人造复合原子系统中光学效应的研究
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摘要
人造复合系统材料是由于纳米制作技术的快速发展而出现的一种新型人工复合材料。这种人造复合原子系统中的每一个复合原子可以由两种或者更多的纳米颗粒组成。这些纳米颗粒组分可以是半导体量子点、金属纳米粒子、纳米线、磁性化合物、基因等不同的材料组成。由于集中多种组分在同一个复合原子上,人造复合原子系统材料通常具备了每种组分的物理本征特性;同时,因为组分之间的相互耦合,其每一组分的物理本征特性也会收到相邻组分的控制,进而耦合出更多新颖多样化和多元化的物理特性,具有更广泛的应用价值。
慢光以及Kerr非线性效应等光学效应在量子信息处理,光开关等领域存在极大的应用前景,已经引起人们广泛的关注。光学Kerr效应属于三阶非线性效应,正比于三阶极化率的实部。在通常的情况下,Kerr非线性系数都是很小。过去众多理论和实验研究结果表明利用相干光调控可以实现弱光条件下获得大的Kerr非线性系数。在本文中,我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的Kerr非线性光学效应。慢光就是减慢光的传播速度。随着光通讯以及光计算的迅速发展,控制光的速度的重要性越来越突出。电磁诱导透明(Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, EIT)、相干布居数振荡(Coherent Population Oscillation, CPO)等方法是实现慢光效应的几种常用的方法。我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的慢光效应。在本文中,我们还讨论了一种类似于电磁诱导透明的光学效应-声子诱导透明(Phonon Induced Transparency, PIT)。声子诱导透明具有电磁诱导透明很多光学特性,如无吸收通过介质,并且伴随着慢光现象。声子诱导透明产生的物理机制是声子与激子的耦合。如果没有声子的辅助作用,透明效应就会消失。本文中,我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的声子诱导透明效应。量子计算受到环境影响而产生退相干,一直是很棘手的问题。在本文中,我们讨论了声子环境、失谐量等因素对量子点中由自旋与轨道驱动的相干振荡的影响。这结果对于如何有效地遏制退相干、退纠缠具有一定的指导作用。
综上所述,本文主要对新型人工合成材料:人造复合原子系统中的慢光以及Kerr非线性效应、声子诱导透明现象进行了一些理论研究。另外,我们还研究了声子环境、失谐量等因素对量子点中由自旋与轨道驱动的相干振荡的影响。本论文的结构如下:
(1)对慢光,Kerr非线性光学效应以及量子点中量子计算的实现等的研究背景,基本概念及研究方法做了简单的介绍,并综述了历年来人们在慢光、非线性光学效应、量子计算的研究的最新进展和成果。
(2)对人造复合原子系统中的Kerr非线性光学效应进行详细的讨论和介绍。我们选择量子点与金属纳米球合成的复合原子系统为研究对象,通过求解布洛赫光学方程,得到量子点中的三阶非线性光学极化率表达式。以GaAs/ AlGaAs量子点与金纳米球合成的复合原子系统材料为例,引入相关的材料参数进行数值计算。结果表明,量子点与金属纳米球之间间距越小,非线性光学效应越强。另一个重要结果是某些光频率范围内,Kerr系数的增加量比非线性吸收的增加量多。这结果对于将来的理论和实验工作都是有一定的意义。我们还可以通过改变耦合光的Rabi频率,耦合光或者探索光的频率,入射光的电场极化方向都可以得到不同的非线性光学响应。
(3)对人造复合原子系统中慢光效应进行研究和讨论。同样利用布洛赫光学方程,得到一阶光学极化率和光群速度系数公式。量子点二能级系统中,由于粒子数相干振荡物理机制,量子点系统中可以产生慢光现象。而人造复合原子系统中,金属纳米球与量子点相互作用能使量子点系统中的慢光效应明显发生变化。量子点与金属纳米球的粒子间库仑相互作用越强,系统中信号光的群速度系数就会变得越大。同时,我们也进一步考虑到现在材料工艺技术的实际情况:粒子间间距并不能确定不变的,并对此实际情况进行了相应的理论研究。结果表明,无论粒子间距R呈高斯分布还是洛仑兹分布,只要粒子间间距的分布半宽不是很大的情况下,慢光效应的实现没有受到很大影响。
(4)对复合原子系统中的声子诱导透明效应进行研究和讨论。由于量子点中的声子与激子相互作用,量子点二能级系统中能实现电磁诱导透明现象。我们以银纳米球与量子点为例,引入相关的材料参数进行数值计算,最后利用数据结果对该系统中的声子诱导透明现象以及伴随声子诱导透明的慢光效应进行讨论。结果表明,在给定的外加光电场的极化方向的条件下,改变金属纳米球与量子点间距,系统中的光群速度系数可以变大或者变小。
(5)我们讨论了声子场以及失谐量对量子点系统中由自旋与轨道驱动的拉比振荡的影响。研究结果发现了失谐量会打破系统本身所拥有的对称性,而且长时极限的粒子数反转不再是零。我们同时也研究了量子点尺寸、外加磁场强度、自旋与轨道耦合系数对量子点中粒子数相干振荡的影响。从数据结果得知,我们可以采用大尺寸的量子点、小的自旋与轨道耦合系数、强的外加磁场强度都可以延长粒子数相干时间。
最后,我们总结了本论文所研究的主要内容,并列出了我们研究所发表的论文。
Due to the rapid advance of nanotechnology, a kind of artificial complex superstructure that we call it an artificial nanocrystal complex has been exploited. Each hybrid molecule in this kind of superstructure can be combined by two or more different nanoparticles. These nanoparticles may be semiCond- uctor quantum dot(SQD), metal nanoparticle, nanowire, magnetic compound,gene,ect. Because one hybrid molecule makes up of different components, such superstructure usually owes the essential physical properties of all the components. On the other hand, the essential physical properties of each components can be modulated by neighbouring components, then lots of new physical properties can be found. So such superstructure will be worthful in an further application.
Optical effect such as slow light and Kerr nonlinearity have many potential application ,such as quantum information processing, light switch, and so on. Because that,it has attracted great attention in those fields. Kerr optical effect belongs to three-order nonlinear optical effect. The Kerr coefficient is direct proportion to the real part of three-order susceptibility. In the common case, the Kerr coefficient is very small. The result of many past theroetical and experimental researches shows that a large Kerr coefficient in a weak light will be obtained by the way of the coherent light control. Slow light means the speed of the light will be slow down. With the rapid progess of optical communication and optical computation, the control of light speed becomes more and more important. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Coherent Population Oscillation (CPO) etc. are some amongs the usual ways to the generation of the slow light effect. In this thesis, we study the slow light effect in an artificial hybrid nanocrystal complex system. In this thesis, we also discuss one kind of optical effect: Phonon Induced Transparency (PIT), which is a similar to EIT. PIT owns some same optical properties of EIT, such as light passing through medium without absorption and slow light. The coupling between the phonon and the exciton is the physical mechanism of the generation of PIT. Without the phonon effect, the transparency will be dissappear. It is a very diffcult problem that the phonon surrounding leads to decoherence of the quantum computation. In this thesis, we discuss the phonon surrounding and the detuning will influence spin-orbit driven coherent oscillation in the quantum dot. Our theoretical result would shed light on how to efficiently suppress decoherence and distanglement.
To summarize, some related theoretical investigation on slow light, Kerr nonlinearity and phonon induced transparency in an artificial hybrid nanocrystal complex are provided in this thesis and we have also studied phonon effect on the realization of quantum computation in quantum dot. Some results are listed as follows:
(2) The research background, the fundamental conception and the method have been introduced, and the recent research achievement on slow light,nonlinear optics and quantum computation have been summarized as well.
(2) Kerr nonlinearity in a hybrid nanocrystal complex is studied. We choose the hybrid molecule composed of quantum dot and metal particle as investigated object. By the generalized optical Bloch equations, the expression of the nonlinear susce- ptibility in a hybrid complex has been derived. We use GaAs / AlGaAs quantum dots and Au metal particles as example to find out how the Kerr nonlinearity changes. The results show that when the interparticle distance between quantum dot and metal particle is smaller, the nonlinear optical effect will be enhanced. Another important result is that the increasing quantum of Kerr coefficient is more than that of nonlinear absorption in some light frequencies. The result will be meanful in the furrther theoretical or experimental research. We also can obtain a different nonlinear optical response by altering the Rabi frequency of the control light, the frequency of the control or the proble light and the electric field polarization direction.
(3) Slow light effect in a hybrid complex has been studied. The expression of linear optical susceptibility has been derived using the generalized optical Bloch equation too. Because of quantum coherent oscillation, slow light can be produced in a quantum dot system that has been treated as two-level energy system. When the coulomb interaction between metal particle and quantum dot is stronger, the group velocity index of signal light in hybrid complex are larger. At the same time, we also furtherly consider the factual case of the modern artificial technology: the distance between two nanoparticles cannot be constanted. The corresponding theoretical investi- gation has been carried throughed. The results show that the generation of slow light effect will not be influenced with a smaller half width of the distribution in Gaussian distribution or Lorenz distribution.
(4) Phonon Induced Transparency in a hybrid complex is investigated. Because of the interaction between phonon and exciton, electromagnetically induced transparency can be generated in quantum dot system. We choose the hybrid molecule composed of Ag metal particle and quantum dot to find out how the phonon-induced transparency and slow light effect change. The results show that when the interparticle distance between metal particle and quantum dot is shorter, the group velocity index can be larger or smaller for choosing different electric field polarization of external light.
(5) The effect of detunig and phonon surrounding on coherent oscillation in a single quantum dot has been studied. The results show that the detuning will break the symmetry of system and the population inversion in long- time limit will be not zero any longer. We also study the size of the quantum dot, the intensity of the magnetic field and spin-orbit constant coupling will be influence the population oscillation in the quantum dot. From the data, we know that the stronger magnetic field intensity, the smaller spin-orbit coupled coefficient, the larger size of quantum dot all can make the coherence time of population osicllation longer.
In the last chapter, the main contents and conclusion of my dissertation have been summarized.
慢光以及Kerr非线性效应等光学效应在量子信息处理,光开关等领域存在极大的应用前景,已经引起人们广泛的关注。光学Kerr效应属于三阶非线性效应,正比于三阶极化率的实部。在通常的情况下,Kerr非线性系数都是很小。过去众多理论和实验研究结果表明利用相干光调控可以实现弱光条件下获得大的Kerr非线性系数。在本文中,我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的Kerr非线性光学效应。慢光就是减慢光的传播速度。随着光通讯以及光计算的迅速发展,控制光的速度的重要性越来越突出。电磁诱导透明(Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, EIT)、相干布居数振荡(Coherent Population Oscillation, CPO)等方法是实现慢光效应的几种常用的方法。我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的慢光效应。在本文中,我们还讨论了一种类似于电磁诱导透明的光学效应-声子诱导透明(Phonon Induced Transparency, PIT)。声子诱导透明具有电磁诱导透明很多光学特性,如无吸收通过介质,并且伴随着慢光现象。声子诱导透明产生的物理机制是声子与激子的耦合。如果没有声子的辅助作用,透明效应就会消失。本文中,我们研究了人造复合原子系统中的声子诱导透明效应。量子计算受到环境影响而产生退相干,一直是很棘手的问题。在本文中,我们讨论了声子环境、失谐量等因素对量子点中由自旋与轨道驱动的相干振荡的影响。这结果对于如何有效地遏制退相干、退纠缠具有一定的指导作用。
综上所述,本文主要对新型人工合成材料:人造复合原子系统中的慢光以及Kerr非线性效应、声子诱导透明现象进行了一些理论研究。另外,我们还研究了声子环境、失谐量等因素对量子点中由自旋与轨道驱动的相干振荡的影响。本论文的结构如下:
(1)对慢光,Kerr非线性光学效应以及量子点中量子计算的实现等的研究背景,基本概念及研究方法做了简单的介绍,并综述了历年来人们在慢光、非线性光学效应、量子计算的研究的最新进展和成果。
(2)对人造复合原子系统中的Kerr非线性光学效应进行详细的讨论和介绍。我们选择量子点与金属纳米球合成的复合原子系统为研究对象,通过求解布洛赫光学方程,得到量子点中的三阶非线性光学极化率表达式。以GaAs/ AlGaAs量子点与金纳米球合成的复合原子系统材料为例,引入相关的材料参数进行数值计算。结果表明,量子点与金属纳米球之间间距越小,非线性光学效应越强。另一个重要结果是某些光频率范围内,Kerr系数的增加量比非线性吸收的增加量多。这结果对于将来的理论和实验工作都是有一定的意义。我们还可以通过改变耦合光的Rabi频率,耦合光或者探索光的频率,入射光的电场极化方向都可以得到不同的非线性光学响应。
(3)对人造复合原子系统中慢光效应进行研究和讨论。同样利用布洛赫光学方程,得到一阶光学极化率和光群速度系数公式。量子点二能级系统中,由于粒子数相干振荡物理机制,量子点系统中可以产生慢光现象。而人造复合原子系统中,金属纳米球与量子点相互作用能使量子点系统中的慢光效应明显发生变化。量子点与金属纳米球的粒子间库仑相互作用越强,系统中信号光的群速度系数就会变得越大。同时,我们也进一步考虑到现在材料工艺技术的实际情况:粒子间间距并不能确定不变的,并对此实际情况进行了相应的理论研究。结果表明,无论粒子间距R呈高斯分布还是洛仑兹分布,只要粒子间间距的分布半宽不是很大的情况下,慢光效应的实现没有受到很大影响。
(4)对复合原子系统中的声子诱导透明效应进行研究和讨论。由于量子点中的声子与激子相互作用,量子点二能级系统中能实现电磁诱导透明现象。我们以银纳米球与量子点为例,引入相关的材料参数进行数值计算,最后利用数据结果对该系统中的声子诱导透明现象以及伴随声子诱导透明的慢光效应进行讨论。结果表明,在给定的外加光电场的极化方向的条件下,改变金属纳米球与量子点间距,系统中的光群速度系数可以变大或者变小。
(5)我们讨论了声子场以及失谐量对量子点系统中由自旋与轨道驱动的拉比振荡的影响。研究结果发现了失谐量会打破系统本身所拥有的对称性,而且长时极限的粒子数反转不再是零。我们同时也研究了量子点尺寸、外加磁场强度、自旋与轨道耦合系数对量子点中粒子数相干振荡的影响。从数据结果得知,我们可以采用大尺寸的量子点、小的自旋与轨道耦合系数、强的外加磁场强度都可以延长粒子数相干时间。
最后,我们总结了本论文所研究的主要内容,并列出了我们研究所发表的论文。
Due to the rapid advance of nanotechnology, a kind of artificial complex superstructure that we call it an artificial nanocrystal complex has been exploited. Each hybrid molecule in this kind of superstructure can be combined by two or more different nanoparticles. These nanoparticles may be semiCond- uctor quantum dot(SQD), metal nanoparticle, nanowire, magnetic compound,gene,ect. Because one hybrid molecule makes up of different components, such superstructure usually owes the essential physical properties of all the components. On the other hand, the essential physical properties of each components can be modulated by neighbouring components, then lots of new physical properties can be found. So such superstructure will be worthful in an further application.
Optical effect such as slow light and Kerr nonlinearity have many potential application ,such as quantum information processing, light switch, and so on. Because that,it has attracted great attention in those fields. Kerr optical effect belongs to three-order nonlinear optical effect. The Kerr coefficient is direct proportion to the real part of three-order susceptibility. In the common case, the Kerr coefficient is very small. The result of many past theroetical and experimental researches shows that a large Kerr coefficient in a weak light will be obtained by the way of the coherent light control. Slow light means the speed of the light will be slow down. With the rapid progess of optical communication and optical computation, the control of light speed becomes more and more important. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Coherent Population Oscillation (CPO) etc. are some amongs the usual ways to the generation of the slow light effect. In this thesis, we study the slow light effect in an artificial hybrid nanocrystal complex system. In this thesis, we also discuss one kind of optical effect: Phonon Induced Transparency (PIT), which is a similar to EIT. PIT owns some same optical properties of EIT, such as light passing through medium without absorption and slow light. The coupling between the phonon and the exciton is the physical mechanism of the generation of PIT. Without the phonon effect, the transparency will be dissappear. It is a very diffcult problem that the phonon surrounding leads to decoherence of the quantum computation. In this thesis, we discuss the phonon surrounding and the detuning will influence spin-orbit driven coherent oscillation in the quantum dot. Our theoretical result would shed light on how to efficiently suppress decoherence and distanglement.
To summarize, some related theoretical investigation on slow light, Kerr nonlinearity and phonon induced transparency in an artificial hybrid nanocrystal complex are provided in this thesis and we have also studied phonon effect on the realization of quantum computation in quantum dot. Some results are listed as follows:
(2) The research background, the fundamental conception and the method have been introduced, and the recent research achievement on slow light,nonlinear optics and quantum computation have been summarized as well.
(2) Kerr nonlinearity in a hybrid nanocrystal complex is studied. We choose the hybrid molecule composed of quantum dot and metal particle as investigated object. By the generalized optical Bloch equations, the expression of the nonlinear susce- ptibility in a hybrid complex has been derived. We use GaAs / AlGaAs quantum dots and Au metal particles as example to find out how the Kerr nonlinearity changes. The results show that when the interparticle distance between quantum dot and metal particle is smaller, the nonlinear optical effect will be enhanced. Another important result is that the increasing quantum of Kerr coefficient is more than that of nonlinear absorption in some light frequencies. The result will be meanful in the furrther theoretical or experimental research. We also can obtain a different nonlinear optical response by altering the Rabi frequency of the control light, the frequency of the control or the proble light and the electric field polarization direction.
(3) Slow light effect in a hybrid complex has been studied. The expression of linear optical susceptibility has been derived using the generalized optical Bloch equation too. Because of quantum coherent oscillation, slow light can be produced in a quantum dot system that has been treated as two-level energy system. When the coulomb interaction between metal particle and quantum dot is stronger, the group velocity index of signal light in hybrid complex are larger. At the same time, we also furtherly consider the factual case of the modern artificial technology: the distance between two nanoparticles cannot be constanted. The corresponding theoretical investi- gation has been carried throughed. The results show that the generation of slow light effect will not be influenced with a smaller half width of the distribution in Gaussian distribution or Lorenz distribution.
(4) Phonon Induced Transparency in a hybrid complex is investigated. Because of the interaction between phonon and exciton, electromagnetically induced transparency can be generated in quantum dot system. We choose the hybrid molecule composed of Ag metal particle and quantum dot to find out how the phonon-induced transparency and slow light effect change. The results show that when the interparticle distance between metal particle and quantum dot is shorter, the group velocity index can be larger or smaller for choosing different electric field polarization of external light.
(5) The effect of detunig and phonon surrounding on coherent oscillation in a single quantum dot has been studied. The results show that the detuning will break the symmetry of system and the population inversion in long- time limit will be not zero any longer. We also study the size of the quantum dot, the intensity of the magnetic field and spin-orbit constant coupling will be influence the population oscillation in the quantum dot. From the data, we know that the stronger magnetic field intensity, the smaller spin-orbit coupled coefficient, the larger size of quantum dot all can make the coherence time of population osicllation longer.
In the last chapter, the main contents and conclusion of my dissertation have been summarized.
引文
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