英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round的认知隐喻意义对比研究
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摘要
隐喻的研究可以追溯到两千多年以前的亚里士多德时代。但是长期以来,传统隐喻理论观把隐喻看作一种语言内部的修辞现象。随着认知语言学的发展,传统隐喻观受到了挑战。1980年莱考夫和约翰逊出版了《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书,这本书被看作是隐喻研究认知转向的标志。莱考夫和约翰逊指出,隐喻不仅仅是一种语言现象,而且是一种认知现象。隐喻是人们用清淅的、具体的经验建构复杂的、抽象的概念的过程。人类在总结自己的经验时,往往以比较熟悉的概念描述和理解比较陌生的事物,从而认识人类自身及其周围的世界。实质上,隐喻是一个认知域映射到另一个认知域的过程。人们的思维大部分通过隐喻来实现的。
隐喻概念系统具有普遍性和相对性的问题。一方面,人类的认知活动植根于日常的身体体验,而不同民族的身体体验却是相同的,因此有理由假设普遍性的隐喻概念的存在;另一方面,由于身体体验不能独立于特定的文化和社会之外,我们也有理由推论在不同文化的隐喻概念系统中应该存在差异。然而,在不同的语言中,文化究竟在多大程度上表现出隐喻概念系统的异和同,却是需要通过扎扎实实的对比研究来回答的问题。正如吕叔湘先生所说的:“指明事物的异同所在不难,追究它们何以有此异同就不那么容易了。而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的”(陈家旭,2004)。
本论文从英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round的认知隐喻意义进行系统对比研究。全文共分为五章。
第一章为引言部分,主要论述了选题的缘由,本课题的研究目标,论文的基本框架。
第二章是有关客观主义的语义观和认知语义观研究的文献综述,主要以客观主义的意义观研究发展到独立的认知语义观的过程为线索,对两个不同的语义观理论进行了简要的梳理和总结,最终在对客观主义的意义观辨证批判基础上,确立本论文研究意义的哲学基础-体验哲学。
第三章确立了理论基础。本论文主要以原型范畴理论,意象图示理论,认知隐喻理论为指导,简要概述了三者的内容和关系
第四章是以英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round的认知隐喻意义作为研究课题。本章在跨语言的层面上通过对大量“方”/square和“圆”/round认知隐喻意义的英汉语料进行分析和总结的基础上,进行对比研究发现引起异同点的原因。研究发现,英汉语许多相同的“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻,相似点揭示了词义的延伸隐喻起到了重要的作用;“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻同样源于身体和生活体验,具有共同的心理、生理基础;隐喻不仅仅存在于语言中,人们的思维大部分也是隐喻的,隐喻具有普遍性。同时,英汉语又有其独特的“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻意义。这一结果反映了隐喻具有相对性,即民族性。受不同地理环境,哲学和文化背景影响,呈现出一定的差异,带有民族文化特点。同时本文以文化哲学的视角,通过对英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round隐喻意义不同点的解析,阐释了人们的隐喻思维方式是一种文化与哲学的双重存在。哲学思维方式在整个思维方式体系中的主导地位,影响了语言走向。隐喻思维方式的变化实质是思维方式中一系列文化构成成份的变化,语言展现了民族的文化色彩。
第五章为结论部分。主要对本论文所讨论的内容进行总结和概括,指出有待于深入研究的问题。
The study of metaphor can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago, the age of Aristotle. But for a long time, in classical theories, metaphor has been universally viewed as a rhetorical device in literature. With the development of the cognitive linguistics, classical metaphorical theory receives a challenge of cognitive metaphorical theory. In 1980, a famous book Metaphors We Live By written by Lakoff and Johnson was published, which was seen as the cognitive turn of the study of metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that Metaphor is viewed not just as a linguistic phenomenon but as a cognitive phenomenon. Metaphor comes out of our clearly delineated and concrete experiences and allows us to construct highly abstract and elaborate concepts. Summarizing their own experiences, people tend to describe and comprehend unfamiliar things with familiar concepts so as to know about themselves and the things around them. Virtually, metaphor is the process of one cognitive field mapped onto another.
Cognitive metaphorical system characterizes the universality and relativity. On the one hand, human cognitive activities are rooted in daily physical experiences. Therefore, the hypothesis of the universality of metaphorical cognition exists. On the other hand, that the human physical experiences cannot be independent of a certain culture and society implies that the diversities between metaphorical systems in various cultures exist. The degrees of the differences and the similarities between languages and cultures are such questions that are urgent to be worth answering by contrastive studies. Just as Mr. Lu Shuxiang says, "To point out the differences and similarities things is easy, but to explore why they are quite different and similar is not so easy. And that is the ultimate objective of contrastive research" (Chen JiaXun, 2004) .
In terms of cognitive linguistics, the thesis makes the systematic and contrastive study of cognitive metaphors on FANG/ square and YUAN /round. The whole thesis is composed of five chapters.
Chapter One is the introduction dealing with the reason for the topic selection, aims and methods of study, and basic frames of the thesis.
Chapter Two is a review of literature about objective and cognitive approaches to semantics. This chapter follows the process in which objective approach to semantics develops into the study of cognitive approach to semantics. This chapter is a brief pectination and summary of two different philosophical views about meaning. Besides, on the basis of the dialectical criticism of objective meaning view, emdodied philosophy as philosophical foundation of meaning view of the present thesis is established.
Chapter Three establishes the theoretical foundation of the contrastive study cognitive metaphors on square and round in English and Chinese: prototype theory, image schema theory, and cognitive metaphorical theory, briefly summarizes contents and relations between them, and finally discusses that they play a crucial role in polysemy.
Chapter Four takes up contrastive study of cognitive metaphorical meanings on FANG / square and YUAN / round as the topic of this thesis study. This chapter attempts to conduct a cross-linguistic research into the cognitive metaphors of FANG/ square and YUAN/round and then explores the similarities and differences between cognitive metaphors of FANG and square, YUAN and round, and the relation between FANG/square and YUAN/round by analyzing a large amount of linguistic data from English and Chinese. The research discovers that Chinese and English share many main cognitive metaphors of FANG/square and YUAN/round. These similarities reflect the fact that cognitive metaphors of FANG/square and YUAN/round are primarily rooted in common human bodily and life experiences. Meanwhile, there exist great differences and some specific linguistic expressions, which reveals that metaphor exists the relativity, namely, nationality. These differences are largely due to different geographical environment, philosophical viewpoints and cultural models, since the bodily and life experience can only tell what are possible metaphors, and whether these potential metaphors are actually selected in a specific culture is mainly dependent upon the philosophical viewpoints and cultural models. From the perspective of culture philosophy, this chapter through the analysis of different cognitive metaphors on FANG/square and YUAN/round shows that thinking mode is a kind of double existences of culture and philosophy, philosophical thinking mode plays in the leading position of the whole thinking mode system and influences the language trend, and the changing of thinking mode in quality is the changing of the series of culture compositions in thinking mode. Language reflects cultural color of a nation.
Chapter Five is the conclusion, which mainly summarizes and generalizes the whole content of the thesis and puts forward the questions of further deeper study.
隐喻概念系统具有普遍性和相对性的问题。一方面,人类的认知活动植根于日常的身体体验,而不同民族的身体体验却是相同的,因此有理由假设普遍性的隐喻概念的存在;另一方面,由于身体体验不能独立于特定的文化和社会之外,我们也有理由推论在不同文化的隐喻概念系统中应该存在差异。然而,在不同的语言中,文化究竟在多大程度上表现出隐喻概念系统的异和同,却是需要通过扎扎实实的对比研究来回答的问题。正如吕叔湘先生所说的:“指明事物的异同所在不难,追究它们何以有此异同就不那么容易了。而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的”(陈家旭,2004)。
本论文从英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round的认知隐喻意义进行系统对比研究。全文共分为五章。
第一章为引言部分,主要论述了选题的缘由,本课题的研究目标,论文的基本框架。
第二章是有关客观主义的语义观和认知语义观研究的文献综述,主要以客观主义的意义观研究发展到独立的认知语义观的过程为线索,对两个不同的语义观理论进行了简要的梳理和总结,最终在对客观主义的意义观辨证批判基础上,确立本论文研究意义的哲学基础-体验哲学。
第三章确立了理论基础。本论文主要以原型范畴理论,意象图示理论,认知隐喻理论为指导,简要概述了三者的内容和关系
第四章是以英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round的认知隐喻意义作为研究课题。本章在跨语言的层面上通过对大量“方”/square和“圆”/round认知隐喻意义的英汉语料进行分析和总结的基础上,进行对比研究发现引起异同点的原因。研究发现,英汉语许多相同的“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻,相似点揭示了词义的延伸隐喻起到了重要的作用;“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻同样源于身体和生活体验,具有共同的心理、生理基础;隐喻不仅仅存在于语言中,人们的思维大部分也是隐喻的,隐喻具有普遍性。同时,英汉语又有其独特的“方”/square和“圆”/round的隐喻意义。这一结果反映了隐喻具有相对性,即民族性。受不同地理环境,哲学和文化背景影响,呈现出一定的差异,带有民族文化特点。同时本文以文化哲学的视角,通过对英汉“方”/square和“圆”/round隐喻意义不同点的解析,阐释了人们的隐喻思维方式是一种文化与哲学的双重存在。哲学思维方式在整个思维方式体系中的主导地位,影响了语言走向。隐喻思维方式的变化实质是思维方式中一系列文化构成成份的变化,语言展现了民族的文化色彩。
第五章为结论部分。主要对本论文所讨论的内容进行总结和概括,指出有待于深入研究的问题。
The study of metaphor can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago, the age of Aristotle. But for a long time, in classical theories, metaphor has been universally viewed as a rhetorical device in literature. With the development of the cognitive linguistics, classical metaphorical theory receives a challenge of cognitive metaphorical theory. In 1980, a famous book Metaphors We Live By written by Lakoff and Johnson was published, which was seen as the cognitive turn of the study of metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that Metaphor is viewed not just as a linguistic phenomenon but as a cognitive phenomenon. Metaphor comes out of our clearly delineated and concrete experiences and allows us to construct highly abstract and elaborate concepts. Summarizing their own experiences, people tend to describe and comprehend unfamiliar things with familiar concepts so as to know about themselves and the things around them. Virtually, metaphor is the process of one cognitive field mapped onto another.
Cognitive metaphorical system characterizes the universality and relativity. On the one hand, human cognitive activities are rooted in daily physical experiences. Therefore, the hypothesis of the universality of metaphorical cognition exists. On the other hand, that the human physical experiences cannot be independent of a certain culture and society implies that the diversities between metaphorical systems in various cultures exist. The degrees of the differences and the similarities between languages and cultures are such questions that are urgent to be worth answering by contrastive studies. Just as Mr. Lu Shuxiang says, "To point out the differences and similarities things is easy, but to explore why they are quite different and similar is not so easy. And that is the ultimate objective of contrastive research" (Chen JiaXun, 2004) .
In terms of cognitive linguistics, the thesis makes the systematic and contrastive study of cognitive metaphors on FANG/ square and YUAN /round. The whole thesis is composed of five chapters.
Chapter One is the introduction dealing with the reason for the topic selection, aims and methods of study, and basic frames of the thesis.
Chapter Two is a review of literature about objective and cognitive approaches to semantics. This chapter follows the process in which objective approach to semantics develops into the study of cognitive approach to semantics. This chapter is a brief pectination and summary of two different philosophical views about meaning. Besides, on the basis of the dialectical criticism of objective meaning view, emdodied philosophy as philosophical foundation of meaning view of the present thesis is established.
Chapter Three establishes the theoretical foundation of the contrastive study cognitive metaphors on square and round in English and Chinese: prototype theory, image schema theory, and cognitive metaphorical theory, briefly summarizes contents and relations between them, and finally discusses that they play a crucial role in polysemy.
Chapter Four takes up contrastive study of cognitive metaphorical meanings on FANG / square and YUAN / round as the topic of this thesis study. This chapter attempts to conduct a cross-linguistic research into the cognitive metaphors of FANG/ square and YUAN/round and then explores the similarities and differences between cognitive metaphors of FANG and square, YUAN and round, and the relation between FANG/square and YUAN/round by analyzing a large amount of linguistic data from English and Chinese. The research discovers that Chinese and English share many main cognitive metaphors of FANG/square and YUAN/round. These similarities reflect the fact that cognitive metaphors of FANG/square and YUAN/round are primarily rooted in common human bodily and life experiences. Meanwhile, there exist great differences and some specific linguistic expressions, which reveals that metaphor exists the relativity, namely, nationality. These differences are largely due to different geographical environment, philosophical viewpoints and cultural models, since the bodily and life experience can only tell what are possible metaphors, and whether these potential metaphors are actually selected in a specific culture is mainly dependent upon the philosophical viewpoints and cultural models. From the perspective of culture philosophy, this chapter through the analysis of different cognitive metaphors on FANG/square and YUAN/round shows that thinking mode is a kind of double existences of culture and philosophy, philosophical thinking mode plays in the leading position of the whole thinking mode system and influences the language trend, and the changing of thinking mode in quality is the changing of the series of culture compositions in thinking mode. Language reflects cultural color of a nation.
Chapter Five is the conclusion, which mainly summarizes and generalizes the whole content of the thesis and puts forward the questions of further deeper study.
引文
[1]Croft & Cruse.Cognitive Linguistics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004.
[2]Lakoff,G & Johnson.Metaphors We Live by,[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980.
[3]Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
[4]Lakoff.G & Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh:[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
[5]Ungerer,F.and Schmid,H.J.An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M].London:Longman,1996.
[6]Johnson,M.The Body in the Mind[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
[7]Cui-Xia Weng.The semantics of shapes:A study based on Mandarin quanlzi5[J].Journal of Chinese Language and Computing,2003(11).
[8]陈嘉映.语言哲学[M].北京:北大出版社,2003.
[9]陈家旭.英汉隐喻认知对比研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.
[10]邓炎昌.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[11]冯友兰.中国哲学简史[M].北京:新世界出版社,2004.
[12]葛力译.两方哲学史[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[13]葛兆光.中国思想史[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.
[14]黄俊杰.中国思想史中“身体观”研究的新视野[J]_Modern philosophy,2002(3).
[15]姜周纯.论太极拳中的“圆”[MA].山东:山东师范大学,2007.
[16]蓝纯.认知语言学与隐喻研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
[17]李福印.语义学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[18]李瑛,文旭.从“头”认知--转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究[J].外语教学,2006(5).
[19]李瑛.认知隐喻思维与多义词教学[J].中国外语,2006(9).
[20]刘清平.中美文化的互动与关联[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[21]李国南.辞格与词汇[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[22]邢福义.文化语言学[M].湖北:湖北教育出版社,2006.
[23]徐儒宗.人和论--儒家人伦思想研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2006.
[24]张立文.圣境--儒学与中国文化[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[25]汉英词典[Z].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[26]现代汉语词典[Z].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[27]新英汉词典[Z].上海:上海译文出版社,1985.
[28]韦氏高级美语英汉双解词典[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.
[2]Lakoff,G & Johnson.Metaphors We Live by,[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980.
[3]Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
[4]Lakoff.G & Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh:[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
[5]Ungerer,F.and Schmid,H.J.An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M].London:Longman,1996.
[6]Johnson,M.The Body in the Mind[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1987.
[7]Cui-Xia Weng.The semantics of shapes:A study based on Mandarin quanlzi5[J].Journal of Chinese Language and Computing,2003(11).
[8]陈嘉映.语言哲学[M].北京:北大出版社,2003.
[9]陈家旭.英汉隐喻认知对比研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004.
[10]邓炎昌.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[11]冯友兰.中国哲学简史[M].北京:新世界出版社,2004.
[12]葛力译.两方哲学史[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[13]葛兆光.中国思想史[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005.
[14]黄俊杰.中国思想史中“身体观”研究的新视野[J]_Modern philosophy,2002(3).
[15]姜周纯.论太极拳中的“圆”[MA].山东:山东师范大学,2007.
[16]蓝纯.认知语言学与隐喻研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
[17]李福印.语义学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[18]李瑛,文旭.从“头”认知--转喻、隐喻与一词多义现象研究[J].外语教学,2006(5).
[19]李瑛.认知隐喻思维与多义词教学[J].中国外语,2006(9).
[20]刘清平.中美文化的互动与关联[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[21]李国南.辞格与词汇[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[22]邢福义.文化语言学[M].湖北:湖北教育出版社,2006.
[23]徐儒宗.人和论--儒家人伦思想研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2006.
[24]张立文.圣境--儒学与中国文化[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
[25]汉英词典[Z].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[26]现代汉语词典[Z].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[27]新英汉词典[Z].上海:上海译文出版社,1985.
[28]韦氏高级美语英汉双解词典[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.