基于古代文献的“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科中的应用研究
摘要
“肺与大肠相表里”理论是中医藏象学说的重要内容之一,千百年来一直有效地指导着中医临床实践。本研究从古代儿科文献入手,探讨“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科中的应用。
依据古代儿科文献资料所展示的各时期该理论发展的特点,可分四个时段。
其一,“肺与大肠相表里”理论的形成,这一时期在唐及五代之前。中医藏象学说最早自成体系的记载见于《黄帝内经素问》(以下简称《素问》)。虽然《素问》中尚无直接论述五脏与六腑之间两两对应关系的文字,但在《素问·金匮真言篇第四》中已经提到了五脏六腑具有逆从、阴阳、表里、雌雄关系；《素问·五藏生成篇第十》中的“五决”诊法则明确指出属于肺的疾病(咳嗽上气)归咎于手阳明、太阴经脉。这就明确了肺与大肠之间可通过经络相联系,而无须借助社会结构的隐喻或五行模式的推导。在《灵枢》中出现了系统的脏腑相合论述,其中“肺合大肠”凡两见。这种相合关系的产生,据当代学者及本文的考证,都与经络学说有关,且在针刺实践中,已经出现了胸中属于肺之病采用刺手阳明络的方法。现存隋唐医学文献中,逐渐将在《素问》、《灵枢》中零散的肺合大肠、手太阴与手阳明为表里的表述摘引出来,作为五脏六腑病证前的重要理论之一其中《诸病源候论》中归纳为肺“与大肠合。大肠为府,主表；肺为藏,主里”。为后世“肺与大肠相表里”的归纳奠定了基础。《千金要方》则将肺与大肠结合起来论虚实,记载了“肺与大肠俱实”、“肺与大肠俱不足”的病证及相应的药疗方。同时《素问》肺咳日久移于大肠的病证传变途径也被纳入了五脏六腑病证系统。《外台秘要方》转引的《删繁方》治疗大肠实热、虚寒的方剂表明,药疗法中已经开始出现肺、肠同治的实例。
其二,“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科中的最初应用,这一时期为宋金元时期。“肺与大肠相表里”理论开始在中医儿科中的得到应用。宋代其中两部官修的大型医方书(《太平圣惠方》与《圣济总录》)中,有若干关于肺与大肠关系的重要内容,二书的记载表明,肺合大肠的理论不仅用来解释某些疾病的病因,同时也越来越多地用于临床治疗,出现了肺病治肠,肠病治肺,或肺肠同治的药疗法。《圣济总录》中还第一次出现了“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用来解释血痔的成因。这意味着“肺与大肠相表里”理论在宋代已经最终形成。随着“肺与大肠为表里”理论的广泛运用,宋代儿科著作中也开始采用这一理论。南宋《小儿卫生总微论方》再次出现了“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用来解释小儿变蒸说中。在这一理论的指导下,这一时期的儿科学在临证中可以不受病位的限制,深入探求脏腑相关的病因,辨证用药,为儿科药疗提供了临床依据。
其三,“肺与大肠相表里”理论诊治儿科病种的扩展与理论探讨,该时段主要是明代。明代儿科医书中与“肺与大肠相表里”理论相关的内容较多。这一时期众多医家较多运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论,对多种疾病(如肺热、脱肛、赤白痢、便血、麻疹、疳症等)的见证、病机等予以解说。“肺与大肠相表里”(王肯堂)一语在明代几乎取代了宋代出现的“肺与大肠为表里”,被后世学术界广为运用。明代“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科学中应用最多的是指导临床用药,其涉及的病种主要为杂病,以属于大肠腑证者(便血、脱肛、痢疾、泄泻、大便不通等)居多,也有属于肺疾(马脾风,咳嗽等证)或肺肠同病者。明代儿科疾病诊治中,运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论辨析所治疾病的病位、病因、病机,为选择先从肺治或先从肠治,或肺肠同治提供依据。此外,明代还开始总结某些具有肺肠兼顾药性的药物,以便临床选用。
其四,“肺与大肠相表里”理论诊治儿科诸病的深化与医案分析,该时段主要是清代。清代是中医儿科应用和发挥“肺与大肠相表里”理论最多的一个时期。这一时期疫病流行频繁,危害小儿的疾病甚多,因而促使“肺与大肠相表里”理论更多地应用于儿科疾病诊治。鉴于儿科理论有“痘出于五脏,疹由于六腑”、“麻乃大肠主之”等说法,且麻疹多犯肺,因此清代“肺与大肠相表里”理论最多见用于麻疹诊治。此外,清代儿科应用“肺与大肠相表里”理论治疗杂病的记载较明代大为增多,但所治的疾病种类仍多局限于属大肠腑证的下部疾患(如脱肛、痢疾、大便不通、便血等),属于肺疾(咳嗽、肺热喘渴等)者甚少。这从一个侧面提示,小儿疾病运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论的病种主要与大肠腑有关。大肠可以发挥驱邪外出的通道作用,因此,“除肺热而不引大肠”,就容易导致“闭门杀贼”之弊。
研究提示,“肺与大肠为表里”一语,其在《灵枢》的最早表述法是“肺合大肠”。这种“合”可以体会为配合、对应,也可以理解为两者有一定的络合关系,两者之间还有着以经脉为媒介的联络通道。“肺与大肠相表里”的“表里”,是引进经络学说阴阳经相表里的说法。在该理论运用的实例中,肺合大肠最多见是功能、气机的上下交流。在生理上二者互相配合,即肺气肃降正常,有助于大肠的传导,大肠传导功能正常,有助于肺气肃降顺畅而呼吸匀调。病理上互相影响,若肺气失于肃降,津液不能下达,或肺气虚弱,推动无力,可见大便困难或秘结。若大肠实热便秘,腑气不通,可影响肺气肃降而咳喘胸满。但是从广义上讲,肺与大肠相表里已经延伸扩展到了肺系与大肠系。肺系：皮毛、咽喉、胸、鼻；大肠系：大肠、肛门。肺与大肠在生理密切联系,功能上相互协调。肺肠之间病理上的相互影响主要表现在肺病及肠与肠病及肺以下两方面。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)“肺与大肠相表里”理论逐渐形成于唐及五代以前。其前身脏腑相合理论见于《素问》、《灵枢》有关针刺经脉的篇章,是藏象学说与经络学说渗透交融的产物。其中“肺合大肠”两见于《灵枢》,并已运用于诊断与针刺疗法。隋唐时期药疗法中已经出现肺、肠同治的实例。
(2)“肺与大肠相表里”理论在宋金元时期应用于脉诊、药疗,并开始运用儿科学中。《圣济总录》首次出现“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用此解释血痔成因。宋金元儿科学开始深入探求脏腑相关的病因,辨证用药,为儿科药疗提供了临床依据。
(3)明代众多医家尝试运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论,对多种疾病(如肺热、脱肛、赤白痢、便血、麻疹、疳症等)的病证、病机等予以解说。“肺与大肠相表里”(王肯堂)一语逐渐被后世医学界广为运用。该理论在明代儿科学中有效地指导杂病临床用药,其适用范围比宋金元要广泛得多。
(4)清代是肺肠相关理论在儿科中应用发展的鼎盛时期。其主要表现是越来越多地运用该理论诊治小儿疾病种。“肺与大肠相表里”理论,使大肠成为驱邪外出的通道,避免出现“闭门杀贼”之弊。
本文基于系统梳理分析古代儿科文献,全面探讨了“肺与大肠相表里”理论的形成过程,及该理论应用于古代儿科的范围与特点。进而系统梳理了该理论在古代药疗及儿科中的应用与发展,其中包括脉诊分部、解释小儿变蒸阶段,以及在儿科麻疹及以大肠腑为主的杂病诊治中的运用,并分析其中相关的理论阐述。该理论是儿科病证“外感重肺肠”的一个方面,对总结儿科病证从肺、大肠论治的规律有所裨益。
As one of the original kernel theories, Viscera theory is one of the most important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine which have been guiding the clinical practice through the ages and have obtained good effects. The relationship between the exterior-interior visceras is one important part of the Viscera Manifestation theory. "The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory is a typical representative of the relationship.
"Ancient" refers to the feudal society and the time before-the long period of time before year 1911."Pediatric Literature" refers to the special literature and some books for special pediatric diseases."The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine "is a concept of the Viscera Manifestation theory which reflects the exterior-interior relationship between the lung-one of the five visceras and the large intestine-one of the six bowels in TCM. According to the development of the theory of ancient pediatric works inliterature, we can divide it into four stages.
Firstly, the formation of "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine "theory, which can be traced back to the period before the Tang and the five dynasties.The earliest records of Viscera theory can be seen in HuangdiNeijingSuwen ( Hereinafter to be referred to as Suwen).While there are no direct discusses on the two-two corresponding relations between the viscera and bowels, the relationship between obverse and reverse,yin and yang,exterior and interior,male and female had been mentioned in Suwen; the"Wujue"treatment in Suwen explicitly pointed out that lung diseases such as cough and asthma were owing to the large intestine meridian and the lung meridian. These have made clear that the lung and the large intestine are connected through meridians and collaterals without the help of the metaphor of the structure of the society and the inference of the mode of Five Phases.It had been systematically discussed that the viscera and bowels are one to one corresponding in Lingshu, including two discusses about the correspondence between the lung and the large intestine. According to the textual research of contemporary scholars and this article, this has something to do with the meridian and collateral theory.What's more, lung diseases can be cured by acupuncturing the Yang meridians of the hand which can be affirmed in the acupuncture practice. The scattered expression of the relationship between the lung and the large intestine can be found in the existing Sui and Tang dynasties's medical literature, as one of the important part of theory about the disease of five zang organs and six fu organs. In Zhubingyuanhoulun, it was concluded that "the lung is corresponded to the large intestine and the large intestine is one of the bowels which decides the exterior, the lung is one of the viscuses which decides the interior", which have layed the foundation for the later conclusion.In Qianjinyaofang, the lung and the intestine were combined to discuss its deficiency and excess,the diseases and the corresponding treatments of "the lung and the large intestine are both excess or deficiency" were recorded. At the same time, in Suwen, the way diseases transmits as longtime coughing would be transferred into the large intestine was brought into the visceral system.The prescription for excessive heat in the intestine or deficiency-cold recorded in WaitaiMiyaofang which was quoted from Shanfanfang indicated that the treatments that the lung and the intestine diseases can be cured together were emerging.
Secondly,the application of "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory in pediatrics,which apprared in Song,Jin,and Yuan period. From then on,the theory began to be widely applied into TCM Pediatrics.Taipingshenghuifang and Shengjizonglu, two of the large-scaled medical formula books compiled by the government in Song dynasty have some important contents about the lung and the large intestine which indicates that the" all the large intestine lung" theory can not only be used to explain the causes of some particular diseases, but also the clinical care.The drug therapy of regulating the intestine function to treat lung diseases and regulating the lung function to treat intestine diseases and treating the lung and the intestine together.ShengJiZongLu first put forward"the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory, and used it to explain the causes of bleeding hemorrhoid, which means the theory finally formed in Song dynasty. Along with the widely application of the theory, it had been adopted in the pediatric works in Song dynasty.The theory appeared again in Xiaoerweishengzongweilunfang in the Southern Song dynasty and had been used to explain the infantile feverish perspiration theory. Under the guidance of this theory, pediatrics could break the restrain of the location of diseases, search for the causes of diseases related with visceras, diagnosis and prescription, the theory contributed greatly to the use of drugs for pediatrics.
Thirdly, the extension of treating pediatric disease category by using"the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory and the theoretical discussion mainly showed up in the Ming dynasty.The theory was used by doctors at that time to explain the pathomechanism of many diseases such as lung heat, rectocele, red-white dysentery, hemafecia, measles and malnutrition. "The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory almost took the place of the saying "the lung and the large intestine has exterior-interior relationship"which appeared in Song dynasty and was widely used by the later academic circles.In Ming dynasty, the application in pediatrics was mostly for guiding the clinical drug use, the diseases involved were mainly miscellaneous diseases, and most of these fell into large intestine fu-organ diseases such as hemafecia, rectocele, dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, some fell into lung diseases such as Mapifeng, cough, some both.The theory was used to discriminate the location, the etiological factor and the pathomechanism of diseases which provided the basis of choosing whether to treat from the lung or the large intestine firstly or together in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in pediatric in Ming dynasty, what's more, drugs which have the properties of both the lung and the large intestine were summarized in Ming dynasty for clinical use.
Fourthly, the deepening of treating pediatric diseases and the medical case analysis mostly appeared in Qing dynasty when the theory was widely applied in pediatrics.In this period of time epidemic diseases raged on and most of the diseases did harm to children which led the theory to the widely application for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases.As indicated by such sayings as"blain comes from five zang organs, rash comes from six fu organs""rash is masterd by the large intestine" and moreover, measles invaded lung most.Thus,the theory was mostly applied to the treatment of measles.Besides, the record of application of the treatment of miscellaneous diseases through the theory in pediatric in Ming dynasty had increased greatly than that in Qing dynasty, but the diseases involved were mostly confined to the large intestine fu organ diseases which located in the lower parts of the body such as rectocele, dysentery, constipation and hemafecia.Only a few diseases belong to the lung diseases such as cough and lung heat asthma.Out of this we can see that the pediatric diseases suitable for the theory are mainly related to the large intestine fu organs.The large intestine played an important role in eliminating pathogenic factors as a chanel.So, simply clearing away the pathogenic heat of lung without relaxing the bowels is just like "killing a thief in a closed door".
Research showed that the saying"the lung and the large intestine has an exterior-interior relationship" was first recorded in Lingshu in a way goes that"All the large intestine lung", which we can define as cooperation and parallelism or we can consider that the lung and the large intestine have certain complex relationship and were connected by their meridians as chanels.The "exterior and interior"comes from the statement of exterior-interior relationship between the yin and yang meridians in the theory of meridian and collateral, actually the relationship never exists when it comes to the anatomical structure.In actual use of the theory , the relationship was mostly seen as the communication of function and qi activities.They cooperate with each other physiologically which means the normal descent of lung-qi helps the transmission of the large intestine and vice versa.They influence each other pathologically , if the descent of lung-qi is out of order, body fluid can't be transferd to the underpart, or the weakness of the lung qi and its promotion all led to constipation and vice versa.Broadly speaking, "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory has been extended to the lung system which includes skin and hair, throat, chest and nose and the large intestine system which includes large intestine and anus. They have close associations with each other in physiology and coordinate with each other in functions. The influence pathologically between the lung and the large intestine mainly shows in the following two ways, lung diseases spread to the large intestine and large intestine diseases spread to the lung.
Four conclusions are drawn here in this research:
1.The theory "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" gradually formed by the Tang and Five Dynasties.Its predecessor-"the visceras and the bowels are closely related to each other"theory was recorded in acupuncture and meridians literature like Lingshu and Suwen and was the product of the combination of the Viscus Manifestations theory and the meridian and collateral theory.Two descriptions were recorded in Lingshu on the theory that "the visceras and the bowels are closely related to each other"and had already been applied to diagnosis and acupuncture.Examples of curing the lung and the large intestine together emerged in the drug therapy in Sui and Tang dynasty.
2.The theory "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" was used in pulse examination, medication and began to be applied to pediatric during Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties.The theory was first put forward in Shengjizonglu and was used to explain the cause of internal hemorrhoids with massive bleeding.People began to explore the causes related to the visceras and bowels in pediatrics deeply and to use medicine dialectically in Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties, which contributed greatly to pediatric therapy.
3.Many physicians in Ming Dynasty tried to use the "'exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory to explain the pathogenisis of many diseases such as the lung heat, rectocele, red-white dysentery, hemafecia, measles and malnutrition. The theory (by WangKentang) gradually became widely used by the later medical communities and have been guiding the clinical drug use for miscellaneous diseases in pediatrics since then.Its scope of application was much broader than that in Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties.
4.Qing Dynasty is the flourishing period of the pulmonary intestinal-related theory. The main manifestation was that the theory was frequently used in pediatrics to treat diseases related to children. The "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory makes the large intestine a channel to eliminate pathogens, so as to avoid "killing a thief in a closed door".
依据古代儿科文献资料所展示的各时期该理论发展的特点,可分四个时段。
其一,“肺与大肠相表里”理论的形成,这一时期在唐及五代之前。中医藏象学说最早自成体系的记载见于《黄帝内经素问》(以下简称《素问》)。虽然《素问》中尚无直接论述五脏与六腑之间两两对应关系的文字,但在《素问·金匮真言篇第四》中已经提到了五脏六腑具有逆从、阴阳、表里、雌雄关系；《素问·五藏生成篇第十》中的“五决”诊法则明确指出属于肺的疾病(咳嗽上气)归咎于手阳明、太阴经脉。这就明确了肺与大肠之间可通过经络相联系,而无须借助社会结构的隐喻或五行模式的推导。在《灵枢》中出现了系统的脏腑相合论述,其中“肺合大肠”凡两见。这种相合关系的产生,据当代学者及本文的考证,都与经络学说有关,且在针刺实践中,已经出现了胸中属于肺之病采用刺手阳明络的方法。现存隋唐医学文献中,逐渐将在《素问》、《灵枢》中零散的肺合大肠、手太阴与手阳明为表里的表述摘引出来,作为五脏六腑病证前的重要理论之一其中《诸病源候论》中归纳为肺“与大肠合。大肠为府,主表；肺为藏,主里”。为后世“肺与大肠相表里”的归纳奠定了基础。《千金要方》则将肺与大肠结合起来论虚实,记载了“肺与大肠俱实”、“肺与大肠俱不足”的病证及相应的药疗方。同时《素问》肺咳日久移于大肠的病证传变途径也被纳入了五脏六腑病证系统。《外台秘要方》转引的《删繁方》治疗大肠实热、虚寒的方剂表明,药疗法中已经开始出现肺、肠同治的实例。
其二,“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科中的最初应用,这一时期为宋金元时期。“肺与大肠相表里”理论开始在中医儿科中的得到应用。宋代其中两部官修的大型医方书(《太平圣惠方》与《圣济总录》)中,有若干关于肺与大肠关系的重要内容,二书的记载表明,肺合大肠的理论不仅用来解释某些疾病的病因,同时也越来越多地用于临床治疗,出现了肺病治肠,肠病治肺,或肺肠同治的药疗法。《圣济总录》中还第一次出现了“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用来解释血痔的成因。这意味着“肺与大肠相表里”理论在宋代已经最终形成。随着“肺与大肠为表里”理论的广泛运用,宋代儿科著作中也开始采用这一理论。南宋《小儿卫生总微论方》再次出现了“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用来解释小儿变蒸说中。在这一理论的指导下,这一时期的儿科学在临证中可以不受病位的限制,深入探求脏腑相关的病因,辨证用药,为儿科药疗提供了临床依据。
其三,“肺与大肠相表里”理论诊治儿科病种的扩展与理论探讨,该时段主要是明代。明代儿科医书中与“肺与大肠相表里”理论相关的内容较多。这一时期众多医家较多运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论,对多种疾病(如肺热、脱肛、赤白痢、便血、麻疹、疳症等)的见证、病机等予以解说。“肺与大肠相表里”(王肯堂)一语在明代几乎取代了宋代出现的“肺与大肠为表里”,被后世学术界广为运用。明代“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科学中应用最多的是指导临床用药,其涉及的病种主要为杂病,以属于大肠腑证者(便血、脱肛、痢疾、泄泻、大便不通等)居多,也有属于肺疾(马脾风,咳嗽等证)或肺肠同病者。明代儿科疾病诊治中,运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论辨析所治疾病的病位、病因、病机,为选择先从肺治或先从肠治,或肺肠同治提供依据。此外,明代还开始总结某些具有肺肠兼顾药性的药物,以便临床选用。
其四,“肺与大肠相表里”理论诊治儿科诸病的深化与医案分析,该时段主要是清代。清代是中医儿科应用和发挥“肺与大肠相表里”理论最多的一个时期。这一时期疫病流行频繁,危害小儿的疾病甚多,因而促使“肺与大肠相表里”理论更多地应用于儿科疾病诊治。鉴于儿科理论有“痘出于五脏,疹由于六腑”、“麻乃大肠主之”等说法,且麻疹多犯肺,因此清代“肺与大肠相表里”理论最多见用于麻疹诊治。此外,清代儿科应用“肺与大肠相表里”理论治疗杂病的记载较明代大为增多,但所治的疾病种类仍多局限于属大肠腑证的下部疾患(如脱肛、痢疾、大便不通、便血等),属于肺疾(咳嗽、肺热喘渴等)者甚少。这从一个侧面提示,小儿疾病运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论的病种主要与大肠腑有关。大肠可以发挥驱邪外出的通道作用,因此,“除肺热而不引大肠”,就容易导致“闭门杀贼”之弊。
研究提示,“肺与大肠为表里”一语,其在《灵枢》的最早表述法是“肺合大肠”。这种“合”可以体会为配合、对应,也可以理解为两者有一定的络合关系,两者之间还有着以经脉为媒介的联络通道。“肺与大肠相表里”的“表里”,是引进经络学说阴阳经相表里的说法。在该理论运用的实例中,肺合大肠最多见是功能、气机的上下交流。在生理上二者互相配合,即肺气肃降正常,有助于大肠的传导,大肠传导功能正常,有助于肺气肃降顺畅而呼吸匀调。病理上互相影响,若肺气失于肃降,津液不能下达,或肺气虚弱,推动无力,可见大便困难或秘结。若大肠实热便秘,腑气不通,可影响肺气肃降而咳喘胸满。但是从广义上讲,肺与大肠相表里已经延伸扩展到了肺系与大肠系。肺系：皮毛、咽喉、胸、鼻；大肠系：大肠、肛门。肺与大肠在生理密切联系,功能上相互协调。肺肠之间病理上的相互影响主要表现在肺病及肠与肠病及肺以下两方面。
通过研究,本文得出以下结论：
(1)“肺与大肠相表里”理论逐渐形成于唐及五代以前。其前身脏腑相合理论见于《素问》、《灵枢》有关针刺经脉的篇章,是藏象学说与经络学说渗透交融的产物。其中“肺合大肠”两见于《灵枢》,并已运用于诊断与针刺疗法。隋唐时期药疗法中已经出现肺、肠同治的实例。
(2)“肺与大肠相表里”理论在宋金元时期应用于脉诊、药疗,并开始运用儿科学中。《圣济总录》首次出现“肺与大肠为表里”的提法,并用此解释血痔成因。宋金元儿科学开始深入探求脏腑相关的病因,辨证用药,为儿科药疗提供了临床依据。
(3)明代众多医家尝试运用“肺与大肠相表里”理论,对多种疾病(如肺热、脱肛、赤白痢、便血、麻疹、疳症等)的病证、病机等予以解说。“肺与大肠相表里”(王肯堂)一语逐渐被后世医学界广为运用。该理论在明代儿科学中有效地指导杂病临床用药,其适用范围比宋金元要广泛得多。
(4)清代是肺肠相关理论在儿科中应用发展的鼎盛时期。其主要表现是越来越多地运用该理论诊治小儿疾病种。“肺与大肠相表里”理论,使大肠成为驱邪外出的通道,避免出现“闭门杀贼”之弊。
本文基于系统梳理分析古代儿科文献,全面探讨了“肺与大肠相表里”理论的形成过程,及该理论应用于古代儿科的范围与特点。进而系统梳理了该理论在古代药疗及儿科中的应用与发展,其中包括脉诊分部、解释小儿变蒸阶段,以及在儿科麻疹及以大肠腑为主的杂病诊治中的运用,并分析其中相关的理论阐述。该理论是儿科病证“外感重肺肠”的一个方面,对总结儿科病证从肺、大肠论治的规律有所裨益。
As one of the original kernel theories, Viscera theory is one of the most important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine which have been guiding the clinical practice through the ages and have obtained good effects. The relationship between the exterior-interior visceras is one important part of the Viscera Manifestation theory. "The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory is a typical representative of the relationship.
"Ancient" refers to the feudal society and the time before-the long period of time before year 1911."Pediatric Literature" refers to the special literature and some books for special pediatric diseases."The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine "is a concept of the Viscera Manifestation theory which reflects the exterior-interior relationship between the lung-one of the five visceras and the large intestine-one of the six bowels in TCM. According to the development of the theory of ancient pediatric works inliterature, we can divide it into four stages.
Firstly, the formation of "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine "theory, which can be traced back to the period before the Tang and the five dynasties.The earliest records of Viscera theory can be seen in HuangdiNeijingSuwen ( Hereinafter to be referred to as Suwen).While there are no direct discusses on the two-two corresponding relations between the viscera and bowels, the relationship between obverse and reverse,yin and yang,exterior and interior,male and female had been mentioned in Suwen; the"Wujue"treatment in Suwen explicitly pointed out that lung diseases such as cough and asthma were owing to the large intestine meridian and the lung meridian. These have made clear that the lung and the large intestine are connected through meridians and collaterals without the help of the metaphor of the structure of the society and the inference of the mode of Five Phases.It had been systematically discussed that the viscera and bowels are one to one corresponding in Lingshu, including two discusses about the correspondence between the lung and the large intestine. According to the textual research of contemporary scholars and this article, this has something to do with the meridian and collateral theory.What's more, lung diseases can be cured by acupuncturing the Yang meridians of the hand which can be affirmed in the acupuncture practice. The scattered expression of the relationship between the lung and the large intestine can be found in the existing Sui and Tang dynasties's medical literature, as one of the important part of theory about the disease of five zang organs and six fu organs. In Zhubingyuanhoulun, it was concluded that "the lung is corresponded to the large intestine and the large intestine is one of the bowels which decides the exterior, the lung is one of the viscuses which decides the interior", which have layed the foundation for the later conclusion.In Qianjinyaofang, the lung and the intestine were combined to discuss its deficiency and excess,the diseases and the corresponding treatments of "the lung and the large intestine are both excess or deficiency" were recorded. At the same time, in Suwen, the way diseases transmits as longtime coughing would be transferred into the large intestine was brought into the visceral system.The prescription for excessive heat in the intestine or deficiency-cold recorded in WaitaiMiyaofang which was quoted from Shanfanfang indicated that the treatments that the lung and the intestine diseases can be cured together were emerging.
Secondly,the application of "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory in pediatrics,which apprared in Song,Jin,and Yuan period. From then on,the theory began to be widely applied into TCM Pediatrics.Taipingshenghuifang and Shengjizonglu, two of the large-scaled medical formula books compiled by the government in Song dynasty have some important contents about the lung and the large intestine which indicates that the" all the large intestine lung" theory can not only be used to explain the causes of some particular diseases, but also the clinical care.The drug therapy of regulating the intestine function to treat lung diseases and regulating the lung function to treat intestine diseases and treating the lung and the intestine together.ShengJiZongLu first put forward"the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory, and used it to explain the causes of bleeding hemorrhoid, which means the theory finally formed in Song dynasty. Along with the widely application of the theory, it had been adopted in the pediatric works in Song dynasty.The theory appeared again in Xiaoerweishengzongweilunfang in the Southern Song dynasty and had been used to explain the infantile feverish perspiration theory. Under the guidance of this theory, pediatrics could break the restrain of the location of diseases, search for the causes of diseases related with visceras, diagnosis and prescription, the theory contributed greatly to the use of drugs for pediatrics.
Thirdly, the extension of treating pediatric disease category by using"the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory and the theoretical discussion mainly showed up in the Ming dynasty.The theory was used by doctors at that time to explain the pathomechanism of many diseases such as lung heat, rectocele, red-white dysentery, hemafecia, measles and malnutrition. "The exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory almost took the place of the saying "the lung and the large intestine has exterior-interior relationship"which appeared in Song dynasty and was widely used by the later academic circles.In Ming dynasty, the application in pediatrics was mostly for guiding the clinical drug use, the diseases involved were mainly miscellaneous diseases, and most of these fell into large intestine fu-organ diseases such as hemafecia, rectocele, dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, some fell into lung diseases such as Mapifeng, cough, some both.The theory was used to discriminate the location, the etiological factor and the pathomechanism of diseases which provided the basis of choosing whether to treat from the lung or the large intestine firstly or together in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in pediatric in Ming dynasty, what's more, drugs which have the properties of both the lung and the large intestine were summarized in Ming dynasty for clinical use.
Fourthly, the deepening of treating pediatric diseases and the medical case analysis mostly appeared in Qing dynasty when the theory was widely applied in pediatrics.In this period of time epidemic diseases raged on and most of the diseases did harm to children which led the theory to the widely application for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases.As indicated by such sayings as"blain comes from five zang organs, rash comes from six fu organs""rash is masterd by the large intestine" and moreover, measles invaded lung most.Thus,the theory was mostly applied to the treatment of measles.Besides, the record of application of the treatment of miscellaneous diseases through the theory in pediatric in Ming dynasty had increased greatly than that in Qing dynasty, but the diseases involved were mostly confined to the large intestine fu organ diseases which located in the lower parts of the body such as rectocele, dysentery, constipation and hemafecia.Only a few diseases belong to the lung diseases such as cough and lung heat asthma.Out of this we can see that the pediatric diseases suitable for the theory are mainly related to the large intestine fu organs.The large intestine played an important role in eliminating pathogenic factors as a chanel.So, simply clearing away the pathogenic heat of lung without relaxing the bowels is just like "killing a thief in a closed door".
Research showed that the saying"the lung and the large intestine has an exterior-interior relationship" was first recorded in Lingshu in a way goes that"All the large intestine lung", which we can define as cooperation and parallelism or we can consider that the lung and the large intestine have certain complex relationship and were connected by their meridians as chanels.The "exterior and interior"comes from the statement of exterior-interior relationship between the yin and yang meridians in the theory of meridian and collateral, actually the relationship never exists when it comes to the anatomical structure.In actual use of the theory , the relationship was mostly seen as the communication of function and qi activities.They cooperate with each other physiologically which means the normal descent of lung-qi helps the transmission of the large intestine and vice versa.They influence each other pathologically , if the descent of lung-qi is out of order, body fluid can't be transferd to the underpart, or the weakness of the lung qi and its promotion all led to constipation and vice versa.Broadly speaking, "the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine"theory has been extended to the lung system which includes skin and hair, throat, chest and nose and the large intestine system which includes large intestine and anus. They have close associations with each other in physiology and coordinate with each other in functions. The influence pathologically between the lung and the large intestine mainly shows in the following two ways, lung diseases spread to the large intestine and large intestine diseases spread to the lung.
Four conclusions are drawn here in this research:
1.The theory "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" gradually formed by the Tang and Five Dynasties.Its predecessor-"the visceras and the bowels are closely related to each other"theory was recorded in acupuncture and meridians literature like Lingshu and Suwen and was the product of the combination of the Viscus Manifestations theory and the meridian and collateral theory.Two descriptions were recorded in Lingshu on the theory that "the visceras and the bowels are closely related to each other"and had already been applied to diagnosis and acupuncture.Examples of curing the lung and the large intestine together emerged in the drug therapy in Sui and Tang dynasty.
2.The theory "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" was used in pulse examination, medication and began to be applied to pediatric during Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties.The theory was first put forward in Shengjizonglu and was used to explain the cause of internal hemorrhoids with massive bleeding.People began to explore the causes related to the visceras and bowels in pediatrics deeply and to use medicine dialectically in Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties, which contributed greatly to pediatric therapy.
3.Many physicians in Ming Dynasty tried to use the "'exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory to explain the pathogenisis of many diseases such as the lung heat, rectocele, red-white dysentery, hemafecia, measles and malnutrition. The theory (by WangKentang) gradually became widely used by the later medical communities and have been guiding the clinical drug use for miscellaneous diseases in pediatrics since then.Its scope of application was much broader than that in Song-Jin-Yuan Dynasties.
4.Qing Dynasty is the flourishing period of the pulmonary intestinal-related theory. The main manifestation was that the theory was frequently used in pediatrics to treat diseases related to children. The "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine" theory makes the large intestine a channel to eliminate pathogens, so as to avoid "killing a thief in a closed door".
引文
[1]王科闯.肺肠合治法对哮喘豚鼠肺肠组织神经肽SP、CGRP、VIP影响的实验研究[D].成都中医药大学,硕士学位论文,2006.
[2]李东华,刘洪斌,崔乃强,等.清胰汤对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型肺损伤的治疗机理研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2006,12(5)：43-46.
[3]杨秀竹,刘洪斌,崔乃强,等.1-磷酸鞘氨醇对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤保护作用[J].中国普通外科杂志,2008,17(3)：228-232.
[4]杨涛,崔乃强,郭世铎,等.活血承气汤对小肠缺血再灌注家兔小肠及肺组织NF-κB活性的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2006,12(5)：482-484.
[5]区永欣,张小虎,古继红,等.肺气宣降的病理生理研究及其对防治急性呼吸道感染的临床意义[J].广州中医药大学学报,2007,24(5)：422-424.
[6]郑舜华,崔儒涛.补肺方抗实验性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠脂质过氧化损伤的研究[J].中国中医药科技1999；6(4)：231-232.
[7]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察及临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,(3)：7.
[8]杜丽娟.“肺与大肠相表里”与哮喘黏膜免疫中CD4、CD8T淋巴细胞关系的研究[D].新疆医科大学,硕士学位论文,2008.
[9]李风森.氧化-抗氧化与哮喘及肺与大肠关系的研究[C].上海中医药大学,硕士研究生论文集,1994.
[10]哈木拉提,阿不都艾尼,阿不都热依木,等.氧化—抗氧化与哮喘及维吾尔医“肺肠同治论”关系的研究[J].中国民族医药杂志,2001,6(1)：34-36.
[11]严兴科,张广全,王燕,等.肺与大肠相表里与针刺对其调节作用的离体研究［J].时珍国医国药,2009；20(1)：159-161.
[12]刘福成,薛芳,崔志永,等.大承气汤治疗严重创伤呼吸窘迫综合征的实验与临床研究.中国中西医结合杂志,1992,12(9)：541.
[13]任秀玲,赵清树,程振芳,等.“肺气虚”大鼠模型肺、皮肤、大肠Fas、Fas-L表达相关性的实验研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2007,22(7)：479.
[14]冯维斌,刘伟胜.通里攻下法在肺心病急性呼吸衰竭的应用[J].中国中医急104,1998,7(4)：180.
[15]王今达,高天元,崔乃杰,等.祖国医学“肺与大肠相表里”学说的临床意义及其本质的探讨：临床病例分析与实验研究[J].中西医结合杂志,1982,2(2)77-81.
[16]李新宇,景炳文,陈德昌,等.大黄对大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致肺损伤过程中内源性NO的影响[J].中国急救医学,1999,19(8)：454-456.
[17]赵卫川,崔乃强,赵琪.承气合剂对缺血再灌流肠管内毒素转运的影响[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,1998,4(2)：83-86.
[18]赵卫川,赵琪,崔乃强,等.肠内压与肠道内毒素转运的关系及承气合剂的影响[J].华人消化杂志,1998,6(7)：622-624.
[19]张余森,彭代国,白朝勇,等.“肺与大肠相表里”动物模型的制作及其机理初探[J].中兽医医药杂志,1987,(2)：1.
[20]冯学瑞,宋小棣,刘迪,等.“肺与大肠相表里”的实验研究[J].天津中医,1998,4：16-18.
[21]韩国栋,冯学瑞,郝泅城,等.“肺与大肠相表里”实验研究-动物模型改进及大承气汤对模型肺脏的影响.天津中医学院学报,1989(3)：31-34
[22]田在善,李东华,沈长虹,等.大承气汤对肠源性内毒素血症模型大鼠肝、肺、肾损害保护作用的病理学观察[J].天津中医,1998,15(1)：34.
[23]田在善,沈长虹,李东华,等.大承气汤对便秘大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞活力的影响—“肺与大肠相表里”的实验研究[J]天津中医,1992(4)：19-22.
[24]蒋学武,胡廷泽,赖亚曼,等.小儿绞窄性肠缺血术后低氧血症的临床及实验研究[J].中国现代医学杂志,2002,12(15)：27-29.
[25]应明英,林英,黄英,等.大肠杆菌感染性休克和急性肺损伤大鼠模型的实验研究[J].华西医学,2001,16(4)：449-450.
[26]HadjiminasDJ,McMastersKM,PeytonJC,etal.TissuetumornecrosisfactormRNAexpre ssionfollowingcecalligationandpunctureorintraperitonealinjectionofendotoxin[J].JSurgRes,19 94,56(6):549-555.
[27]陈海龙,关凤林,闻庆平,等.肺与大肠相表里的理论和现代研究[J].中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(27)：71.
[28]杨胜兰,王鹏,李道本,等.通腑法对大鼠肠源性肺损伤保护作用机制的研究[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(3)：154-156.
[29]张世林,宇克莉,毕平,等.肠缺血再灌注大鼠肺损伤时NOS及肺泡巨噬细胞分泌NO的变化[J].海峡药学,2000,12(2)：23.
[30]区永欣,张小虎,古继红,等.肺气宣降的病理生理研究及其对防治急性呼吸道感染的临床意义[J].广州中医药大学学报,2007,24(5)：422-424.
[31]严仪昭.内毒素引起的急性肺损伤的实验研究[J].中华结核及呼吸系统疾病杂志,1985,8(1)：7.
[32]KoksoyC,KuzuMA,ErgunH,etal.IntestinaliSchia-reperfu.sionimpairsvaSomtorfuncti onsofpulmonaryvascularbed.AnnSurg[J],2000,231 (1):105-109.
[33]TurnageRH,LaNoueJL,KadeskyKM,etal.Thrombox-aneA2mediatesincreasedpulmo narymicroscopyperme-abilityafterintestinalreperfusion.JApplPhysiol[J],1997,82(2):592-596.
[34]陈以国,杜瑞卿,成泽东.肺俞大肠俞的椎体间力学相关性研究[J].中国针灸,2004,24(3)：197-200.
[35]严兴科,张广全,王燕.肺与大肠相表里与针刺对其调节作用的离体研究[J].时珍国 医国药,2009,20(1)：159-161.
[36]安真光.运用“肺与大肠相表里”学说治疗肺心病[J].甘肃中医学院学报,1992,11(4)：18.
[37]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察与临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,6(3)：7.
[38]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察及临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,(3)：7.
[39]冯维斌,刘伟胜.通里攻下法在肺心病急性呼吸衰竭的应用[J].中国中医急症,1998,7(4)：180.
[40]张元兵,洪广祥.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期的应用[J].江西中医药,2000,31(3)：15.
[41]白晓昱.肺炎与便秘的关系临床观察一有感于“肺与大肠相表里”[J].中华中医药学刊,2007,25：81.
[42]陈奕梁,李培武.脏与腑之间的表里关系浅识[J].光明中医,2004,19(3)：12.
[43]游文华.谈肺与大肠表里相关的临床体会[J].新中医,1990,22(3)：18.
[44]安真光.运用“肺与大肠相表里”学说治疗肺心病[J].甘肃中医学院学报,1992,11(4)：18.
[45]张林峰.“肺与大肠相表里”运用举隅[J].河北中医,1994,16(1)：19.
[46]吴成雁,侯苍远.肃肺通下法治疗开胸术后并发症的体会[J].中医研究,1996,9(1)：37.
[47]张元兵,洪广祥.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期的应用[J].江西中医药,2000,31(3)：15-16.
[48]张子和著.儒门事亲[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1959
[49]于雪峰.基于“肺与大肠相表里”论治探析[J].光明中医,2009,24(5)：847.
[50]廖荣鑫,黄礼明,吴仕九.肺病治肠在慢性肺心病急性发作期中的运用[J].辽宁中医杂志,2004,31(6)：461-462
[51]杨胜兰,李道本,陈瑞.肺肠并治法治疗小儿外感咳嗽30例[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志2004,12(6)：360.
[52]杜怀棠.下法的临床应用与体会[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,,35(2)：25.
[53]胡克明.风温肺热病100例临床分析[J].浙江中医学院学报,1995,19(3)：12.
[54]赵光明.桃仁承气汤临床运用举隅[J].四川中医,1995,(2)：30.
[55]肖阳娥,黄晓川.增液承气汤加减救治40例慢性呼吸衰竭临床观察[J].新中医,1997,29(3)：18.
[56]张瑞利.加减宣白承气汤治疗急性肺部感染150例[J].浙江中医杂志,1997,32(6)：252.
[57]赵富宝.香砂承气汤治疗肺心病失代偿期胃肠功能衰竭82例[J].中医杂志,1999,(40)：6.
[58]陈奕梁,李培武.脏与腑之间的表里关系浅识[J].光明中医,2004,19(3)：12.
[59]曾兆麟,李玉梅.从中医肺与大肠相表里理论探索难治性非典型性肺炎(SARS)治疗的新思路[J].上海中医药杂志,2003,37(5)：5.
[60]李晓君.通腑安脏的理论探讨[J].辽宁中医杂志,1987,(6)：23.
[61]赵淑颖,张淑文,王宝思,等.通腑法在内科急性感染性疾病的临床应用[J].中西医结合杂志,1982,(2)：90.
[62]杜志超.通腑宣肺法治疗慢性支气管炎93例[J].中医函授通讯,1984,17(2)：23-24.
[63]诸惜勤.清肺通腑法治疗小儿哮喘性支气管炎20例报告[J].南京中医学院学报,1984,(4)：200.
[64]诸惜勤,韩芳华.清热活血通腑法治疗流行性喘憋型肺炎30例[J].南京中医学院学报,1989,(4)：24.
[65]沈祖法.喘息型慢性支气管炎急性发作期105例中医治疗[J］.中医杂志,1991,32(11)：7.
[66]刘刚.通因通用法治重症肺气肿[J].四川中医,1995,(6)：23.
[67]苏惠萍.通腑法治疗哮喘发作期的临床应用[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995,18(5)：64.
[68]张万义.加味己椒苈黄汤治疗支气管哮喘急性发作50例[J].山东中医学院学报,1995,19(4)：235-237
[69]邱风娣.通腑法在急重症中的应用[J].新中医,1995,(6)：38.
[70]林群莲,黄发盛.通腑法治疗肺心病急性发作期[J].中西医结合杂志,1996,9(10)：105-621.
[71]贺真.己椒苈黄汤加味治疗胸腔积液15例[J].江西中医药,1996,27(2)：26.
[72]李洁怀.浅谈通腑泄热在急性热病中的应用[J].新中医,1998,30(2)：44.
[73]张云松,张鸿彩.解毒通腑法治疗温病气分发热的研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,1998,22(2)：118.
[74]吴国水.下法在肺疾患中的运用及体会[J].河北中西医结合杂志,1999,8(6)：942.
[75]李雪答.通下法治疗肺源性心脏病急性发作期呼吸衰竭36例[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1999,11(6)：498.
[76]从丹.大黄治疗小儿风热感冒40例疗效分析[J].铁道医学,2001.29(4)：256-257.
[77]曹利平,中西医结合治疗肺心病急性加重期132例[J].陕西中医,2002,23(4)：291-292.
[78]关瑞锋.从肺与大肠相表里谈痰热壅肺型肺心病的辨证施护[J］.牡丹江医学院学报,2003,24(6)：49.
[79]李辛夷.肺与大肠同治治疗毛细支气管炎60例疗效观察[J].云南中医中药杂志,2005,26(6)：8-9.
[80]汪丙柱.从肺与大肠相表里论治慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(9)：76.
[81]王儒平,陈雪梅.通腑泻下法在喘证急性期治疗中的运用[J].中医药学刊,2006,24(7)：1317-1318
[82]杨佩颖,贾英杰.贾英杰教授用肺与大肠相表里理论治疗肺癌经验[J].吉林中医药,2009,29(4)：287.
[83]林群莲,黄发盛.通腑法治疗肺心病急性发作期[J].中西医结合杂志,1996,9(10)：621.
[84]关瑞锋.从肺与大肠相表里谈痰热壅肺型肺心病的辨证施护[J].牡丹江医学院学报,2003,24(6)：49.
[85]黄礼明.下法在慢性肺原性心脏病治疗中的运用体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2002,18(7)：54.
[86]宋勉,王亚梅.肺肠同治法在治疗支气管哮喘急性发作期的运用[J].光明中医,2005,20(1)：5.
[87]李雪苓.通下法治疗肺源性心脏病急性发作期呼吸衰竭36例[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1999,11(6)：498.
[88]蒋洪耀.“肺与大肠相表里”理论的再认识[J].国医论坛,2000,15(4)：15.
[89]李志军,李银平.肺与大肠相表里学说与多器官功能障碍综合征[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2004,11(3)：131.
[90]孙元莹,李志军,王今达.从“肺与大肠相表里”论治多脏器功能障碍综合征[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(5)：1220-1221
[91]肖阳娥,黄晓川,卿敬军等.增液承气汤加减在慢性呼吸衰竭救治中的应用[J].广后医学,1995(9)：2.
[92]张石义.加味己椒苈黄汤治疗支气管哮喘急性发作50例[J].山东中医学院学报,1995,19(4)：235.
[93]申建.“肺与大肠相表里”在慢性肺心病治疗中的运用[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2006,19(9)：1031-1032.
[94]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临证中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44.
[95]韩胜保.凉膈白虎汤加味治疗小儿哮喘[J].吉林中医药,1981,(3)：32.
[96]邓森,张启宣.夏幼周教授治疗小儿反复发作性咳喘经验[J].黑龙江中医药,1989,(1)：3.
[97]张家骏,王瑞春.王正公善用汗吐下治青少年哮喘[J].上海中医药杂志,1992,(10)：26.
[98]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿哮喘[J].辽宁中医杂志,1998,(4)：8.
[99]谢邦军,史国梅,肖琳.加味宣白承气汤直肠滴注治疗痰热腑实型肺性脑病20例[J].中医外治杂志,1997,6(3)：16.
[100]张志军.中药直肠点滴治疗毛细支气管炎98例[J].河南中医,1993,13(1)：25.
[101]薛玫.小儿哮喘发作从痰辨治的临床研究[J].青海医学院学报.1990,1：59-63.
[102]王玉红.直肠点滴法治疗[J].实用中西医结合杂志,1991,4(9)：527.
[103]李廷霞,温锴,温宝林.中药煎液直肠滴注治疗婴幼儿病毒性肺炎56例[J].广西中医药,1996,19(5)：29-30.
[104]王乐平,许桂英.喘息平保留灌肠液定喘的临床和实验的研究[J].中国中医急症,1998,7(3)：102-104.
[105]安庆军.泻下法治疗痤疮[J].中医药学报,2001,29：55
[106]李浩然.通腑法治疗皮肤病举隅[J].黑龙江中医药,1986,(2)：50-51
[107]甘海芳,杨凡,肖敏,等.艾儒棣应用润肠通便法治疗皮肤病经验[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(10)：1472-1473
[108]刘夭骥,吴积华.郭长贵.通腑法治疗皮肤病举要[J].新中医,1995,(6)：47-48
[109]王根林.下法治疗皮肤病临床体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：829
[110]钱方,杨玉峰,郭岱炯.通导散治疗血瘀型银屑病30例[J].江西中医药,2009,40(9)：51-52
[111]解秸萍.针灸治疗咳喘取穴规律初探[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995,18(5)：45
[112]李国旭.针刺三间穴治疗小儿外感咳嗽112例[J].中医研究,1997,10(4)：47
[113]高德享.合谷注射治疗哮喘发作40例[J].福建中医药,1996,27(4)：15
[114]冯家斌,魏有刚.肾上腺素合谷穴封闭治疗哮喘持续状态11例[J].安徽中医学院学报,1996,15(4)：47
[115]赵俊岭.曲池穴注射治疗支气管哮喘临床观察[J].针刺研究,1998,(4)：299
[116]杜长河.曲池穴药物注射治疗变应性鼻炎60例[J].浙江中医杂志,2008,434)：247
[117]张风娥,王红.穴位封闭治疗肺结核并咯血90例[J].陕西中医,2000,21(8)：366
[118]曹刚,王英,宋云贞.合谷列缺为主穴临床应用举隅[J].河北中医药学报,1999,14(4)：41.
[119]张连良,李胜,刘辉.少商、商阳穴点刺放血治疗急性扁桃体炎100例[J].针灸临床杂志,2000,16(9)：33
[120］王文远.少商合谷配伍临床应用[J].上海针灸杂志,1991,(3)：24
[121]刘立公,顾杰.古代文献中大肠经及其腧穴主治的统计报告[J].上海针灸杂志,2003,22(2)：44.
[122]汪平健.手三里穴位注射治疗急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎疗效观察[J].中国中西医结合耳鼻咽喉科杂志,2001,9(2)：92.
[123]高德亭.合谷注射治疗哮喘发作40例[J].福建中医药,1996,27(4)：15.
[124]张珍玉,李培生.下法的临床运用与体会[J].中医杂志,1990,31(5)：4.
[125]陈剑屏.宣肺理气治便秘[J].上海中医药杂志,1996,37(6)：41.
[126]魏占美.理肺汤治疗习惯性便秘26例[J].四川中医,1997,15(10)：23.
[127]陈培琼.从肺肾论治老年性便秘71例[J].广东医学,1999,20(3)：8.
[128]牛治君,等.补气宣肺汤治疗功能性便秘68例报告[J].北京中医,1991,(5)：18.医,2006,25(7)：438-440.
[129]王仲霞,刘波.“肺与大肠相表里”的理论及临床研究进展[J].北京中医,2006,25(7)：438-440.
[130]伍翀.便秘治疗二十四法[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,(2)：25.
[131]贾美华.肺与大肠互治摭拾[J].辽宁中医杂志,1989,(8)：9.
[132]张书生.肠易激综合征从肺论治[J].四川中医,2005,23(3)：17-18.
[133]张小军.慢性肠炎从肺论治[J].陕西中医,1996,17(7)：336.
[134]费赛源.肺与大肠相表里在临床治疗中的应用[J].新疆中医药,2003,21(2)：357.
[135]刘小雨.从肺论治顽固性消化溃疡92例[J].湖南中医药导报,1999,5(3)：17.
[136]胡国俊.杂病治肺十法[J].辽宁中医杂志,1986,(10)：33.
[137]冯昭明,陈伟刚.清肃肺气汤治疗大肠黑变病18例[J].新中医,2007,39(8)：75.
[138]郑舜华,崔儒涛.补肺益肠方治疗溃疡性结肠炎的实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2000,(6)：10-12
[139]刘钦伟,李翠萍.芍药汤加味治疗慢性非特异性溃疡性结肠炎42例[J].河北中医,2001,23(11)：880
[140]梁培忠.肺与大肠相表里理论在肛肠科疾病中应用举隅[J].安徽中医学院学报,1992,11(1)：36-37
[141]曾清泉.从肺论治肛肠疾病举隅[J].四川中医,2001,19(12)：65.
[142]胡静平.清肺愈结汤加减治疗慢性结肠炎的临床观察[J].贵州医药,2008,32(2)：153.
[143]高桂荣,高森森.耳针治疗习惯性便秘40例[J].陕西中医,2000,21(6)：270.
[144]黄金宝.尺泽静脉放血治疗急性胃肠炎[J].中国针灸,1999,(7)：426
[145]何明庚.针刺尺泽治疗牙痛50例[J].云南中医药杂志,1996,17(2)：43
[146]王俊富.针刺孔最穴治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔30例[J].上海针灸杂志,1996,15(3)：16
[147]袁虹.点刺少商穴治疗小儿腹泻[J].中国针灸,2003,23(1)：35
[148]王玮,王秀英.针刺治疗中风后便秘51例[J].陕西中医,2008,29(2)：217-218
[149]王茎,曾永蕾.列缺偏历为主穴在针灸临床中的运用[J].中国针灸,1998,(10)：602.
[150]宫殿煜.针刺孔最、合谷穴治疗痔疮术后疼痛50例[J].中医药研究,1997,13(4)：37.
[151]何泽涌.组织与胚胎学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1986：243.
[152]胡火珍.干细胞生物学[M].成都：四川大学出版社,2005：207.
[153]周吕.胃肠生理学[M].北京：科学出版社,1991,1：726-728.
[154]Andcrsou.W,A.D:Pathology.4th.cd.theCVMoslogCo.p[M].790,1961
[155]MolesKW,VargheseG,HayesJR.Pulmonaryinvolvementinulcerativecolitis[J].BrJDis Chest,1988,82(1):79
[156]匡调元.中医病理研究[M].上海科学技术出版社,1980：145.
[157]江锡权.略谈喘证的肺与大肠同治法[J].新中医,1983,15(5)：11.
[158]刘文导,向伟能,鲁尧.“肺合大肠”的理论研究及临床应用[J].中医研究,2005,18(8)：5-6.
[159]杨钢.人体内分泌生理及异常[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,1980：474.
[160]周东浩,张蕾,周明爱.肺与大肠相表里今释[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(8)：567-568
[161]SethyPK,DuttaU,AggrawalAN,DasR,GulatiM,SinhaSK,SinghK.Pulmonaryandhem atologicalalterationsinidiopathiculcerativecolitis[J].IndianJastroenterol,2003,22:176-179
[162]周东浩,张蕾,周明爱.肺与大肠相表里今释[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(8)：567.
[163]靳文学,杨宇.从黏膜免疫系统看“肺与大肠相表里”[J].四川中医,2005,23(12)：1-3.
[164]刘恩顺,王海英,孙增涛.浅谈肺与大肠相表里与ARDS防治［J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(11)：2836.
[165]边洪荣,赵春秀,宋素英,等.保元汤对大鼠粘膜表面sIgA含量影响的研究[J].华北煤炭医学院学报,1999,6(2)：105-106
[166]杨水清,陈汉平sIgA的基础和临床研究进展[J].上海免疫学杂志,1991,11(3)：176.
[167]白晓昱.肺炎与便秘的关系临床观察-有感于“肺与大肠相表里”[J］.中华中医药学刊,2007,25：81.
[168]HiroyasuaS,SniraishiM,KojiT,etal.AnaltsisofFASsysteminPulmonaryinjuryofGHV Dafterratin-testinaltransplantatipn[J].Transplantation,1996,8(7):933-938.
[169]EatonTE,LambieN,WellsAU,etal.BronchiectasisfollowingcolectomyforCrohn'sdise ase[J].Thorax,1998,53(7):579.
[170]KoksoyC,KuzuM,ErgunH,etal.Intestinalis-chemiaandreperfusionimpairsvasomotorf unctionsofpulmonaryvascularbed[J]. AnnSurg,2000,231 (1):105-111.
[171]BamesPJ,BaraniukJN,BelvisiMG,etal.neuropeptidesintherespira-torytract[J].AmRe vRespirDis,1991,144(5):1187.
[172]MaggiCA,GiachettideyRD,etal.Neuropeptidesasregulatorsofairwayfunction:Vasoac tiveintestinalpeptideandthetachykinins[J].PhysiolRes,1995,75(2):277.
[173]BlockJ,DimentL,Armour,etal.DistributionofSPreceptorsinrabbitairways[J].JPharma colExpTher,1990,253(1):381.
[174]LingYL,MengAN,ZhaoXY,etal.Effectofcholecystokininoncy-tokinesduringendotox icshockinrats[J].JGastroenterol,2001,7(5):667-671.
[175]CasterN,FioramontiJ,DeLahitteJD,etal.Brainfosexpressionandintestinalmotoralterat ionsduringnemotede-induceedinflammationintherat[J].AmJPhysiol,1998,274(37):G210-G216.
[176]杨胜兰,王鹏,李道本,等.通腑法对大鼠肠源性肺损伤保护作用机制的研究[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(3)：154-156.
[177]钟学礼,池芝盛,陈家伦,等.中国医学百科全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1986：128.
[178]王朝晖.肺与大肠相表里机理的初步研究[D].硕士学位论文.陕西中医学院.2004.
[179]严仪昭,陈祥银,西品香.内毒素引起的急性肺损伤的实验研究[J].中华结核及呼吸系统疾病杂志,1984,8(1)：7
[180]徐育军.大鼠肠源性感染致早期肺损伤的内毒素变化[J].亚太传统医药,2010,6(3)：10-11
[181]陆立仁.内毒素致急性肺损伤发病机制研究进展[J].医学综述,2010,16(2)：170-173
[182]韩国栋.“肺与大肠相表里”理论中西医结合研究进展[J].天津中医,1995,12(4)：45-46
[183]田在善,沈长虹,李东华.大承气汤对内毒素引致肺损伤保护作用的实验研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,1997,3(1)：11-14
[1]傅景华等点校.中医四部经典[M],北京：中医古籍出版社,1996：P120
[2]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临证中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44
[3]陈叔达.“百象汤”治疗小儿百日咳[J].上海中医药杂志,1981,(6)：10-11
[4]孙浩.《小儿药证直诀·咳嗽》篇治咳浅析[J].北京中医杂志,1986,(5)：50-51
[5]薛玫.通腑涤痰法治疗小儿哮喘的体会[J].新疆中医药,1995年,(2)：52-53
[6]萧诏玮.陈桐雨先生治儿科善用下法[J].福建中医药,1987年,(5)：
[7]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿哮喘的经验[J].辽宁中医杂志,1988(4)：8-9
[8]陈斌斌.反治法在儿科临床应用举隅[J].四川中医,1995,(4)：4243
[9]文益华.清解汤治疗小儿外感高热100例[J].陕西中医,1991,12(12)：541-542
[10]从丹.大黄治疗小儿风热感冒40例疗效分析[J].铁道医学,2001,29(4)：256-257
[11]刘弼臣,郝珍.从肺卫论治小儿病毒性心肌炎的经验[J].中国医药学报,1990,5(2)：44-46
[12]李志沧,吴海淮.宣肺通腑法治疗小儿肺炎[J].四川中医,1985,(8)：23
[13]樊祖仁.宣白承气汤加味治疗小儿麻疹肺炎经验[J].陕西中医,1983,4(6)：3
[14]史存诫,刘昌建.冰硼散塞肛治小儿气管炎[J].四川中医,1989,(12)：9
[15]谭剑业.关于小儿腹泻几个治则的临床应用[J].山东中医,1979,(8)：
[16]施亦农.随建屏名老中医辨治小儿泄泻6法[J].新中医,1995,(增刊)：2-3
[17]张亮.小儿腹泻的常用治法[J].湖南中医学院学报,1982,(1)：19-22
[18]饶勉之.介绍小儿脱肛治法[J].江苏中医药,1965,(2)：
[19]萧正安.小儿脱肛效方—参麦芩连归地汤[J].吉林中医药,1991,(6)：29
[20]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿痢疾经验拾萃[J].辽宁中医杂志,1991年,(8)：7-8
[21]吴建平,王乐先,吴建敏,邹同芳.半刺治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻48例[J].四川中医,1996,14(2)：53
[22]姜润林.王玉玲老中医治疗小儿咳喘的经验[J].新中医,1989,(7)：7-8
[23]刘弼臣,郝珍.从肺卫论治小儿病毒性心肌炎的经验[J].中国医药学报,1990,5(2)：44-46
[24]樊祖仁.宣白承气汤加味治疗小儿麻疹肺炎经验[J].陕西中医,1983,4(6)：3
[25]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临症中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44
1唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：23
2唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：26
3唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾顺从德本,1956：30
4唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：19
5唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：13-14
6唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：123
7唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：7879
8唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：78
9唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：27-28
10唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：29
11黄龙祥：中国针灸学术史大纲,北京：华夏出版社,2001：391
12唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：55
13灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：150
14灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：8
15灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：93
16唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：123
17唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：124125
18隋·巢元方：诸病源候论,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(1),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：341
19隋·巢元方：诸病源候论,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(1),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：346-347
20唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：302
21唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：306
22唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：308
23唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：322
24唐·王燾：外台秘要,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(9),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：772
25宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：98
26原题晋·王叔和撰,宋·刘元宾补注：通真子补注王叔和脈诀,见《海外回归中医善本古籍丛书》(1),北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：13
27马继兴等辑校：敦煌医药文献辑校,南京：江苏古籍出版社,1998：132
28马继兴等辑校：敦煌医药文献辑校,南京：江苏古籍出版社,i998：487
29宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：479
30宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：490
31宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：91
32采·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：832833
33宋·赵佶：圣济总录,卷四十九,本江户医学聚珍版：86
34宋·赵佶：圣济总录,卷一百四十二,日本江户医学聚珍版：5
35南宋·佚名氏：小儿卫生总微论方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1986：62
36南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：497
37南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：546
38南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：64
39南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：313
40元·曾世荣：活幼心书,北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：47
41元·曾世荣：活幼口议,见《珍本医籍从刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1985：239
42南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：720
43南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：819
44明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第十七册,鱼古山房刊本,19
45明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：13
46明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：8
47明·泰昌遇：幼科折衷,见《珍本医籍丛刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1990：29-30
48明·薛铠：保婴金镜录,见《薛氏医案》第三十四册,鱼古山房刊本
49明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1313
50明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1316
51明·张昶：小儿诸证补遗,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：2325
52明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：97
53明·王銮：幼科类萃,见《中医珍本从书》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1984：152
54明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1735
55明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：79-80
56明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：134
57明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1694
58明·王銮：幼科类萃,见《中医珍本从书》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1984：400-401
59明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1420
60明·彭用光：原幼心法,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：215
61明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1589
62明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：115
63明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1664
64明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：105
65明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十二册,鱼古山房刊本,1
66明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：138
67明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十二册,鱼古山房刊本,66
68明·秦昌遇：幼科折衷,见《珍本医籍从刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1990：2930
69明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：3233
70明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中队药出版社,1997：1584
71明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：132
72明·龚廷贤：龚廷贤医学全书,北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1129-1130
73明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二册,鱼古山房刊本,16
74明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十六册,鱼古山房刊本,23
75明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十六册,鱼古山房刊本,11、14、15
76明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1716
77明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：106
78明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1709
79清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：5
80清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：18
81清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：25
82清·陈复正：幼幼集成,北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：61
83清·袁氏：原瘄要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：168
84清·谢下琼：麻科活人全书,上海：上海卫生出版社,1957：54
85清·沈金繁：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：1-2
86清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：40
87清·吴谦：医宗金鉴,北京：人民卫生出版社,1957：366
88清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,隆昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：30
89清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,隆昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：3233
90清·袁氏：原瘩要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：378
91清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,降昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：18
92清·吴谦：医宗金鉴,北京：人民卫生出版社,1957：366
93清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：42
94清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：36
95清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：59
96清·吴砚丞：麻疹备要方论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：243
97清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：16
98清·朱玉堂：疹痘定论,奉天铅印本,1915：65
99清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：120
100清·朱世扬：诚求集,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：112
101清·王锡鑫：幼科切要,见《医学切要全集》第三册,清刻本,1847：73
102清·杨和订正：幼科折衷秘传真本,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：38
103清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：124
104清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：50
105清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：26
106清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：243
107清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：79-80
108清·周震：幼科医学指南,上海：锦章书局,1930：52
109清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：145
110清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：48
111清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：56
112清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：117
113清·朱世扬：诚求集,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：61
114清·魏鉴：幼科汇诀直解,见《中国医学大成》续集,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000：532
115清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：74
116清·杨和订正：幼科折衷秘传真本,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：75-76
117清·魏鉴：幼科汇诀直解,见《中国医学大成》续集,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000：512
118清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：67
119清·吴瑭：温病条辨,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：208
120清·袁氏：原瘄要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：378
121清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：977978
122清·顾雨田：顾雨田医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：487
123清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：945-946
124清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：971
125清·程凤图：启蒙医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：336
126丁甘仁：盂河丁甘仁医集,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1339
127清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：429
128清·张聿青：张聿青医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：11791180
129张锡纯：张锡纯医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1416
130清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建利学技术出版社,2008：431
131何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1525
132何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1433-1434
133清·谢星焕：得心集医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建利学技术出版社,2008：576
134清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：958
135清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：430
136何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1209
137清·叶桂：临证指南医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：78
138清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：962
139元·朱震亨：金匮钩玄,北京：人民卫生出版社,1980：59
140明·张介宾：类经,北京：学苑出版社,2005：581
141唐·杨上善：《黄帝内经太索》,北京：学苑出版社,2007：37
142宋·陈自明著,明·熊宗立补遗：《妇人良方》校注补遗,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1991：274
143明·张介宾：《类经》,北京：学苑出版社,2005：225
144明·孙文胤：《丹台玉案》,卷五,上海： 上海科学技术出版社,1984：21
145清·吴塘：《吴鞠通医案》,卷二,北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：121
146清·蒋宝素：《问斋医案》,北京：人民卫生出版社,1989：138
147林慧光：《陈修园医学全书》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：700
148清·吴仪洛：《成方切用》,北京：科学技术文献出版社,245
149明·孙文胤：《丹台玉案》,卷五,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：21
150明·程杏轩：《杏轩医案》,北京：中国中医药出版社,2009：156
[2]李东华,刘洪斌,崔乃强,等.清胰汤对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型肺损伤的治疗机理研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2006,12(5)：43-46.
[3]杨秀竹,刘洪斌,崔乃强,等.1-磷酸鞘氨醇对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤保护作用[J].中国普通外科杂志,2008,17(3)：228-232.
[4]杨涛,崔乃强,郭世铎,等.活血承气汤对小肠缺血再灌注家兔小肠及肺组织NF-κB活性的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2006,12(5)：482-484.
[5]区永欣,张小虎,古继红,等.肺气宣降的病理生理研究及其对防治急性呼吸道感染的临床意义[J].广州中医药大学学报,2007,24(5)：422-424.
[6]郑舜华,崔儒涛.补肺方抗实验性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠脂质过氧化损伤的研究[J].中国中医药科技1999；6(4)：231-232.
[7]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察及临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,(3)：7.
[8]杜丽娟.“肺与大肠相表里”与哮喘黏膜免疫中CD4、CD8T淋巴细胞关系的研究[D].新疆医科大学,硕士学位论文,2008.
[9]李风森.氧化-抗氧化与哮喘及肺与大肠关系的研究[C].上海中医药大学,硕士研究生论文集,1994.
[10]哈木拉提,阿不都艾尼,阿不都热依木,等.氧化—抗氧化与哮喘及维吾尔医“肺肠同治论”关系的研究[J].中国民族医药杂志,2001,6(1)：34-36.
[11]严兴科,张广全,王燕,等.肺与大肠相表里与针刺对其调节作用的离体研究［J].时珍国医国药,2009；20(1)：159-161.
[12]刘福成,薛芳,崔志永,等.大承气汤治疗严重创伤呼吸窘迫综合征的实验与临床研究.中国中西医结合杂志,1992,12(9)：541.
[13]任秀玲,赵清树,程振芳,等.“肺气虚”大鼠模型肺、皮肤、大肠Fas、Fas-L表达相关性的实验研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2007,22(7)：479.
[14]冯维斌,刘伟胜.通里攻下法在肺心病急性呼吸衰竭的应用[J].中国中医急104,1998,7(4)：180.
[15]王今达,高天元,崔乃杰,等.祖国医学“肺与大肠相表里”学说的临床意义及其本质的探讨：临床病例分析与实验研究[J].中西医结合杂志,1982,2(2)77-81.
[16]李新宇,景炳文,陈德昌,等.大黄对大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致肺损伤过程中内源性NO的影响[J].中国急救医学,1999,19(8)：454-456.
[17]赵卫川,崔乃强,赵琪.承气合剂对缺血再灌流肠管内毒素转运的影响[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,1998,4(2)：83-86.
[18]赵卫川,赵琪,崔乃强,等.肠内压与肠道内毒素转运的关系及承气合剂的影响[J].华人消化杂志,1998,6(7)：622-624.
[19]张余森,彭代国,白朝勇,等.“肺与大肠相表里”动物模型的制作及其机理初探[J].中兽医医药杂志,1987,(2)：1.
[20]冯学瑞,宋小棣,刘迪,等.“肺与大肠相表里”的实验研究[J].天津中医,1998,4：16-18.
[21]韩国栋,冯学瑞,郝泅城,等.“肺与大肠相表里”实验研究-动物模型改进及大承气汤对模型肺脏的影响.天津中医学院学报,1989(3)：31-34
[22]田在善,李东华,沈长虹,等.大承气汤对肠源性内毒素血症模型大鼠肝、肺、肾损害保护作用的病理学观察[J].天津中医,1998,15(1)：34.
[23]田在善,沈长虹,李东华,等.大承气汤对便秘大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞活力的影响—“肺与大肠相表里”的实验研究[J]天津中医,1992(4)：19-22.
[24]蒋学武,胡廷泽,赖亚曼,等.小儿绞窄性肠缺血术后低氧血症的临床及实验研究[J].中国现代医学杂志,2002,12(15)：27-29.
[25]应明英,林英,黄英,等.大肠杆菌感染性休克和急性肺损伤大鼠模型的实验研究[J].华西医学,2001,16(4)：449-450.
[26]HadjiminasDJ,McMastersKM,PeytonJC,etal.TissuetumornecrosisfactormRNAexpre ssionfollowingcecalligationandpunctureorintraperitonealinjectionofendotoxin[J].JSurgRes,19 94,56(6):549-555.
[27]陈海龙,关凤林,闻庆平,等.肺与大肠相表里的理论和现代研究[J].中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(27)：71.
[28]杨胜兰,王鹏,李道本,等.通腑法对大鼠肠源性肺损伤保护作用机制的研究[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(3)：154-156.
[29]张世林,宇克莉,毕平,等.肠缺血再灌注大鼠肺损伤时NOS及肺泡巨噬细胞分泌NO的变化[J].海峡药学,2000,12(2)：23.
[30]区永欣,张小虎,古继红,等.肺气宣降的病理生理研究及其对防治急性呼吸道感染的临床意义[J].广州中医药大学学报,2007,24(5)：422-424.
[31]严仪昭.内毒素引起的急性肺损伤的实验研究[J].中华结核及呼吸系统疾病杂志,1985,8(1)：7.
[32]KoksoyC,KuzuMA,ErgunH,etal.IntestinaliSchia-reperfu.sionimpairsvaSomtorfuncti onsofpulmonaryvascularbed.AnnSurg[J],2000,231 (1):105-109.
[33]TurnageRH,LaNoueJL,KadeskyKM,etal.Thrombox-aneA2mediatesincreasedpulmo narymicroscopyperme-abilityafterintestinalreperfusion.JApplPhysiol[J],1997,82(2):592-596.
[34]陈以国,杜瑞卿,成泽东.肺俞大肠俞的椎体间力学相关性研究[J].中国针灸,2004,24(3)：197-200.
[35]严兴科,张广全,王燕.肺与大肠相表里与针刺对其调节作用的离体研究[J].时珍国 医国药,2009,20(1)：159-161.
[36]安真光.运用“肺与大肠相表里”学说治疗肺心病[J].甘肃中医学院学报,1992,11(4)：18.
[37]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察与临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,6(3)：7.
[38]易向明.哮喘发作伴大便异常的观察及临床意义[J].四川中医,1995,(3)：7.
[39]冯维斌,刘伟胜.通里攻下法在肺心病急性呼吸衰竭的应用[J].中国中医急症,1998,7(4)：180.
[40]张元兵,洪广祥.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期的应用[J].江西中医药,2000,31(3)：15.
[41]白晓昱.肺炎与便秘的关系临床观察一有感于“肺与大肠相表里”[J].中华中医药学刊,2007,25：81.
[42]陈奕梁,李培武.脏与腑之间的表里关系浅识[J].光明中医,2004,19(3)：12.
[43]游文华.谈肺与大肠表里相关的临床体会[J].新中医,1990,22(3)：18.
[44]安真光.运用“肺与大肠相表里”学说治疗肺心病[J].甘肃中医学院学报,1992,11(4)：18.
[45]张林峰.“肺与大肠相表里”运用举隅[J].河北中医,1994,16(1)：19.
[46]吴成雁,侯苍远.肃肺通下法治疗开胸术后并发症的体会[J].中医研究,1996,9(1)：37.
[47]张元兵,洪广祥.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期的应用[J].江西中医药,2000,31(3)：15-16.
[48]张子和著.儒门事亲[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1959
[49]于雪峰.基于“肺与大肠相表里”论治探析[J].光明中医,2009,24(5)：847.
[50]廖荣鑫,黄礼明,吴仕九.肺病治肠在慢性肺心病急性发作期中的运用[J].辽宁中医杂志,2004,31(6)：461-462
[51]杨胜兰,李道本,陈瑞.肺肠并治法治疗小儿外感咳嗽30例[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志2004,12(6)：360.
[52]杜怀棠.下法的临床应用与体会[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,,35(2)：25.
[53]胡克明.风温肺热病100例临床分析[J].浙江中医学院学报,1995,19(3)：12.
[54]赵光明.桃仁承气汤临床运用举隅[J].四川中医,1995,(2)：30.
[55]肖阳娥,黄晓川.增液承气汤加减救治40例慢性呼吸衰竭临床观察[J].新中医,1997,29(3)：18.
[56]张瑞利.加减宣白承气汤治疗急性肺部感染150例[J].浙江中医杂志,1997,32(6)：252.
[57]赵富宝.香砂承气汤治疗肺心病失代偿期胃肠功能衰竭82例[J].中医杂志,1999,(40)：6.
[58]陈奕梁,李培武.脏与腑之间的表里关系浅识[J].光明中医,2004,19(3)：12.
[59]曾兆麟,李玉梅.从中医肺与大肠相表里理论探索难治性非典型性肺炎(SARS)治疗的新思路[J].上海中医药杂志,2003,37(5)：5.
[60]李晓君.通腑安脏的理论探讨[J].辽宁中医杂志,1987,(6)：23.
[61]赵淑颖,张淑文,王宝思,等.通腑法在内科急性感染性疾病的临床应用[J].中西医结合杂志,1982,(2)：90.
[62]杜志超.通腑宣肺法治疗慢性支气管炎93例[J].中医函授通讯,1984,17(2)：23-24.
[63]诸惜勤.清肺通腑法治疗小儿哮喘性支气管炎20例报告[J].南京中医学院学报,1984,(4)：200.
[64]诸惜勤,韩芳华.清热活血通腑法治疗流行性喘憋型肺炎30例[J].南京中医学院学报,1989,(4)：24.
[65]沈祖法.喘息型慢性支气管炎急性发作期105例中医治疗[J］.中医杂志,1991,32(11)：7.
[66]刘刚.通因通用法治重症肺气肿[J].四川中医,1995,(6)：23.
[67]苏惠萍.通腑法治疗哮喘发作期的临床应用[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995,18(5)：64.
[68]张万义.加味己椒苈黄汤治疗支气管哮喘急性发作50例[J].山东中医学院学报,1995,19(4)：235-237
[69]邱风娣.通腑法在急重症中的应用[J].新中医,1995,(6)：38.
[70]林群莲,黄发盛.通腑法治疗肺心病急性发作期[J].中西医结合杂志,1996,9(10)：105-621.
[71]贺真.己椒苈黄汤加味治疗胸腔积液15例[J].江西中医药,1996,27(2)：26.
[72]李洁怀.浅谈通腑泄热在急性热病中的应用[J].新中医,1998,30(2)：44.
[73]张云松,张鸿彩.解毒通腑法治疗温病气分发热的研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,1998,22(2)：118.
[74]吴国水.下法在肺疾患中的运用及体会[J].河北中西医结合杂志,1999,8(6)：942.
[75]李雪答.通下法治疗肺源性心脏病急性发作期呼吸衰竭36例[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1999,11(6)：498.
[76]从丹.大黄治疗小儿风热感冒40例疗效分析[J].铁道医学,2001.29(4)：256-257.
[77]曹利平,中西医结合治疗肺心病急性加重期132例[J].陕西中医,2002,23(4)：291-292.
[78]关瑞锋.从肺与大肠相表里谈痰热壅肺型肺心病的辨证施护[J］.牡丹江医学院学报,2003,24(6)：49.
[79]李辛夷.肺与大肠同治治疗毛细支气管炎60例疗效观察[J].云南中医中药杂志,2005,26(6)：8-9.
[80]汪丙柱.从肺与大肠相表里论治慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(9)：76.
[81]王儒平,陈雪梅.通腑泻下法在喘证急性期治疗中的运用[J].中医药学刊,2006,24(7)：1317-1318
[82]杨佩颖,贾英杰.贾英杰教授用肺与大肠相表里理论治疗肺癌经验[J].吉林中医药,2009,29(4)：287.
[83]林群莲,黄发盛.通腑法治疗肺心病急性发作期[J].中西医结合杂志,1996,9(10)：621.
[84]关瑞锋.从肺与大肠相表里谈痰热壅肺型肺心病的辨证施护[J].牡丹江医学院学报,2003,24(6)：49.
[85]黄礼明.下法在慢性肺原性心脏病治疗中的运用体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2002,18(7)：54.
[86]宋勉,王亚梅.肺肠同治法在治疗支气管哮喘急性发作期的运用[J].光明中医,2005,20(1)：5.
[87]李雪苓.通下法治疗肺源性心脏病急性发作期呼吸衰竭36例[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,1999,11(6)：498.
[88]蒋洪耀.“肺与大肠相表里”理论的再认识[J].国医论坛,2000,15(4)：15.
[89]李志军,李银平.肺与大肠相表里学说与多器官功能障碍综合征[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2004,11(3)：131.
[90]孙元莹,李志军,王今达.从“肺与大肠相表里”论治多脏器功能障碍综合征[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(5)：1220-1221
[91]肖阳娥,黄晓川,卿敬军等.增液承气汤加减在慢性呼吸衰竭救治中的应用[J].广后医学,1995(9)：2.
[92]张石义.加味己椒苈黄汤治疗支气管哮喘急性发作50例[J].山东中医学院学报,1995,19(4)：235.
[93]申建.“肺与大肠相表里”在慢性肺心病治疗中的运用[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2006,19(9)：1031-1032.
[94]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临证中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44.
[95]韩胜保.凉膈白虎汤加味治疗小儿哮喘[J].吉林中医药,1981,(3)：32.
[96]邓森,张启宣.夏幼周教授治疗小儿反复发作性咳喘经验[J].黑龙江中医药,1989,(1)：3.
[97]张家骏,王瑞春.王正公善用汗吐下治青少年哮喘[J].上海中医药杂志,1992,(10)：26.
[98]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿哮喘[J].辽宁中医杂志,1998,(4)：8.
[99]谢邦军,史国梅,肖琳.加味宣白承气汤直肠滴注治疗痰热腑实型肺性脑病20例[J].中医外治杂志,1997,6(3)：16.
[100]张志军.中药直肠点滴治疗毛细支气管炎98例[J].河南中医,1993,13(1)：25.
[101]薛玫.小儿哮喘发作从痰辨治的临床研究[J].青海医学院学报.1990,1：59-63.
[102]王玉红.直肠点滴法治疗[J].实用中西医结合杂志,1991,4(9)：527.
[103]李廷霞,温锴,温宝林.中药煎液直肠滴注治疗婴幼儿病毒性肺炎56例[J].广西中医药,1996,19(5)：29-30.
[104]王乐平,许桂英.喘息平保留灌肠液定喘的临床和实验的研究[J].中国中医急症,1998,7(3)：102-104.
[105]安庆军.泻下法治疗痤疮[J].中医药学报,2001,29：55
[106]李浩然.通腑法治疗皮肤病举隅[J].黑龙江中医药,1986,(2)：50-51
[107]甘海芳,杨凡,肖敏,等.艾儒棣应用润肠通便法治疗皮肤病经验[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(10)：1472-1473
[108]刘夭骥,吴积华.郭长贵.通腑法治疗皮肤病举要[J].新中医,1995,(6)：47-48
[109]王根林.下法治疗皮肤病临床体会[J].实用中医药杂志,2009,25(12)：829
[110]钱方,杨玉峰,郭岱炯.通导散治疗血瘀型银屑病30例[J].江西中医药,2009,40(9)：51-52
[111]解秸萍.针灸治疗咳喘取穴规律初探[J].北京中医药大学学报,1995,18(5)：45
[112]李国旭.针刺三间穴治疗小儿外感咳嗽112例[J].中医研究,1997,10(4)：47
[113]高德享.合谷注射治疗哮喘发作40例[J].福建中医药,1996,27(4)：15
[114]冯家斌,魏有刚.肾上腺素合谷穴封闭治疗哮喘持续状态11例[J].安徽中医学院学报,1996,15(4)：47
[115]赵俊岭.曲池穴注射治疗支气管哮喘临床观察[J].针刺研究,1998,(4)：299
[116]杜长河.曲池穴药物注射治疗变应性鼻炎60例[J].浙江中医杂志,2008,434)：247
[117]张风娥,王红.穴位封闭治疗肺结核并咯血90例[J].陕西中医,2000,21(8)：366
[118]曹刚,王英,宋云贞.合谷列缺为主穴临床应用举隅[J].河北中医药学报,1999,14(4)：41.
[119]张连良,李胜,刘辉.少商、商阳穴点刺放血治疗急性扁桃体炎100例[J].针灸临床杂志,2000,16(9)：33
[120］王文远.少商合谷配伍临床应用[J].上海针灸杂志,1991,(3)：24
[121]刘立公,顾杰.古代文献中大肠经及其腧穴主治的统计报告[J].上海针灸杂志,2003,22(2)：44.
[122]汪平健.手三里穴位注射治疗急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎疗效观察[J].中国中西医结合耳鼻咽喉科杂志,2001,9(2)：92.
[123]高德亭.合谷注射治疗哮喘发作40例[J].福建中医药,1996,27(4)：15.
[124]张珍玉,李培生.下法的临床运用与体会[J].中医杂志,1990,31(5)：4.
[125]陈剑屏.宣肺理气治便秘[J].上海中医药杂志,1996,37(6)：41.
[126]魏占美.理肺汤治疗习惯性便秘26例[J].四川中医,1997,15(10)：23.
[127]陈培琼.从肺肾论治老年性便秘71例[J].广东医学,1999,20(3)：8.
[128]牛治君,等.补气宣肺汤治疗功能性便秘68例报告[J].北京中医,1991,(5)：18.医,2006,25(7)：438-440.
[129]王仲霞,刘波.“肺与大肠相表里”的理论及临床研究进展[J].北京中医,2006,25(7)：438-440.
[130]伍翀.便秘治疗二十四法[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,(2)：25.
[131]贾美华.肺与大肠互治摭拾[J].辽宁中医杂志,1989,(8)：9.
[132]张书生.肠易激综合征从肺论治[J].四川中医,2005,23(3)：17-18.
[133]张小军.慢性肠炎从肺论治[J].陕西中医,1996,17(7)：336.
[134]费赛源.肺与大肠相表里在临床治疗中的应用[J].新疆中医药,2003,21(2)：357.
[135]刘小雨.从肺论治顽固性消化溃疡92例[J].湖南中医药导报,1999,5(3)：17.
[136]胡国俊.杂病治肺十法[J].辽宁中医杂志,1986,(10)：33.
[137]冯昭明,陈伟刚.清肃肺气汤治疗大肠黑变病18例[J].新中医,2007,39(8)：75.
[138]郑舜华,崔儒涛.补肺益肠方治疗溃疡性结肠炎的实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,2000,(6)：10-12
[139]刘钦伟,李翠萍.芍药汤加味治疗慢性非特异性溃疡性结肠炎42例[J].河北中医,2001,23(11)：880
[140]梁培忠.肺与大肠相表里理论在肛肠科疾病中应用举隅[J].安徽中医学院学报,1992,11(1)：36-37
[141]曾清泉.从肺论治肛肠疾病举隅[J].四川中医,2001,19(12)：65.
[142]胡静平.清肺愈结汤加减治疗慢性结肠炎的临床观察[J].贵州医药,2008,32(2)：153.
[143]高桂荣,高森森.耳针治疗习惯性便秘40例[J].陕西中医,2000,21(6)：270.
[144]黄金宝.尺泽静脉放血治疗急性胃肠炎[J].中国针灸,1999,(7)：426
[145]何明庚.针刺尺泽治疗牙痛50例[J].云南中医药杂志,1996,17(2)：43
[146]王俊富.针刺孔最穴治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔30例[J].上海针灸杂志,1996,15(3)：16
[147]袁虹.点刺少商穴治疗小儿腹泻[J].中国针灸,2003,23(1)：35
[148]王玮,王秀英.针刺治疗中风后便秘51例[J].陕西中医,2008,29(2)：217-218
[149]王茎,曾永蕾.列缺偏历为主穴在针灸临床中的运用[J].中国针灸,1998,(10)：602.
[150]宫殿煜.针刺孔最、合谷穴治疗痔疮术后疼痛50例[J].中医药研究,1997,13(4)：37.
[151]何泽涌.组织与胚胎学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1986：243.
[152]胡火珍.干细胞生物学[M].成都：四川大学出版社,2005：207.
[153]周吕.胃肠生理学[M].北京：科学出版社,1991,1：726-728.
[154]Andcrsou.W,A.D:Pathology.4th.cd.theCVMoslogCo.p[M].790,1961
[155]MolesKW,VargheseG,HayesJR.Pulmonaryinvolvementinulcerativecolitis[J].BrJDis Chest,1988,82(1):79
[156]匡调元.中医病理研究[M].上海科学技术出版社,1980：145.
[157]江锡权.略谈喘证的肺与大肠同治法[J].新中医,1983,15(5)：11.
[158]刘文导,向伟能,鲁尧.“肺合大肠”的理论研究及临床应用[J].中医研究,2005,18(8)：5-6.
[159]杨钢.人体内分泌生理及异常[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,1980：474.
[160]周东浩,张蕾,周明爱.肺与大肠相表里今释[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(8)：567-568
[161]SethyPK,DuttaU,AggrawalAN,DasR,GulatiM,SinhaSK,SinghK.Pulmonaryandhem atologicalalterationsinidiopathiculcerativecolitis[J].IndianJastroenterol,2003,22:176-179
[162]周东浩,张蕾,周明爱.肺与大肠相表里今释[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2003,9(8)：567.
[163]靳文学,杨宇.从黏膜免疫系统看“肺与大肠相表里”[J].四川中医,2005,23(12)：1-3.
[164]刘恩顺,王海英,孙增涛.浅谈肺与大肠相表里与ARDS防治［J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(11)：2836.
[165]边洪荣,赵春秀,宋素英,等.保元汤对大鼠粘膜表面sIgA含量影响的研究[J].华北煤炭医学院学报,1999,6(2)：105-106
[166]杨水清,陈汉平sIgA的基础和临床研究进展[J].上海免疫学杂志,1991,11(3)：176.
[167]白晓昱.肺炎与便秘的关系临床观察-有感于“肺与大肠相表里”[J］.中华中医药学刊,2007,25：81.
[168]HiroyasuaS,SniraishiM,KojiT,etal.AnaltsisofFASsysteminPulmonaryinjuryofGHV Dafterratin-testinaltransplantatipn[J].Transplantation,1996,8(7):933-938.
[169]EatonTE,LambieN,WellsAU,etal.BronchiectasisfollowingcolectomyforCrohn'sdise ase[J].Thorax,1998,53(7):579.
[170]KoksoyC,KuzuM,ErgunH,etal.Intestinalis-chemiaandreperfusionimpairsvasomotorf unctionsofpulmonaryvascularbed[J]. AnnSurg,2000,231 (1):105-111.
[171]BamesPJ,BaraniukJN,BelvisiMG,etal.neuropeptidesintherespira-torytract[J].AmRe vRespirDis,1991,144(5):1187.
[172]MaggiCA,GiachettideyRD,etal.Neuropeptidesasregulatorsofairwayfunction:Vasoac tiveintestinalpeptideandthetachykinins[J].PhysiolRes,1995,75(2):277.
[173]BlockJ,DimentL,Armour,etal.DistributionofSPreceptorsinrabbitairways[J].JPharma colExpTher,1990,253(1):381.
[174]LingYL,MengAN,ZhaoXY,etal.Effectofcholecystokininoncy-tokinesduringendotox icshockinrats[J].JGastroenterol,2001,7(5):667-671.
[175]CasterN,FioramontiJ,DeLahitteJD,etal.Brainfosexpressionandintestinalmotoralterat ionsduringnemotede-induceedinflammationintherat[J].AmJPhysiol,1998,274(37):G210-G216.
[176]杨胜兰,王鹏,李道本,等.通腑法对大鼠肠源性肺损伤保护作用机制的研究[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(3)：154-156.
[177]钟学礼,池芝盛,陈家伦,等.中国医学百科全书[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1986：128.
[178]王朝晖.肺与大肠相表里机理的初步研究[D].硕士学位论文.陕西中医学院.2004.
[179]严仪昭,陈祥银,西品香.内毒素引起的急性肺损伤的实验研究[J].中华结核及呼吸系统疾病杂志,1984,8(1)：7
[180]徐育军.大鼠肠源性感染致早期肺损伤的内毒素变化[J].亚太传统医药,2010,6(3)：10-11
[181]陆立仁.内毒素致急性肺损伤发病机制研究进展[J].医学综述,2010,16(2)：170-173
[182]韩国栋.“肺与大肠相表里”理论中西医结合研究进展[J].天津中医,1995,12(4)：45-46
[183]田在善,沈长虹,李东华.大承气汤对内毒素引致肺损伤保护作用的实验研究[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,1997,3(1)：11-14
[1]傅景华等点校.中医四部经典[M],北京：中医古籍出版社,1996：P120
[2]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临证中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44
[3]陈叔达.“百象汤”治疗小儿百日咳[J].上海中医药杂志,1981,(6)：10-11
[4]孙浩.《小儿药证直诀·咳嗽》篇治咳浅析[J].北京中医杂志,1986,(5)：50-51
[5]薛玫.通腑涤痰法治疗小儿哮喘的体会[J].新疆中医药,1995年,(2)：52-53
[6]萧诏玮.陈桐雨先生治儿科善用下法[J].福建中医药,1987年,(5)：
[7]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿哮喘的经验[J].辽宁中医杂志,1988(4)：8-9
[8]陈斌斌.反治法在儿科临床应用举隅[J].四川中医,1995,(4)：4243
[9]文益华.清解汤治疗小儿外感高热100例[J].陕西中医,1991,12(12)：541-542
[10]从丹.大黄治疗小儿风热感冒40例疗效分析[J].铁道医学,2001,29(4)：256-257
[11]刘弼臣,郝珍.从肺卫论治小儿病毒性心肌炎的经验[J].中国医药学报,1990,5(2)：44-46
[12]李志沧,吴海淮.宣肺通腑法治疗小儿肺炎[J].四川中医,1985,(8)：23
[13]樊祖仁.宣白承气汤加味治疗小儿麻疹肺炎经验[J].陕西中医,1983,4(6)：3
[14]史存诫,刘昌建.冰硼散塞肛治小儿气管炎[J].四川中医,1989,(12)：9
[15]谭剑业.关于小儿腹泻几个治则的临床应用[J].山东中医,1979,(8)：
[16]施亦农.随建屏名老中医辨治小儿泄泻6法[J].新中医,1995,(增刊)：2-3
[17]张亮.小儿腹泻的常用治法[J].湖南中医学院学报,1982,(1)：19-22
[18]饶勉之.介绍小儿脱肛治法[J].江苏中医药,1965,(2)：
[19]萧正安.小儿脱肛效方—参麦芩连归地汤[J].吉林中医药,1991,(6)：29
[20]秦仁生.秦廉泉治疗小儿痢疾经验拾萃[J].辽宁中医杂志,1991年,(8)：7-8
[21]吴建平,王乐先,吴建敏,邹同芳.半刺治疗婴幼儿秋季腹泻48例[J].四川中医,1996,14(2)：53
[22]姜润林.王玉玲老中医治疗小儿咳喘的经验[J].新中医,1989,(7)：7-8
[23]刘弼臣,郝珍.从肺卫论治小儿病毒性心肌炎的经验[J].中国医药学报,1990,5(2)：44-46
[24]樊祖仁.宣白承气汤加味治疗小儿麻疹肺炎经验[J].陕西中医,1983,4(6)：3
[25]陈超,汪受传.“肺与大肠相表里”理论在儿科临症中的应用[J].中医药学报,2006,34(6)：43-44
1唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：23
2唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：26
3唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾顺从德本,1956：30
4唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：19
5唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：13-14
6唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：123
7唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：7879
8唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：78
9唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：27-28
10唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：29
11黄龙祥：中国针灸学术史大纲,北京：华夏出版社,2001：391
12唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：55
13灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：150
14灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：8
15灵枢经,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：93
16唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：123
17唐·王冰注,宋·林忆等校正：黄帝内经素问,北京：人民卫生出版社影印顾从德本,1956：124125
18隋·巢元方：诸病源候论,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(1),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：341
19隋·巢元方：诸病源候论,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(1),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：346-347
20唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：302
21唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：306
22唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：308
23唐·孙思邈：备急千金要方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1955：322
24唐·王燾：外台秘要,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(9),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：772
25宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：98
26原题晋·王叔和撰,宋·刘元宾补注：通真子补注王叔和脈诀,见《海外回归中医善本古籍丛书》(1),北京：人民卫生出版社,2002：13
27马继兴等辑校：敦煌医药文献辑校,南京：江苏古籍出版社,1998：132
28马继兴等辑校：敦煌医药文献辑校,南京：江苏古籍出版社,i998：487
29宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：479
30宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：490
31宋·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：91
32采·王怀隐：太平圣惠方,见《海外回归中医古籍善本集萃》(2),北京：中医古籍出版社,2005：832833
33宋·赵佶：圣济总录,卷四十九,本江户医学聚珍版：86
34宋·赵佶：圣济总录,卷一百四十二,日本江户医学聚珍版：5
35南宋·佚名氏：小儿卫生总微论方,北京：人民卫生出版社,1986：62
36南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：497
37南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：546
38南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：64
39南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：313
40元·曾世荣：活幼心书,北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：47
41元·曾世荣：活幼口议,见《珍本医籍从刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1985：239
42南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：720
43南宋·刘昉：幼幼新书,北京：人民卫生出版社,1987：819
44明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第十七册,鱼古山房刊本,19
45明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：13
46明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：8
47明·泰昌遇：幼科折衷,见《珍本医籍丛刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1990：29-30
48明·薛铠：保婴金镜录,见《薛氏医案》第三十四册,鱼古山房刊本
49明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1313
50明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1316
51明·张昶：小儿诸证补遗,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：2325
52明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：97
53明·王銮：幼科类萃,见《中医珍本从书》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1984：152
54明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1735
55明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：79-80
56明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：134
57明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1694
58明·王銮：幼科类萃,见《中医珍本从书》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1984：400-401
59明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1420
60明·彭用光：原幼心法,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：215
61明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1589
62明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：115
63明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1664
64明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：105
65明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十二册,鱼古山房刊本,1
66明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：138
67明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十二册,鱼古山房刊本,66
68明·秦昌遇：幼科折衷,见《珍本医籍从刊》,北京：中医古籍出版社,1990：2930
69明·万全：幼科发挥,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：3233
70明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中队药出版社,1997：1584
71明·万全：万氏家藏育婴秘诀,湖北：湖北科学技术出版社,1986：132
72明·龚廷贤：龚廷贤医学全书,北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：1129-1130
73明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二册,鱼古山房刊本,16
74明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十六册,鱼古山房刊本,23
75明·薛铠：保婴撮要,见《薛氏医案》第二十六册,鱼古山房刊本,11、14、15
76明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1716
77明·鲁伯嗣：婴童百问,北京：人民卫生出版社,1961：106
78明·王肯堂：幼科证治准绳,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：1709
79清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：5
80清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：18
81清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：25
82清·陈复正：幼幼集成,北京：人民卫生出版社,2006：61
83清·袁氏：原瘄要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：168
84清·谢下琼：麻科活人全书,上海：上海卫生出版社,1957：54
85清·沈金繁：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：1-2
86清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：40
87清·吴谦：医宗金鉴,北京：人民卫生出版社,1957：366
88清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,隆昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：30
89清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,隆昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：3233
90清·袁氏：原瘩要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：378
91清·张霞溪：麻疹阐注,见《麻疹合编》,降昌鸿泰昌石印局,1932：18
92清·吴谦：医宗金鉴,北京：人民卫生出版社,1957：366
93清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：42
94清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：36
95清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：59
96清·吴砚丞：麻疹备要方论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：243
97清·沈望桥：经验麻科,见《历代中医珍本集成》第三十二册卷十一,上海：三联书店,1990：16
98清·朱玉堂：疹痘定论,奉天铅印本,1915：65
99清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：120
100清·朱世扬：诚求集,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：112
101清·王锡鑫：幼科切要,见《医学切要全集》第三册,清刻本,1847：73
102清·杨和订正：幼科折衷秘传真本,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：38
103清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：124
104清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：50
105清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：26
106清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：243
107清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：79-80
108清·周震：幼科医学指南,上海：锦章书局,1930：52
109清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：145
110清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：48
111清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：56
112清·沈金鳌：幼科释谜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：117
113清·朱世扬：诚求集,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：61
114清·魏鉴：幼科汇诀直解,见《中国医学大成》续集,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000：532
115清·郑玉坛：幼科心法集解,见《郑彤园医书四种》,清刻本,1796：74
116清·杨和订正：幼科折衷秘传真本,见《中医古籍珍稀抄本精选》(十二),上海：上海科学技术出版社,2004：75-76
117清·魏鉴：幼科汇诀直解,见《中国医学大成》续集,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2000：512
118清·夏禹铸：幼科铁镜,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1982：67
119清·吴瑭：温病条辨,北京：人民卫生出版社,1963：208
120清·袁氏：原瘄要论,见《中国医学大成》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1997：378
121清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：977978
122清·顾雨田：顾雨田医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：487
123清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：945-946
124清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：971
125清·程凤图：启蒙医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：336
126丁甘仁：盂河丁甘仁医集,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1339
127清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：429
128清·张聿青：张聿青医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：11791180
129张锡纯：张锡纯医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1416
130清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建利学技术出版社,2008：431
131何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1525
132何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1433-1434
133清·谢星焕：得心集医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建利学技术出版社,2008：576
134清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：958
135清·李成荣：李氏医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：430
136何廉臣：全国名医验案类编,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：1209
137清·叶桂：临证指南医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：78
138清·周小农：惜分阴轩医案,见《温病大成》第五部,福建：福建科学技术出版社,2008：962
139元·朱震亨：金匮钩玄,北京：人民卫生出版社,1980：59
140明·张介宾：类经,北京：学苑出版社,2005：581
141唐·杨上善：《黄帝内经太索》,北京：学苑出版社,2007：37
142宋·陈自明著,明·熊宗立补遗：《妇人良方》校注补遗,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1991：274
143明·张介宾：《类经》,北京：学苑出版社,2005：225
144明·孙文胤：《丹台玉案》,卷五,上海： 上海科学技术出版社,1984：21
145清·吴塘：《吴鞠通医案》,卷二,北京：中国中医药出版社,1998：121
146清·蒋宝素：《问斋医案》,北京：人民卫生出版社,1989：138
147林慧光：《陈修园医学全书》,北京：中国中医药出版社,1999：700
148清·吴仪洛：《成方切用》,北京：科学技术文献出版社,245
149明·孙文胤：《丹台玉案》,卷五,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1984：21
150明·程杏轩：《杏轩医案》,北京：中国中医药出版社,2009：156