的需求意愿变化及影响因素分析。再从生活性的维度考察不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿变化原因,以农村基础教育为例,通过构建Probit模型,对不同地区农村基础教育的调查数据进行实证分析,识别出影响需求意愿变化的因素,并对比分析这些因素变化的产生原因。
根据以上需求意愿总体特征和分类公共产品需求意愿的实证研究结果,系统比较不同发展水平区域的差异原因,然后给出了满足农村社区公共产品需求、实现城乡基本公共服务均等化的路径建议：首先通过引导基层官员强化“以农民需求为中心”的供给观、建立公共产品供需信息预发布和听证反馈机制、加强农村基层组织建设和民主政治建设、营造如实申报依法纳税的社会心理契约氛围等途径来构建自下而上的农村社区公共产品需求意愿表达机制；其次从供给方向、重点、顺序等方面构建科学有效的农村社区公共产品需求意愿筛选机制；最后从完善公共财政体制、积极探索多元化的需求满足渠道等来构建务实高效的农村社区公共产品需求意愿满足机制。
China is the largest developing country in the world. It's also a major agricultural country. Dual economy is the basic characteristic of the Chinese social development. The rural community is differred from the urban community in many aspects such as average income, living standard and ensurance policy. Despite the considerable progress of agriculture and rural areas in the three decades of reform and openness, production base of agriculture is still weak, a sluggish growth of public cause in rural society has not been improved fundamentally, gap of public service between city and country areas is still large. It is the high time that China's agriculture is changing from traditional model to modern model. To narrow the gap between urban and rural area and to enhance the harmonious development of rural society, its necessary to adhere to the urban-rural coordinated development strategy, and to balance the urban and rural development. The dual urban-rural split institutional arrangements for public goods should be canceled gradually to provide secured and fair public goods for peasants, thus to realize the equalization of urban-rural public service progressively. To realize the equalization of urban-rural basic public service, it needs substantial increase in the supply of public goods in rural communities and the improvement in satisfying the demand of public goods in rural communities by enhancing the supply efficiency in addition. To maximize the supply efficiency of public goods without supply failure or inefficiency, it is necessary to combine supply with demand of public goods to avoid gap between supply and demand, and to establish demand will-oriented supply mechanism of rural public goods. With the limitation of government's public finance, to meet the demands of public goods of rural household, it is necessary to make a clear and accurate map of real demand will of peasants. Therefore on the basis of describing the statistic character of the rural community demand will of public goods, this article takes the analysis of influencing factors as the main topic.
The unbalanced development of economic society in the east, middle and west China makes it necessary to clear up the character and influencing factors of rural community public goods demand wills in different regions. The investigation of demand wills can reflect the satisfying degree of the public goods demand in a certain supply level, thus to provide new basis for optimizing resource allocation of rural community public goods, and theorectically helps to conquer the difficulty of practice of the Development Non-equilibrium Theory of development economics, enriches the research findings of demand of rural public goods of our country, optimizes the supply system of public goods in the socialist market economy system, the Benefit Theory of rural public goods and the theory of supply and demand of local public goods. Practically, it also helps to distribute rural community public goods rationally, to optimize the realization and implementation of equalization of urban-rural basic public service in regions on different developing levels. It helps the government to establish a demand will-oriented rural community public goods supply system within fiscal restraint, helps to meet peseants demand on rural community public goods in different regions, to reduce the burden on peasants and increase their income in an effective way, and to improve urban-rural coordinated development between regions on different developing levels.
Along to the above train of thought, the research object of this article is set as follows: first it prepares an analysis of literature and theory, on the basis it then makes empirical analysis and comparative analysis and reveals the general characteristic of rural community public goods demand will in regions on different developing levels. The specific research targets are as follows:first, to get a quantative analysis of various structural characteristic and priorities of peasants'demand wills of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels, respectively in south, middle and north part of Jiangsu Province, and to analysis its reason; secondly, to find out the factors on peasants'demand wills of community public goods in regions on different developing levels and the reason; thirdly, to take cases to analyze the influencing factors of peasants demand will of rurual living public goods in regions with different developing levels, and get the actual differences and the reasons. To achieve the above research goals, this paper combines public economics, econometrics, psychology, politics and sociology as theoretical basis and employs logical deduction, normative analysis, empirical analysis, statistic analysis, and comparative analysis as technical methods to study the processes and factors of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels in China. It is concluded that the structure of demand will of rural community public goods varies along with increase of income levels in regions on different developing levels. Peasants'demand wills of public goods transits from security-type productive public goods about basis production to entertainment-development-type public goods about daily life. As for the factors, peasants' demand wills are influenced by private characteristic, family style and the characteristic of the villages, however, factors vary of different public goods and in different areas.
The main content of the paper is as follows:
First, theoretical analysis of demand wills of rural community public goods. It analyzes the inherent relation between regional developing level and demand will structure of rural public goods on certain theoretical basis and reveals the impact mechanism of developing level on demand will of rural public goods.
Secondly, analysis of structure of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels. It first uses the CV method to analysis the structure of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels and makes the clustering according to the priorities of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels. It then concludes the general characteristic of demand will structure of rural community public goods in different regions.
Thirdly, analysis on variation and factors of demand wills of rural productive public goods. First it analyses the reason of variation of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels from respective of production. It takes irrigation and water conservancy facility as example and do the empirical analysis of data of irrigation and water conservancy facility in different region with the Logit model to find out the factors on variation of demand will and its reasons.
Fourthly, analysis on variation and factors of demand wills of rural living public goods. First it analyses the reason of variation of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels from respective of daily life. It takes basic education in rural areas as example and do the empirical analysis of data of basic education in different region with the Probit model to find out the factors on variation of demand will and its reasons.
Finally, it compares the reasons of variation in regions on different developing levels systematically according to the general characteristics and empirical results of demand will of classified public goods and gives the path suggestions on the way to meet the demand will of rural community public goods and achieve equalization of urban-rural public service. First of all, peasants'-demand will-centered supply outlook should be established among the grass-root officials. It is necessary to establish the pre-release of public goods demand will information and hearing feedback mechanism, to strengthen the construction of rural grass-root organization and building of political democracy. It is necessary to create social psychological atmosphere of declaring and paying taxes according to the law to build a top-bottom expression mechanism of demand will of rural community public goods. Besides, it is necessary to construct a scientific and effective screening mechanism of demand will of rural community public goods in respect of direction, focal point and sequence of supply. Last but not least, it is necessary to build an pragmatic and efficient mechanism to meet the demand will of rural public goods from perspective of improved of public finance system and diversified demand will-meeting channels.
由于我国经济社会发展不均衡,东中西部差异大,厘清不同发展水平地区的农村社区公共产品需求意愿特征和影响因素问题,就可以通过需求意愿考察来反证一定供给水平下需求的已满足程度,从理论上为农村社区公共产品的优化配置提供新的判断依据,同时,对于克服发展经济学的非平衡发展理论带来的实践难题,丰富我国农村公共产品需求方面的研究成果,进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制下的公共产品供给制度、农村公共产品受益理论、地方公共产品有效供给与需求理论等方面具有一定的理论意义。从实践的视角看,既有助于合理配置农村社区公共产品、优化不同发展水平区域的城乡基本公共服务均等化的实现途径和实施方案,也有助于为政府在一定财政约束下建立以需求意愿为导向的农村社区公共产品供给机制,还有助于满足不同发展水平区域农民对农村社区公共产品的不同需求,有效减轻农民负担,促进农民增收,推进不同发展水平的城乡协调发展。
本文正是沿着以上思路,将研究目标设定为：在文献分析和理论整理的基础上,通过对样本地区调查数据的实证分析和比较分析,揭示出不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿总体特征,并且分类分析出不同农村社区公共产品的不同影响因素。研究具体目标是：1、定量分析出江苏苏南、苏中、苏北不同发展水平区域农户对社区公共产品需求意愿的不同结构特征和优先次序,并比较分析原因。2、实证分析出不同发展水平区域农户对农村生产性公共产品需求意愿的影响因素,并比较分析出其差异原因。3、实证分析出不同发展水平区域农户对农村生活性公共产品需求意愿的影响因素,并比较分析出其差异原因。
为了完成以上研究目标,本文运用了公共经济学、计量经济学的相关理论,采用逻辑演绎、规范分析、实证分析、统计分析、比较分析等方法,对不同发展水平下的中国农村社区公共产品需求意愿的变化过程及其影响因素进行考察与研究。研究发现：不同发展水平的地区,随着收入水平的不断提高,农村社区的公共产品需求意愿结构有着较大变化。农民对社区公共产品需求意愿逐步由关乎农业基本生产的保障型生产性公共产品向文化娱乐等发展享受型生活性公共产品需求转移。从具体的公共产品需求意愿影响因素来看,农户的需求意愿受户主个人特征、家庭特征以及村庄特征的共同影响,但不同公共产品在不同地区影响的具体因素和原因并不一样。
本文的主要内容有：
一、农村社区公共产品需求意愿理论分析。在阐述农村社区公共产品需求意愿的有关理论的基础上,分析区域发展水平与农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构的内在关系,揭示不同发展水平对农村社区公共产品需求意愿影响的实现机理。
二、农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构分析。在理论分析框架内,先运用CV法分析不同发展水平区域农村社区公共产品的需求意愿结构状况,再通过对不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿优先序聚类分析,然后对比分析出不同发展水平下的引致原因和结构效应,从总体上把握不同区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿结构特征。
三、农村生产性公共产品的需求意愿变化及影响因素分析。先从生产性的维度考察不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿变化原因,以农田水利设施为例,通过构建Logit模型,对不同地区农田水利设施的调查数据进行实证分析,识别出影响需求意愿变化的因素,并对比分析这些因素变化的产生原因。
四、农村生活性公共产品的需求意愿变化及影响因素分析。再从生活性的维度考察不同发展水平区域的农村社区公共产品需求意愿变化原因,以农村基础教育为例,通过构建Probit模型,对不同地区农村基础教育的调查数据进行实证分析,识别出影响需求意愿变化的因素,并对比分析这些因素变化的产生原因。
根据以上需求意愿总体特征和分类公共产品需求意愿的实证研究结果,系统比较不同发展水平区域的差异原因,然后给出了满足农村社区公共产品需求、实现城乡基本公共服务均等化的路径建议：首先通过引导基层官员强化“以农民需求为中心”的供给观、建立公共产品供需信息预发布和听证反馈机制、加强农村基层组织建设和民主政治建设、营造如实申报依法纳税的社会心理契约氛围等途径来构建自下而上的农村社区公共产品需求意愿表达机制；其次从供给方向、重点、顺序等方面构建科学有效的农村社区公共产品需求意愿筛选机制；最后从完善公共财政体制、积极探索多元化的需求满足渠道等来构建务实高效的农村社区公共产品需求意愿满足机制。
China is the largest developing country in the world. It's also a major agricultural country. Dual economy is the basic characteristic of the Chinese social development. The rural community is differred from the urban community in many aspects such as average income, living standard and ensurance policy. Despite the considerable progress of agriculture and rural areas in the three decades of reform and openness, production base of agriculture is still weak, a sluggish growth of public cause in rural society has not been improved fundamentally, gap of public service between city and country areas is still large. It is the high time that China's agriculture is changing from traditional model to modern model. To narrow the gap between urban and rural area and to enhance the harmonious development of rural society, its necessary to adhere to the urban-rural coordinated development strategy, and to balance the urban and rural development. The dual urban-rural split institutional arrangements for public goods should be canceled gradually to provide secured and fair public goods for peasants, thus to realize the equalization of urban-rural public service progressively. To realize the equalization of urban-rural basic public service, it needs substantial increase in the supply of public goods in rural communities and the improvement in satisfying the demand of public goods in rural communities by enhancing the supply efficiency in addition. To maximize the supply efficiency of public goods without supply failure or inefficiency, it is necessary to combine supply with demand of public goods to avoid gap between supply and demand, and to establish demand will-oriented supply mechanism of rural public goods. With the limitation of government's public finance, to meet the demands of public goods of rural household, it is necessary to make a clear and accurate map of real demand will of peasants. Therefore on the basis of describing the statistic character of the rural community demand will of public goods, this article takes the analysis of influencing factors as the main topic.
The unbalanced development of economic society in the east, middle and west China makes it necessary to clear up the character and influencing factors of rural community public goods demand wills in different regions. The investigation of demand wills can reflect the satisfying degree of the public goods demand in a certain supply level, thus to provide new basis for optimizing resource allocation of rural community public goods, and theorectically helps to conquer the difficulty of practice of the Development Non-equilibrium Theory of development economics, enriches the research findings of demand of rural public goods of our country, optimizes the supply system of public goods in the socialist market economy system, the Benefit Theory of rural public goods and the theory of supply and demand of local public goods. Practically, it also helps to distribute rural community public goods rationally, to optimize the realization and implementation of equalization of urban-rural basic public service in regions on different developing levels. It helps the government to establish a demand will-oriented rural community public goods supply system within fiscal restraint, helps to meet peseants demand on rural community public goods in different regions, to reduce the burden on peasants and increase their income in an effective way, and to improve urban-rural coordinated development between regions on different developing levels.
Along to the above train of thought, the research object of this article is set as follows: first it prepares an analysis of literature and theory, on the basis it then makes empirical analysis and comparative analysis and reveals the general characteristic of rural community public goods demand will in regions on different developing levels. The specific research targets are as follows:first, to get a quantative analysis of various structural characteristic and priorities of peasants'demand wills of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels, respectively in south, middle and north part of Jiangsu Province, and to analysis its reason; secondly, to find out the factors on peasants'demand wills of community public goods in regions on different developing levels and the reason; thirdly, to take cases to analyze the influencing factors of peasants demand will of rurual living public goods in regions with different developing levels, and get the actual differences and the reasons. To achieve the above research goals, this paper combines public economics, econometrics, psychology, politics and sociology as theoretical basis and employs logical deduction, normative analysis, empirical analysis, statistic analysis, and comparative analysis as technical methods to study the processes and factors of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels in China. It is concluded that the structure of demand will of rural community public goods varies along with increase of income levels in regions on different developing levels. Peasants'demand wills of public goods transits from security-type productive public goods about basis production to entertainment-development-type public goods about daily life. As for the factors, peasants' demand wills are influenced by private characteristic, family style and the characteristic of the villages, however, factors vary of different public goods and in different areas.
The main content of the paper is as follows:
First, theoretical analysis of demand wills of rural community public goods. It analyzes the inherent relation between regional developing level and demand will structure of rural public goods on certain theoretical basis and reveals the impact mechanism of developing level on demand will of rural public goods.
Secondly, analysis of structure of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels. It first uses the CV method to analysis the structure of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels and makes the clustering according to the priorities of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels. It then concludes the general characteristic of demand will structure of rural community public goods in different regions.
Thirdly, analysis on variation and factors of demand wills of rural productive public goods. First it analyses the reason of variation of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels from respective of production. It takes irrigation and water conservancy facility as example and do the empirical analysis of data of irrigation and water conservancy facility in different region with the Logit model to find out the factors on variation of demand will and its reasons.
Fourthly, analysis on variation and factors of demand wills of rural living public goods. First it analyses the reason of variation of demand will of rural community public goods in regions on different developing levels from respective of daily life. It takes basic education in rural areas as example and do the empirical analysis of data of basic education in different region with the Probit model to find out the factors on variation of demand will and its reasons.
Finally, it compares the reasons of variation in regions on different developing levels systematically according to the general characteristics and empirical results of demand will of classified public goods and gives the path suggestions on the way to meet the demand will of rural community public goods and achieve equalization of urban-rural public service. First of all, peasants'-demand will-centered supply outlook should be established among the grass-root officials. It is necessary to establish the pre-release of public goods demand will information and hearing feedback mechanism, to strengthen the construction of rural grass-root organization and building of political democracy. It is necessary to create social psychological atmosphere of declaring and paying taxes according to the law to build a top-bottom expression mechanism of demand will of rural community public goods. Besides, it is necessary to construct a scientific and effective screening mechanism of demand will of rural community public goods in respect of direction, focal point and sequence of supply. Last but not least, it is necessary to build an pragmatic and efficient mechanism to meet the demand will of rural public goods from perspective of improved of public finance system and diversified demand will-meeting channels.
引文
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