国际教育援助研究

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英文题名：A Study on Educational Aid 作者：赵玉池 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：比较教育学 中文关键词：国际教育 ; 教育援助 ; 多边援助 ; 双边援助 ; 非政府机构援助 ; 发展观 英文关键词：International Education ; Educational Aid ; Multilateral Aid ; Bilateral Aid ; Non-governmental Agency Aid ; Development Theory 学位年度：2010 导师：陈时见 学科代码：040104 学位授予单位：西南大学 论文提交日期：2010-10-01

摘要

国际教育援助是援助方(主要的发达国家政府、多边国际组织、非政府机构及其他私人部门或私人)对受援国在教育领域的发展提供贷款、无偿赠款或其他资源(如教师、专业技术、知识、设备、奖学金等)的援助,以帮助这些国家和地区改善教育,并最终促进生产、经济、卫生和公共福利的改善。国际教育援助不仅意味着援助方和受援方之间资金的转移,同时也意味着知识和技术及其他相关教育资源的转移。援助方开展国际教育援助主要出于三个目的,即服务于援助国的政治、经济和文化利益,促进受援国的经济和社会发展以及合作解决全球共同面临的问题。国际教育援助不仅改善了受援国的教育条件,而且还促进了世界范围内的教育合作与交流及教育研究,并拓展了国际组织的发展职能。
     正规的、大规模的国际教育援助产生于二战后,但是要追溯其根源,在殖民时代就已经有了具有援助特征的活动。从二战结束以来国际教育援助的发展经历了四个重要阶段：国际教育援助的兴起和迅速发展阶段(二战后到20世纪60年代末)；国际教育援助的深化阶段(20世纪70年代)；国际教育援助的调整阶段(20世纪80年代)；国际教育援助的全面发展阶段(1990年以来)。国际教育援助的发展受发展观的影响。迄今为止,发展思想的演变经历了经济增长观、社会发展观、综合发展观和以人为中心的发展观几个阶段,在不同发展观的影响下国际教育援助也体现了不同的关注重点和援助战略。国际教育援助的发展体现了如下特点：从关注经济增长转向满足人类基本需求；国际组织在教育援助中发挥着越来越重要的作用；实现了从“硬件支持”到“软件建设”的转型；援助的方式从“项目援助”转向“部门援助”和“计划援助”。
     根据援助的来源机构划分,国际教育援助可以划分为多边教育援助、双边教育援助以及非政府机构教育援助。主要的多边教育援助机构一个是联合国系统中的援助机构,如联合国教科文组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会,另一个是布雷顿森林体系下的世界银行。在双边教育援助方面,主要的提供方为经济合作与发展组织(OECD)发展援助委员会(DAC)成员国,包括英国、美国、日本、加拿大等国。除了国际组织、发达国家政府和其他双边援助提供者外,非政府机构也在广大发展中国家开展教育援助。非政府机构主要包括各种慈善基金会、志愿者组织、商业机构、大学及其它一些私人机构等。三种类型的援助各有优势,相互补充,共同为发展中国家的教育发展提供资金、知识、技术和其他资源的支持。
     中国从1979年开始正式接受来自西方国家、国际组织和非政府机构的援助。30余年来,中国作为受援国,经历了开始接受援助到成为较大的受援国,再到从国际援助体系中“毕业”,其发展具有以下特点：国际组织是对华教育援助的核心力量；对华教育援助越来越重视基础教育的发展；对华教育援助越来越重视能力建设等“软件”改善；对华教育援助密切配合和支持中国教育发展政策和战略。总体来讲,国际教育援助对于弥补我国教育资金不足,促进教育在不同区域的均衡发展,引进先进技术和管理经验,培养专业人才,实现教育理念和制度创新等方面起到了不可或缺的作用,为中国教育的发展作出了特殊的贡献,产生了积极的作用和影响。
     国际教育援助在给受援国带来积极影响的同时,也带来了一些问题,最严重的就是导致受援国对援助国的依附。为了规避援助带来的负面影响,提高援助的针对性和有效性,国际援助界应该共同努力,通过以下几个方面的努力科学构建有效的国际教育援助的发展战略：(1)通过提高受援国的“政治愿望”和“所有感”,提高受援国研究、规划及管理的能力,将援助配合受援国教育发展整体战略并考虑受援群体的实际需求,以及加强对援助活动的管理来切实提高教育援助的有效性；(2)通过加强受援国国内及受援国之间、援助方之间、援助方与受援方之间及国际层面的协调来加强国际教育援助的整体协调；(3)通过加强对“软件建设”的支持,加强对相关问题的研究以及鼓励教育咨询机构参与国际教育援助以提升国际教育援助的技术水平；(4)加强国际教育援助的网络化趋势,并建立包括援助政策沟通,知识、信息分享,研究以及人员交流的网络。
International educational aid is the assistance by the means of loan, grant or other resources (e.g. teachers, professional expertise, knowledge, equipment, scholarships, etc.) offered by the aid providers (the governments of developed countries, multilateral international organizations, non-governmental angencies s as well as private organizations or individuals) to support the recipient countries to improve education, and finally improve their production, economy, health as well as public welfare. Educational aid includes not only the international transfer of funds, but also the transfer of knowledge, expertise and other educational resources. The purposes for the donors to provide educational aid are three-fold, firstly serve for the political, economic and cultural interests of the providers, secondly help push forward the economic and social development of the recipients, and thirdly find resolutions to problems faced by the international society. Educational aid has helped develop the education in the recipient countries, enhance the worldwide cooperation and exchanges in education as well as education research, and also enhance the role of international organizations for development.
     The typical and large-scaled educational aid appeared after the Second World War, but some aid activities had happened in colonial period when taking account of its origin. And its history since the end of the Second World War can be divided into four periods coming as:the period for the rise and rapid growth of educational aid (from the end of World WarⅡto the end of 1960s); the period for the further development of education aid (1970s); the period for the adjustment of educational aid (1980s); and the period for the all-round development of educational aid (since 1990). The development of educational aid is influenced by the development theories. Since the end of the Second World War, development theories have experienced evolution from economic development theory to social development theory, and then to comprehensive development theory and currently to human centered development theory. With the influence of different development theories, the focus and strategies for educational aid has been changed along. And the development of educational aid has undertaken following improvments:its focus transfers from economic development to the basic human needs; international organizations play more and more significant role in the development of educational aid; its support changes from the hardware building to software building; and more and more aid takes the transition form 'project aid' to 'sector aid' and 'programme aid'.
     According to the features of aid providers, educational aid includes three types coming as multinational aid, bilateral aid as well as non-governmental agency aid. The main multilateral providers are the aid agencies under the United Nations, e.g. UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, and the World Bank under the Bretton Woods system. And the main bilateral aid providers are the member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), such as UK, USA, Japan, Canada, etc. Except for international organizations and the governments of developed countries as well as other bilateral providers, non-governmental agencies also provide educational aid in developing countries. The non-governmental agencies that provide educational assistance include charity foundations, voluntary organizations, businesses, universities and other private agencies. The three types of aid have different comparative advantages and their aid complements one another, to jointly provide funds, knowledge, expertise and other resources to support the educational development in recipient countries.
     China started to receive aid from western countries, international organizations and non-governmental agencies in 1979. Since then, China has experienced a history of starting to be a recipient and being big recipient later and then'graduating'from the international aid system. The development of educational aid in China is of following characteristics:the international organizations play a significant role in educational aid to China; educational aid in China pays more and more attention to the basic education development; educational aid in China focuses more and more on capacity building and software improvement; educational aid in China is closely in line with the national education development policies and strategies. In general, educational aid in China has made positive contributions to and plays a very important role in the education development in China. It has provided additional funds, enhanced the balanced development of education in different regions, introduced advanced techniques and management experiences, trained professional staff, and led to innovations of education ideas and mechanisms.
     Educational aid has brought positive impacts on the recipient countries and also some problem, among which the most serious would be the recipients'dependence on the donor countries. In order to avoid the negative impacts of aid and improve its relevance and effectiveness, the international aid society should take joint efforts to scientifically construct effective strategies for the development of educational aid by (1) improving the effectiveness of educational aid through building the recipients' 'political will' and 'ownership', enhancing their capacity of research, planning and management, making the aid closely link to the education development policies and strategies of the developing countries and making aid responsive to the actual needs of target groups, and strengthening the management of assistance; (2) reaching the goal of overall coordination of educational aid by enhancing the coordination within and among the recipient countries, coordination among aid providers, coordination between the recipients and donors as well as the coordination at the international level; (3) improving the professonal expertise of educational aid with support to software building, enhancing the research on related issues of aid and encouraging the consultancy organizations to participate in the educational aid; (4) enhancing the trend of networking in educational aid and take efforts to establish networks of aid policy communication, knowledge and information sharing, research as well as personnel exchange.

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    2 World Bank. Education Sector Strategy. Washington D.C.:World Bank,1999. p.25.
    1 Center for Global Development. Aid for Education:More Bang for the Buck. www.cgdev.org.2010-02-01.
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    5 Laddislav Cerych. Problems of Aid to Education in Developing Countries[M]. New York/Washington/London: Prageger Publishers,1965. p111.
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    2 潘忠.联合国开发计划署援助与中国的发展—一个国际多边发展援助案例的研究[D].中国人民大学博士学位论文,2006.15.
    3 参见www.worldbank.org.
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    2 金俭伦.世界银行教育投资探讨[J].教育与经济,2001,(2)：44.
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    1 World Bank. Lending in Education. Washington D.C.:World Bank,1970. p.4.
    2 Philip W. Jones. On World Bank Education Financing[J]. Comparative Education, Volume 33 No.1 1997. p.119.
    3 World Bank.Education Sector Working Paper. Washington D.C.:World Bank,1974. p.15.
    4 Philip W. Jones. On World Bank Education Financing[J]. Comparative Education, Volume 33 No.1 1997. p.120.
    1 Philip W. Jones. On World Bank Education Financing[J]. Comparative Education, Volume 33 No.1 1997. p.120.
    2 Philip W. Jones. On World Bank Education Financing[J]. Comparative Education, Volume 33 No.1 1997. p.121.
    3 转引自：金俭伦.世界银行教育投资探讨[J].教育与经济,2001,(2)：46.
    4 Philip W. Jones. On World Bank Education Financing[J]. Comparative Education, Volume 33 No.1 1997. p.123.
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    3 George Psacharopoulos and Maureen Woodhall. Education for Development-An Analysis of Investment Choices.
    2 World Bank. Education Sector Policy Paper. Washington D.C.:World Bank,1980. p.97. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985. p.55.
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    1 World Bank. Education Sector Strategy Update 2005. Washington D.C.:World Bank,2005. p.8.
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    3 金俭伦.世界银行教育投资探讨[J].教育与经济,2001,(2)：44.
    4 喻志松.教育系统利用外资的效益、规模、风险研究[D].湖南大学博士学位论文,2008.23.
    5 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.108.
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    2 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.109.
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    3 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.225. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    1 Raymond E. Wanner. UNESCO:An Introduction to Its Education Programs[J]. Comparative Education Review, Vol.26, No.3.1982.p.427.
    2 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.555.
    3 Wyn Courtney. Education and Development Co-operation:A UNESCO Perspective. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.119.
    4 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.224. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    5 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.225. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    6 Wyn Courtney. Education and Development Co-operation:A UNESCO Perspective. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.127.
    1 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.97.
    2 Laddislav Cerych. Problems of Aid to Education in Developing Countries [M]. New York/Washington/London: Prageger Publishers,1965. p.5.
    3 Laddislav Cerych. Problems of Aid to Education in Developing Countries [M]. New York/Washington/London: Prageger Publishers,1965. p.13.
    4 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.561.
    5 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.82.
    1 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.68.
    2 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.46.
    3 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.47.
    1 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.47.
    2 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.69.
    3 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.69.
    4 Wyn Courtney. Education and Development Co-operation:A UNESCO Perspective. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.123.
    5 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education [M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.12.
    6 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.124.
    1 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.564.
    2 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.74.
    3 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.75.
    1 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.75.
    2 Raymond E. Wanner. UNESCO:An Introduction to Its Education Programs[J]. Comparative Education Review, Vol.26, No.3.1982. p.427.
    3 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.40.
    4 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2005. pp.78-79.
    5 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.53.
    1 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.53.
    2 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. p.14.
    3 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.56.
    4 联合国教科文组织.联合国教科文组织四十年[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1990.40.
    5 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. p.9.
    1 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. p.9.
    2 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. p.10.
    4 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO.1962. p.13.
    3 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. p.12.
    6 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. The United Nations and Education[M]. London and New York:
    5 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.226. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10. RoutledgeFalmer,2005. p.61.
    1 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.227. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    2 UNESCO. International Aid for Progress:the Role of UNESCO. Paris:UNESCO,1962. pp.13-14.
    3 UNESCO. Aid to Education.p.226. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    1 Philips W. Jones & David Coleman. World Bank Financing of Education[M]. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer,2007. pp.62-63.
    2 UNESCO. Aid to Education. p.229. http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/resources/news-archive/aid-to-education/. 2009-10-10.
    3 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.95.
    4 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.104.
    1 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.106.
    2 Center for Global Development. Education and the developing world. www.cgdev.org.2010-02-01.
    3 Karen Mundy. Educational Multilateralism at a Crossroads. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.98.
    1 Ladislav Cerych. Problems of Aid to Education in Developing Countries. New York.Washington.London: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers,1965. p.168.
    2 Nancy Parkinson. Educational Aid and National Development:An International Comparison of the Past and Recommendations for the Future[M]. London:Macmillan,1976. p.152.
    3 Nancy Parkinson. Educational Aid and National Development:An International Comparison of the Past and Recommendations for the Future[M]. London:Macmillan,1976. pp.64-65.
    4 以苏联为首的社会主义阵营国家成立的经济援助协调组织。该组织于1949年由前苏联、保加利亚、捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利、波兰及罗马尼亚共同成立。
    5 靳希斌、安雪慧、闫国华、周玲.国际教育援助研究—理论概述与实践分析[M].福州：福建教育出版社,2008.322.
    1 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.534.
    2 潘忠.联合国开发计划署援助与中国的发展—一个国际多边发展援助案例的研究[D].中国人民大学博士学位论文.2006.15.
    3 参见Owen Barder. Reforming Development Assistance:Lessons from UK Experience(Working Paper No.70). Centerfor Global Development,2005. www.cgdev.org.2010-02-01.
    1 参见Owen Barder. Reforming Development Assistance:Lessons from UK Experience(Working Paper No.70). Center for Global Development,2005. www.cgdev.org.2010-02-01.
    1 李小云、唐丽霞、武晋.国际发展援助概论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.33.
    2 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.166.
    3 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.167.
    1 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.500.
    2 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.500.
    3 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.167.
    4 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.171.
    1 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.170.
    2 Myra Harrison. Changing Frameworks and Practices:the New Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris: UNESCO,1999. p.169.
    3 Owen Barder. Reforming Development Assistance:Lessons from UK Experience (Working Paper No.70). Center for Global Development,2005. p.3. www.cgdev.org.2010-02-01.
    1 William Y. Elliott. The Road to Self-help. in William Y. Elliott, eds. Education and Training in the Developing Countries:The Role of U.S. Foreign Aid[C]. New York/Washington/London:Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. 1966. p.3-4.
    2 William Y. Elliott. The Road to Self-help. in William Y. Elliott, eds. Education and Training in the Developing Countries:The Role of U.S. Foreign Aid [C]. New York/Washington/London:Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. 1966. p.4.3 徐辉.国际教育初探—比较教育的新进展[M].成都：四川教育出版社,2005.151.
    1 USAID History Summary.www.usaid.gov.2010-01-11.
    2 Nancy Parkinson.Educational Aid and National Development:An International Comparison of the Past and Rccommendations for the Future[M].London:Macmillan,1976.p.52.
    3 Nancy Parkinson. Educational Aid and National Development:An International Comparison of the Past and Rccommendations for the Future[M].London:Macmillan,1976.p.178.
    4 徐辉.国际教育初探—比较教育的新进展[M].成都：四川教育出版社,2005.151-152.
    1 徐辉.国际教育初探—比较教育的新进展[M].成都：四川教育出版社,2005.153.
    2 USAID History Summary.www.usaid.gov.2010-1-11.
    3 USAID. Education strategy:Improving Lives through Learning. Washington D.C.:USAID,2005. p.7.
    4 USAID. Education strategy:Improving Lives through Learning. Washington D.C.:USAID,2005. pp.13-14
    1 U.S. Department of State & U.S. Agency for International Development. Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2007-2012. 2007. p.23
    1 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.31.
    2 日本国内建立的最早的两个有关联合国教科文组织的民间组织是SENDAI联合国教科文组织合作协会(Sendai UNESCO Cooperative Association),和KYOTO联合国教科文组织合作协会(Kyoto UNESCO Cooperative Association).
    1 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.28.
    2 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.31.
    3 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s [M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.31.
    1 Ladislav Cerych. Problems of Aid to Education in Developing Countries[M]. New York.Washington.London: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers,1965. p.5.
    2 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.39.
    3 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.64.
    4 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.74.
    1 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.78.
    2 Takao Kamibeppu. History of Japanese Policies in Education Aid to Developing Countries:1950s-1990s[M]. New York & London:Routledge,2002. p.66.
    1 Yumiko Yokozeki and Nobuhide Sawamara. Redefining Strategies of Assistance:Recent Trends in Japanese Assistance to Education in Africa. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.178.
    2 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.525.
    3 袁本涛.发展教育论[M].南京：江苏教育出版社,2005.526.
    1 Yumiko Yokozeki and Nobuhide Sawamara. Redefining Strategies of Assistance:Recent Trends in Japanese Assistance to Education in Africa. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.176.
    2 Yumiko Yokozeki and Nobuhide Sawamara. Redefining Strategies of Assistance:Recent Trends in Japanese Assistance to Education in Africa. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.179.
    3 Yumiko Yokozeki and Nobuhide Sawamara. Redefining Strategies of Assistance:Recent Trends in Japanese Assistance to Education in Africa. in Kenneth King and Lene Buchert, eds. Changing International Aid to Education[C]. Paris:UNESCO,1999. p.173.
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