摘要
芽变在柑橘中经常发生。长期以来,芽变选种是柑橘育种的主要方法,但是人们对于芽变性状形成的分子机理仍知之甚少。利用现代分子生物学技术对芽变性状形成的机理进行研究,将加深对芽变规律的认识:同时对提高芽变育种效率以及提高果实品质具有重要的指导作用。本研究以‘暗柳'甜橙(Citrus sinensis[L.]Osbeck)的红肉突变体‘红暗柳'为研究材料,以野生型作参照,分析了两者果实在发育过程中糖、酸、色素的变化规律和相关基因的表达,并采用SSH结合Microarray技术分析了两者基因组表达的差异。主要研究结果如下:
1.完善了不同发育时期各类柑橘组织的RNA提取方法。该方法已成功从不同发育时期的柑橘有色层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞、愈伤组织、茎、叶、花等组织中提取出高质量的RNA。而且,将整个RNA提取时间缩短为4个小时。
2.利用HPLC测定了不同发育时期‘红暗柳'与‘暗柳'果实有色层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞中类胡萝卜素的组成与含量变化。结果表明突变体果实中白皮层、囊衣和汁胞呈红色是番茄红素大量累积所致,其番茄红素的含量比野生型相应组织高上千倍。但两者叶片中类胡萝卜素的种类没有差异。
3.利用Real-time PCR测定‘红暗柳'与‘暗柳'果实有色层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞中类胡萝卜素代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。结果发现‘红暗柳'汁胞中的番茄红素积累是由于类胡萝卜素代谢途径中上游基因的上调表达和下游基因的下调共同作用导致的。然而,‘红暗柳'果实囊衣和白皮层中类胡萝卜素代谢途径上的基因表达量与‘暗柳'相比几乎没有变化,仅下游的Lcye基因似乎受到累积的番茄红素的诱导而上调表达。这表明调控‘红暗柳'果实白皮层和囊衣中番茄红素积累的机制与调控汁胞中番茄红素积累的模式不相同,即在‘红暗柳'果实中至少存在两种模式调控番茄红素的积累。结合其它实验结果,本文提出如下假说:番茄红素首先在汁胞中大量合成,然后被运输到囊衣和白皮层中从而导致了番茄红素也在这两个部位的积累。
4.采用GC和Real-time PCR测定了‘红暗柳'与‘暗柳'果实有色层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞中主要有机酸的含量以及代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。结果发现‘红暗柳'汁胞中的柠檬酸含量极低,仅为‘暗柳'的1/11到1/4之间。而且‘红暗柳'汁胞中柠檬酸代谢上游和下游关键酶基因的表达均要高于‘暗柳',但下游基因升高的幅度要大于上游基因升高的幅度。通过测定两者汁胞中关键酶活性发现‘红暗柳'中柠檬酸上游和下游的酶活性均要高于‘暗柳'。似乎说明‘红暗柳'汁胞中柠檬酸大幅度减少与其下游基因的大量表达有联系。
5.采用GC和Real-time PCR测定了‘红暗柳'与‘暗柳'果实色层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞中主要可溶性糖的含量以及代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。结果发现‘红暗柳'汁胞中蔗糖的含量要显著高于‘暗柳'。合成蔗糖的蔗糖磷酸合成酶和分解蔗糖的蔗糖合成酶与转化酶在‘红暗柳'汁胞中的表达均要高于‘暗柳'。推测‘红暗柳'汁胞中积累蔗糖的原因可能是上游蔗糖磷酸合成酶的上调表达,当然也有可能是蔗糖在叶片中合成以后再运输至汁胞中。
6.为了获得与突变体‘红暗柳'果实特异性状相关的基因,我们构建了‘红暗柳'与‘暗柳'果实的抑制性差减文库(SSH文库),然后采用Micrarray技术从文库中筛选在果实发育过程中差异表达的基因。在对差异表达的基因进行测序以及序列分析后,我们总共得到267条非重复性的基因,其中有182条与已知序列具有高同源性。很少有基因在果实发育过程中持续的上调或者下调表达,仅有一个基因(半胱氨酸蛋白酶前体)在‘红暗柳'果实中下调表达。经过SOTA聚类分析表明,95.1%的差异表达基因在170DAF时差异表达,而此时正是‘红暗柳'中大量积累番茄红素的时候。与细胞代谢、初生代谢、定位以及大分子代谢等相关的基因数目最多。这些基因所属的代谢途径包括:丙酮酸代谢途径、淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径、三羧酸代谢途径、糖酵解代谢途径已及类胡萝卜素合成途径等。而且,还发现13个与信号转导以及转录调控相关的基因,这些基因在170DAF时均差异表达。
Bud mutations arise often in citrus. The selection of bud mutants is one of the most important breeding channels in citrus. However, the molecular basis of bud mutation has rarely been studied.
In this study we describe a novel, pleiotropic sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) mutant, 'Hong Anliu'. This mutation causes carotenoid accumulation, high sugar and low acid in the fruits. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that high sugar and low acid in the fruit were caused by the accumulation of sucrose and the deficiency of citric acid. The dominant carotenoid accumulated in albedo, segment membranes and juice sacs is lycopene, which can reach levels that are a thousand-fold higher than those in comparable wild-type fruits. This mutation does not affect carotenoid composition of leaves. Carotenoid concentration and biosynthetic gene expression of albedo, segment membranes and juice sacs were dramatically altered by the mutation. Lycopene accumulation in the juice sacs was regulated by coordinate expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. However, in albedo and segment membranes, the expression of downstream carotenogenic genes seems to be feedback induced by lycopene accumulation. This implies that there must be at least two modes regulating lycopene accumulation in 'Hong Anliu' fruit. Taken together, these results suggest that massive lycopene might be synthesized in the juice sacs and then transported to the segment membrane and the albedo, which leads to lycopene accumulation there.
Organic acid concentration and biosynthetic gene expression of albedo, segment membranes and juice sacs were dramatically altered by the mutation. In juice sacs of 'Hong anliu', the concerntration of citric acid was among 1/4 and 1/11 of 'Anliu'. The expression of both upstream (CS) and downstream (Acon, IDH, MDH) genes of 'Hong Anliu'in the citric acid metabolism were higher than those of 'Anliu'. Moreover, the enzymes activities of downstream genes in citric acid metabolism were higher in 'Hong anliu'than those of 'Anliu'. Thus, we speculate that, the citric acid deficiency in the juice sacs of 'Hong anliu' was caused by the up-regulation of the downstream genes.
Sugar concentration and metablic gene expression of albedo, segment membranes and juice sacs were dramatically altered by the mutation. The concerntration of sucrose in the juice sacs of 'Hong anliu' was significangly higher than that of 'Anliu'. The expression of sucrose cleavage genes (Ivr and SPS) and sucrose synthetic gene (SuS) in the juice sacs of 'Hong anliu' were higher than those of 'Anliu'. We speculate that the sucrose accumulation in the juice of 'Hong anliu' may be caused by the up-regulation of SuS. However, the sucrose accumulation in the juice of 'Hong anliu' could also be synthesized in the leaves and transported to the juice sacs.
To identify potential important or novel genes involved in a spontaneous sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) bud mutation causing lycopene accumulation, low citric acid, and high sucrose in fruit, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray were performed to decipher this bud mutation during fruit development.
After sequencing of the differentially expressed clones, a total of 267 non-redundant transcripts were obtained and 182 (68.2%) of them shared homology (E-value≤1×10~(-10)) with known gene products. Few genes were consecutively up- or down-regulated (fold change≥2) in the bud mutation during fruit development. SOTA Algorithm analysis results showed that 95.1% of the differentially expressed genes were extensively coordinated with the initiation of lycopene accumulation. Cellular metabolic-, primary metabolic-, localization-, macromolecular metabolic-related transcripts were among the most regulated genes. These genes were involved in many metabolic pathways such as pyruvate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, citrate cycle, glycolysis, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, 13 genes which were differentially regulated at 170DAF shared homology with previously described signal transduction or transcription factors.
This is the first global approach addressing a simultaneous evaluation of transcription changes to bud mutation, and these differentially expressed genes constitute relevant candidates for bud mutation in citrus fruits.
引文
1.陈俊伟,谢鸣,捏巧平.植物糖信号与激素信号之间的联系.植物生理学通讯,2005,41:279-285
2.陈俊伟.柑橘果实糖运输与积累的生理机制研究.[博士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学图书馆,2001
3.陈竹生.柑橘品种改良进展及对我国柑橘品种结构调整的建议.中国南方果树,2005,34:23-26
4.邓烈.2005年我国柑橘生产形势预测.中国果业信息,2005,22:32-34
5.邓秀新,郭文武,孙绪华.我国无核柑橘类型选育研究进展.园艺学报,1996,23:235-240
6.邓秀新,刘功弼,章文才.柑橘愈伤组织染色体变异研究.中国柑橘,1985,3:4-7
7.邓秀新.世界柑橘品种改良的进展.园艺学报,2005,32:1140-1146
8.邓秀新,Grosser JW,Gmitter FG.墨西哥来檬与伏令夏橙种间体细胞杂种花糊育性研究.遗传,1992,14(1):8-9
9.郝玉金.柑橘和苹果等果树种质资源的立体保存及遗传变异.[博士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2000
10.何天富主编.柑橘学.北京:中国农业出版社,1999,344-348
11.洪柳,邓秀新.应用MSAP技术对脐橙品种进行DNA甲基化分析.中国农业科学,2005,38:2301-2307
12.胡松年主编.基因表达序列标签数据分析手册.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005,3-5
13.黄秉智,李丰年,许林兵,杨护,钟明,曾惜冰.香蕉组培苗变异早期诊断研究初报.广东农业科学,1997,2:23-25
14.黄素华,赖钟雄.荔枝胚性愈伤组织及其体胚发生过程中染色体数目的变化.福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2003,32:458-463
15.景士西主编.园艺植物育种学总论.北京:中国农业出版社,2000,116-118
16.金勇丰,张耀洲,陈大明,张上隆.桃早熟芽变品种‘大观一号'的RAPD分析及特异片断的克隆.果树科学,1998,15:103-106
17.赖钟雄,陈春玲,黄素华,桑庆亮,潘东明,陈振光.龙眼胚性愈伤组织长期继代培养及其染色体数目变异.福建农业大学学报,2001,30,29-32
18.李斐雪,王雁玲.差异表达基因的高通量筛选方法.细胞生物学,2004,26:339-343
19.李敏,李焕秀,李靖.植物基因克隆技术研究进展.生命科学研究,2004,8:116-120
20.梁国鲁,任振川.四川8个枇杷品种染色体变异研究.园艺学报,1999,26:71-76
21.林定波,潘增光.体细胞无性系变异及其在果树新种质创造中的应用.山东农业大学学报,2000,31:221-226
22.吕柳新.一个甜橙花斑变异的研究.福建农业大学学报,1996,25:287-290
23.罗安才.果实有机酸代谢生理和奉节脐橙芽变株系的AFLP分析研究.[博士学位论文].西南农业大学图书馆,2003
24.牛健哲,薛光荣,丛佩华等.应用花药培养技术培育苹果新类型.果树科学, 1994,11:1-4
25.潘增光,邓秀新.苹果组织培养再生技术研究进展.果树科学,1998,15:261-266
26.秦巧平,张上隆,谢鸣,陈俊伟.果实糖含量及成分调控的分子生物学研究进展.果树学报,2005,22:519-525
27.阮秀春,徐象华,斯金平,兰云龙,谢建秋.处州早红柚品种特性及栽培管理.浙江柑橘,2003,20:8-10
28.邵建柱.苹果等果树种质资源的立体保存研究.[博士论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2003
29.沈德绪主编.果树育种学.农业出版社,1992,79-91
30.史永忠,郭文武,邓秀新等.柑橘RAPD技术体系建立与体细胞杂种鉴定.园艺学报,1998,25:105-110
31.唐益苗,马有志.植物反转录转座子及其在功能基因组学种的应用.植物遗传资源学报,2005,6:221-225
32.陶俊,张上隆,张良诚,徐昌杰,陈俊伟.MPTA对柑橘果皮类胡萝卜素形成的影响.植物生理与分子生物学报,2002a,28:46-50
33.陶俊,张上隆,安新民,赵智中.光照对柑橘果皮类胡萝卜素和色泽形成的影响.应用生态学报,2003a,14:1833-1836
34.陶俊,张上隆,陈昆松,赵智中,陈俊伟.GA3处理对柑橘果皮色素变化的影响.园艺学报,2002b,29:566-568
35.陶俊,张上隆,徐建国,刘春荣.柑橘果实主要类胡萝卜素成分及含量分析.中国农业科学,2003b,36:1202-1208
36.陶能国.甜橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)红肉突变体类胡萝卜素合成相关基因的克隆与特性分析.[博士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2006
37.王贵元,夏仁学.红肉脐橙果实发育过程中番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素、糖、GA、ABA含量的变化.园艺学报,2005,32(3):482-485
38.王利芬,夏仁学,周开兵.纽荷尔脐橙果肉糖积累的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化.果树学报,2004,21:220-223
39.王正询,刘鸿先.香蕉苗试管繁殖染色体数量畸变的研究.遗传学报,1997,24:550-560
40.文涛,雄庆娥,曾伟光,刘远鹏.脐橙果实发育中有机酸合成代谢酶活性变化.园艺学报,2001,28:161-163
41.徐昌杰,张上隆.柑橘类胡萝卜素合成关键基因研究进展.园艺学报,2002,29:619-623
42.徐昌杰,张上隆.植物类胡萝卜素的生物合成及其调控.植物生理学通讯,2000,36:64-70
43.伊华林.果树体细胞无性系变异与品种改良.植物生理学通讯,2002,38:412-416
44.伊华林,邓秀新.培养三倍体柑橘植株的研究果树科学,1998,15,212-216
45.易图永,谢丙炎,张宝玺,高必达.植物抗病基因同源序列及其在抗病基因克隆与定位中的应用.生物技术通报,2002,2:16-20
46.曾燕如,张炼炳,斯金平,徐象华.无籽瓯柑无核原因的研究.浙江林学院学报,2005,22:359-362
47.张爱香,季静,王罡,张艳贞,刘会清.枸杞中番茄红素β-环化酶基因(LycB)的分离.中国农学通报,2005,21:46-49
48.张俊娥,刘继红,邓秀新.采用倍性分析仪鉴定柑橘愈伤组织的遗传变异.遗 传学报,2003,20,169-174
49.张敏.柑橘果实扇形嵌合体的分离以及两组嫁接嵌合体的遗传研究.[博士学位论文],武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2005
50.赵智中,张上隆,徐昌杰,陈昆松,刘拴桃.蔗糖代谢相关酶在温州蜜柑果实糖积累中的作用.园艺学报,2001,28:112.118
51.朱长甫,陈星,王英典.植物类胡萝卜素生物合成及其相关基因在基因工程中的应用.植物生理与分子生物学学报,2004,30:609-618
52.Aggelis A,John I,Karvouni Z,Grierson D.Characterization of two cDNA clones for mRNAs expressed during ripening of melon(Cucumis melo L.) fruits.Plant Molecular Biology,1997,33:313-322
53.Al-Babili S,Hartung W,Kleinig H,Beyer P.CPTA modulates levels of carotenogenic proteins and their mRNAs and affects carotenoid and ABA content as well as chromoplast structure in Narcissus pseudonarcissus flowers.Plant Biology,1999,1:607-612
54.Al-Babili S,Hobeika E,Beyer P.A cDNA encoding lycopene cyclese(GenBank X98796) from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.(PGR96-107).Plant Physiology,1996,112:1398
55.A1Babili S,VonLintig J,Haubruck H,Beyer P.A novel,soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is HspT0-complexed and competent for flavinylation,membrane association and enzymatic activation.Plant Journal,1996,9:601-612
56.Albertini MV,Carcouet E,Pailly O,Gambotti C,Luro F,Berti L.Changes in organic acids and sugars during early stages of development of acidic and acidless citrus fruit.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54:8335-8339
57.Albrecht M,Klein A,Hugueney P,Sandmann G,Kuntz M.Molecular cloning and functional expression in Escherichia-Coli of a novel plant enzyme mediating zeta-carotene desaturation.Febs Letters,1995,372:199-202
58.Albrecht M,Sandmann G.Light-stimulated carotenoid biosynthesis during transformation of Maize Etioplasts is regulated by increased activity of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase.Plant Physiology,1994,105:529-534
59.Alos E,Roca M,Iglesias DJ,Minguez-Mosquera MI,Damasceno CMB,Thannhauser TW,Rose JKC,Talon M,Cercos M.An evaluation of the basis and consequences of a stay-green mutation in the navel negra citrus mutant using transcriptomic and proteomic profiling and metabolite analysis.Plant Physiology,2008,147:1300-1315
60. Alquezar B, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange mutant Cara Cara. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69: 1997-2007
61. Amitai-Zeigerson H, Scolnik PA, Bar-Zvi D. Genomic nucleotide sequence of tomato ASR2, a second member of the stress/ripening-induced ASR1 gene family. Plant Physiol, 1994, 106: 1699-700
62. Antonius-Klemola K, Kalendar R, Schulman AH. TRIM retrotransposons occur in apple and are polymorphic between varieties but not sports. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2006, 112: 999-1008
63. Aracri B, Bartley GE, Scolnik PA, Giuliano G. Sequence of the phytoene desaturase locus of tomato. Plant Physiology, 1994, 106: 789-789
64. Arai M, Mori H, Imaseki H. Expression of the gene for sucrose synthase during growth of mung bean seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology, 1992, 33: 503-506
65. Arkhipova I, Meselson M. Transposable elements in sexual and ancient asexual taxa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000, 97: 14473-14477
66. Asins MJ, Monforte AJ, Mestre PF, Carbonell EA. Citrus and Prunus copia-like retrotransposons. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999, 99: 503-510
67. Bachem CWB, Oomen R, Visser RGF. Transcript imaging with cDNA-AFLP: A step-by-step protocol. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1998, 16: 157-173
68. Bachem CWB, van der Hoeven RS, de Bruijn SM, Vreugdenhil D, Zabeau M, Visser RGF. Visualization of differential gene expression using a novel method of RNA fingerprinting based on AFLP: Analysis of gene expression during potato tuber development. The Plant Journal, 1996a, 9: 745-753
69. Bachem CWB, vanderHoeven RS, deBruijn SM, Vreugdenhil D, Zabeau M, Visser RGF. Visualization of differential gene expression using a novel method of RNA fingerprinting based on AFLP: Analysis of gene expression during potato tuber development. Plant Journal, 1996b, 9: 745-753
70. Bandsma RHJ, Wiegman CH, Herling AW, Burger H-J, Harmsel At, Meijer AJ, Romijn JA, Reijngoud D-J, Kuipers F. Acute inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate translocator acitvity leads to increased de novo lipogenesis and development of hepatic steatosis without affecting VLDL production in rats. Diabetes, 2001, 50: 2591-2597
71. Bartley GE, Scolnik PA. cDNA cloning, expression during development, and genome mapping of Psy2, a 2nd tomato gene encoding phytoene synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1993,268: 25718-25721
72. Bartley GE, Scolnik PA, Beyer P. Two Arabidopsis thaliana carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyze a poly-cis pathway to yield pro-lycopene. European Journal of Biochemistry, 1999,259:396-403
73. Bartley GE, Viitanen PV, Pecker I, Chamovitz D, Hirschberg J, Scolnik PA. Molecular-cloning and expression in photosynthetic bacteria of a soybean cDNA coding for phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1991,88:6532-6536
74. Bartolozzi F, Bertazza G, Bassi D, Cristoferi G. Simultaneous determination of soluble sugars and organic acids as their trimethylsilyl derivatives in apricot fruits by gas-liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1997, 758: 99-107
75. Bean RC, Todd GW. Photosynthesis and respiration in developing fruits. Plant Physiology, 1960, 35: 425-429
76. Bejarano ER, Cerdaolmedo E. Inhibition of phytoene dehydrogenation and activation of carotenogenesis in phycomyces. Phytochemistry, 1989, 28: 1623-1626
77. Bell E, Creelman RA, Mullet JE. A chloroplast lipoxygenase is required for wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1995, 92: 8675-8679
78. Bernet GP, Asins MJ. Identification and genomic distribution of gypsy like retrotransposons in Citrus and Poncirus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2003, 108:121-130
79. Bieniawska Z, Barratt DHP, Garlick AP, Thole V, Kruger NJ, Martin C, Zrenner R, Smith AM. Analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 2007,49: 810-828
80. Blanc VM, Pichersky E. Nucleotide-sequence of a Clarkia-Breweri cDNA clone of Ipil, a gene encoding isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. Plant Physiology, 1995, 108: 855-856
81. Bogin E, Wallace A. Organic acid synthesis and accumulation in sweet and sour lemon fruit. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 1996, 89: 182-194
82. Bohen F, Linden H. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in response to light in Chamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, 2002, 1579: 26-34
83. Bonk M, Hoffmann B, VonLintig J, Schledz M, AlBabili S, Hobeika E, Kleinig H, Beyer P. Chloroplast import of four carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in vitro reveals differential fates prior to membrane binding and oligomeric assembly. European Journal of Biochemistry, 1997, 247: 942-950
84. Botha AM, Lacock L, van Niekerk C, Matsioloko MT, du Preez FB, Loots S, Venter E, Kunert KJ, Cullis CA. Is photosynthetic transcriptional regulation in Triticum aestivum L. cv. TugelaDN' a contributing factor for tolerance to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae)? Plant Cell Rep, 2006, 25: 41-54
85. Bouvier F, Keller Y, D'Harlingue A, Camara B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1998, 1391: 320-328
86. Bowman KD, Gmitter FG, Moore GA, Rouseff RL. Citrus-fruit sector chimeras as a genetic resource for cultivar improvement. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1991, 116: 888-893
87. Bramley P, Teulieres C, Blain I, Bird C, Schuch W. Biochemical-characterization of transgenic tomato plants in which carotenoid synthesis has been inhibited through the expression of antisense RNA to Ptom5. Plant Journal, 1992, 2: 343-349
88. Bramley PM. Regulation of carotenoid formation during tomato fruit ripening and development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002, 53: 2107-2113
89. Breto MP, Ruiz C, Pina JA, Asins MJ. The diversification of Citrus Clementina hort. ex tan., a vegetatively propagated crop species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2001, 21: 285-293
90. Britton G. UV/Visible Spectroscopy. Boston, MA, 1995, 13-63
91. Brune A, Gonzalez P, Goren R, Zehavi U, Echeverria E. Citrate uptake into tonoplast vesicles from acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice cells. Journal of Membrane Biology, 1998, 166: 197-203
92. Buchner P, Poret M, Rochat C. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA (Accession No. AJ001071) encoding a second sucrose synthase gene in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiology, 1998, 117: 719-729
93. Buckner B, Miguel PS, JanickBuckner D, Bennetzen JL. The Y1 gene of maize codes for phytoene synthase. Genetics, 1996,143: 479-488
94. Bugos RC, Chang SH, Yamamoto HY. Developmental expression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase in leaves of tobacco growing under high and low light. Plant Physiology, 1999, 121: 207-213
95. Bugos RC, Yamamoto HY. Molecular cloning of violaxanthin de-epoxidase from romaine lettuce and expression in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996, 93: 6320-6325
96. Burbidge A, Grieve T, Terry C, Corlett J, Thompson AJ, Taylor I. Structure and expression of a cDNA encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase, isolated from a wilt-related tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) library. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1997,48: 1749-1750
97. Burkhardt PK, Beyer P, Wunn J, Kloti A, Armstrong GA, Schledz M, vonLintig J, Potrykus I. Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm expressing daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) phytoene synthase accumulates phytoene, a key intermediate of provitamin A biosynthesis. Plant Journal, 1997, 11: 1071-1078
98. Busch M, Seuter A, Hain R. Functional analysis of the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis in tobacco. Plant Physiology, 2002, 128: 439-453
99. Cai Q, Guy CL, Moore GA. Detection of cytosine methylation and mapping of a gene influencing cytosine methylation in the genome of Citrus. Genome, 1996, 39: 235-42
100. Cakir B, Agasse A, Gaillard C, Saumonneau A, Delrot S, Atanassova R. A grape ASR protein involved in sugar and abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 2165-2180
101. Camacho-Villasana YM, Ochoa-Alejo N, Walling L, Bray EA. An improved method for isolating RNA from dehydrated and nondehydrated chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant tissues. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2002, 20: 407-414
102. Cameron JW, Soost RK. Acidity and total soluble solids in citrus gybrids and advanced crossed involving acidless orange and acidless pummelo. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science, 2002, 104: 220-222
103. Campbell M, Hahn FM, Poulter CD, Leustek T. Analysis of the isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology, 1998, 36: 323-328
104. Campisi L, Fambrini M, Michelotti V, Salvini M, Giuntini D, Pugliesi C. Phytoene accumulation in sunflower decreases the transcript levels of the phytoene synthase gene. Plant Growth Regulation, 2006, 48: 79-87
105. Canel C, Bailey-Serres JN, Roose ML. Pummelo fruit transcript homologous to ripening-induced genes. Plant Physiol, 1995a, 108: 1323-4
106. Canel C, Baileyserres JN, Roose ML. In-vitro [C-14] citrate uptake by tonoplast vesicles of acidless citrus juice cells. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1995b, 120: 510-514
107. Canel C, Bailey Serres JN, Roose ML. Molecular characterization of the mitochondrial citrate synthase gene of an acidless pummelo (Citrus maxima). Plant Molecular Biology, 1996,31: 143-147
108. Carbone F, Pizzichini D, Giuliano G, Rosati C, Perrotta G. Comparative profiling of tomato fruits and leaves evidences - a complex modulation of global transcript profiles. Plant Science, 2005, 169: 165-175
109. Cardini CE, Leloir LF, Chiriboga J. The bio-synthesis of sucrose. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1955,214: 149-155
110. Carson DL, Botha FC. Genes expressed in sugarcane maturing internodal tissue. Plant Cell Reports, 2002, 20: 1075-1081
111. Cercos M, Soler G, Iglesias DJ, Gadea J, Forment J, Talon M. Global analysis of gene expression during development and ripening of citrus fruit flesh. A proposed mechanism for citric acid utilization. Plant Molecular Biology, 2006, 62: 513-527
112. Cervantes-Cervantes M, Gallagher CE, Zhu CF, Wurtzel ET. Maize cDNAs expressed in endosperm encode functional farnesyl diphosphate synthase with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity. Plant Physiology, 2006, 141: 220-231
113. Cervera MT, Cabezas JA, Sanchez-Escribano E, Cenis JL, Martinez-Zapater JM. Characterization of genetic variation within table grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) based on AFLP markers. Vitis, 2000, 39: 109-114
114. Chamarro J, Alonso JM, Garcia-Martinez JL. Enzymes in Citrus fruit. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1991, 599-624
115. Chamovitz D, Pecker I, Hirschberg J. The Molecular-basis of resistance to the herbicide Norflurazon. Plant Molecular Biology, 1991 16: 967-974
116. Chaparro JX, Werner DJ, Whetten RW, Omalley DM. Inheritance, genetic interaction, and biochemical-characterization of anthocyanin phenotypes in peach. Journal of Heredity, 1995, 86: 32-38
117. Chen FX, Liu XH, Chen LS. Advances in research on organic acid metabolism in fruits. Journal of Fruit Science, 2005, 22: 526-531
118. Chen ZH, Walker RP, Tecsi LI, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in cucumber plants is increased both by ammonium and by acidification, and is present in the phloem. Planta, 2004,219: 48-58
119. Chiou TJ, Bush DR. Molecular cloning, immunochernical localization to the vacuole, and expression in transgenic yeast and tobacco of a putative sugar transporter from sugar beet. Plant Physiology, 1996, 110: 511-520
120. Chourey PS, Taliercio EW, Carlson SJ, Ruan YL. Genetic evidence that two isozymes of sucrose synthase present in developing maize endosperm are critical, one for cell wall integrity and the other for starch biosynthesis. Molecular & General Genetics, 1998, 259: 88-96
121. Conesa A, Gotz S, Garcia-Gomez JM, Terol J, Talon M, Robles M. Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics, 2005, 21: 3674-3676
122. Constantin GD, Krath BN, MacFarlane SA, Nicolaisen M, Johansen IE, Lund OS. Virus-induced gene silencing as a tool for functional genomics in a legume species. Plant Journal, 2004,40: 622-631
123. Conti A, Pancaldi S, Fambrini M, Michelotti V, Bonora A, Salvini M, Pugliesi C. A deficiency at the gene coding for zeta-carotene desaturase characterizes the sunflower non dormant-1 mutant. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2004, 45: 445-455
124. Corona V, Aracri B, Kosturkova G, Bartley GE, Pitto L, Giorgetti L, Scolnik PA, Giuliano G. Regulation of a carotenoid biosynthesis gene promoter during plant development. Plant Journal, 1996, 9: 505-512
125. Costa MGC, Otoni WC, Moore GA. An evaluation of factors affecting the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Citrus paradisi (Macf.) and production of transgenic plants containing carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Plant Cell Reports, 2002, 21: 365-373
126. Crispin AH, Barry JP. Carotenoid accumulation and function in seeds and non-green tissues. Plant Cell and Environment, 2006, 29: 435-445
127. Cunningham FX. Regulation of carotenoid synthesis and accumulation in plants. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2002, 74: 1409-1417
128. Cunningham FX, Gantt E. Genes and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 1998,49: 557-583
129. Cunningham FX, Gantt E. Identification of multi-gene families encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase in plants by heterologous complementation in Escherichia coll Plant and Cell Physiology, 2000, 41: 119-123
130. Cunningham FX, Gantt E. A portfolio of plasmids for identification and analysis of carotenoid pathway enzymes: Adonis aestivalis as a case study. Photosynthesis Research, 2007, 92: 245-259
131. Cunningham FX, Jr., Gantt E. One ring or two? Determination of ring number in carotenoids by lycopene epsilon-cyclases. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2001 98: 2905-2910
132. Cunningham FX, Pogson B, Sun ZR, McDonald KA, DellaPenna D, Gantt E. Functional analysis of the beta and epsilon lycopene cyclase enzymes of Axabidopsis reveals a mechanism for control of cyclic carotenoid formation. Plant Cell, 1996, 8: 1613-1626
133. D'Ambrosio C, Giorio G, Marino I, Merendino A, Petrozza A, Salfi L, Stigliani AL, Cellini F. Virtually complete conversion of lycopene into beta-carotene in fruits of tomato plants transformed with the tomato lycopene beta-cyclase (tlcy-b) cDNA. Plant Science, 2004, 166: 207-214
134. Dejardin A, Rochat C, Maugenest S, Boutin JP. Purification, characterization and physiological role of sucrose synthase in the pea seed coat (Pisum sativum L). Planta, 1997,201: 128-137
135. Del Villar-Martinez AA, Garcia-Saucedo PA, Carabez-Trejo A, Cruz-Hernandez A, Paredes-Lopez O. Carotenogenic gene expression and ultrastructural changes during development in marigold. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162: 1046-1056
136. Derory J, Leger P, Garcia V, Schaeffer J, Hauser MT, Salin F, Luschnig C, Plomion C, Glossl J, Kremer A. Transcriptome analysis of bud burst in sessile oak (Quercus petraea). New Phytologist, 2006, 170: 723-738
137. Diatchenko L, Lau YFC, Campbell AP, Chenchik A, Moqadam F, Huang B, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov K, Gurskaya N, Sverdlov ED, Siebert PD. Suppression subtractive hybridization: A method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996, 93: 6025-6030
138. Echeverria E, Burns JK. Vacuolar acid hydrolysis as a physiological mechanism for sucrose breakdown. Plant Physiology, 1989, 90: 530-533
139. Echeverria E, Gonzalez PC, Brune A. Characterization of proton and sugar transport at the tonoplast of sweet lime (Citrus limmetioides) juice cells. Physiol Plant, 1997, 101: 291-300
140. Echeverria E, Valich J. Carbohydrate and enzyme distribtion in protoplasts from Valencia orange juice sacs. Phytochemistry, 1988 27: 73-76
141. Elling L. Effect of metal-ions on sucrose synthase from rice grains - a Study on enzyme-inhibition and enzyme topography. Glycobiology, 1995, 5: 201-206
142. Etxeberria E, Gonzalez P, Pozueta-Romero J. Sucrose transport into citrus juice cells: Evidence for an endocytic transport system. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2005, 130: 269-274
143. Faivre-Rampant O, Gilroy EM, Hrubikova K, Hein I, Millam S, Loake GJ, Birch P, Taylor M, Lacomme C. Potato virus X-induced gene silencing in leaves and tubers of potato. Plant Physiology, 2004, 134: 1308-1316
144. Fan J, Gao X, Yang YW, Deng W, Li ZG. Molecular cloning and characterization of a NAC-like gene in "navel" orange fruit response to postharvest stresses. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2007, 25: 145-153
145. Fanciullino AL, Dhuique-Mayer C, Luro F, Morillon R, Ollitrault P. Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the Citrus genus: Number of copies and phylogenetic diversity of seven genes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55: 7405-7417
146. Fang DQ, Federici CT, Roose ML. Development of molecular markers linked to a gene controlling fruit acidity in citrus. Genome, 1997, 40: 841-849
147. Feussner I, Wasternack C. The lipoxygenase pathway. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2002, 53: 275-297
148. Fodor SPA. Massively parallel genomics. Science, 1997, 277: 393-394
149. Fraser PD, Bramley PM. The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Progress in Lipid Research, 2004,43: 228-265
150. Fraser PD, Kiano JW, Truesdale MR, Schuch W, Bramley PM. Phytoene synthase-2 enzyme activity in tomato does not contribute to carotenoid synthesis in ripening fruit. Plant Mol Biol, 1999,40: 687-98
151. Fraser PD, Schuch W, Bramley PM. Phytoene synthase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplasts - partial purification and biochemical properties. Planta, 2000,211:361-369
152. Fraser PD, Truesdale MR, Bird CR, Schuch W, Bramley PM. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development (Evidence for tissue-specific gene expression). Plant Physiol, 1994, 105: 405-413
153. Frommer WB, Sonnewald U. Molecular analysis of carbon partitioning in solanaceous species. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1995,46: 587-607
154. Fu H, Kim SY, Park WD. High-level tuber expression and sucrose inducibility of a potato Sus4 sucrose synthase gene require 5' and 3' flanking sequences and the leader intron. The Plant Cell, 1995, 7: 1387-1394
155. Gallagher CE, Cervantes-Cervantes M, Wurtzel ET. Surrogate biochemistry: use of Escherichia coli to identify plant cDNAs that impact metabolic engineering of carotenoid accumulation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003, 60: 713-719
156. Galpaz N, Wang Q, Menda N, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Abscisic acid deficiency in the tomato mutant high-pigment 3 leading to increased plastid number and higher fruit lycopene content. Plant Journal, 2008, 53: 717-730
157. Gardiner J, Schroeder S, Polacco ML, Sanchez-Villeda H, Fang Z, Morgante M, Landewe T, Fengler K, Useche F, Hanafey M, Tingey S, Chou H, Wing R, Soderlund C, Coe EH, Jr. Anchoring 9,371 maize expressed sequence tagged unigenes to the bacterial artificial chromosome contig map by two-dimensional overgo hybridization. Plant Physiol, 2004, 134: 1317-26
158. Giuliano G, Bartley GE, Scolnik PA. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato development. Plant Cell, 1993, 5: 379-387
159. Godwin JD, Aitken EAB, Smith LW. Application of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to plant genetics. Electrophoresis, 1997, 18: 1524-1528
160. Grandbastien MA. Activation of plant retrotransposons under stress conditions. Trends in Plant Science, 1998, 3: 181-187
161. Guan LS, Rauchman M, Wang ZY. Induction of Rb-associated protein (RbAp46) by Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 mediates growth inhibition. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273
162. Guex N, Henry H, Flach J, Richter H, Widmer F. Glyoxysomal malate-dehydrogenase and malate synthase from Soybean Cotyledons (Glycine-Max L) - enzyme sssociation, antibody-production and cDNA cloning. Planta, 1995, 197: 369-375
163. Guo DL, Zhang HQ, Luo ZR. Genetic relationships of Diospyros kaki Thunb and related species revealed by IRAP and REMAP analysis. Plant Science, 2006, 170: 528-533
164. Hable WE, Oishi KK. Maize phytoene desaturase maps near the Viviparous5 locus. Plant Physiology, 1995, 108: 1329-1330
165. Haffaker PC, Wallace A. Dark fixation of CO_2 in homogenates from citrus leaves, fruits and roots. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1959, 74: 348-357
166. Harada T, Sunako T, Wakasa Y, Soejima J, Satoh T, Niizeki M. An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (Md-ACS1) accounts for the low level of ethylene production in climacteric fruits of some apple cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2000, 101: 742-746
167. He XY, Zhang YL, He ZH, Wu YP, Xiao YG, Ma CX, Xia XC, Characterization of phytoene synthase 1 gene (Psy1) located on common wheat chromosome 7A and development of a functional marker. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008, 116: 213-221
168. Hefner J, Ketchum REB, Croteau R. Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Taxus canadensis and assessment of the role of this prenyltransferase in cells induced for Taxol production. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1998, 360: 62-74
169. Hegedus D, Yu M, Baldwin D, Gruber M, Sharpe A, Parkin I, Whitwill S, Lydiate D. Molecular characterization of Brassica napus NAC domain transcriptional activators induced in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Plant Molecular Biology, 2003, 53: 383-397
170. Heim U, Weber H, Baumlein H, Wobus U. A sucrose synthase gene of Vicia faba L.: expression pattern in developing seeds in relation to starch synthesis and metabolic regulation. Planta, 1993, 191: 394-401
171. Herrero J, Valencia A, Dopazo J. A hierarchical unsupervised growing neural network for clustering gene expression patterns. Bioinformatics, 2001, 17: 126-36
172. Hesse H, Willmitzer L. Expression analysis of a sucrose synthase gene from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Plant Molecular Biology, 1995, 30: 863-872
173. Hirai M. and Ueno I. Development of citrus fruits: Fruit development and enzymatic changes in juice vesicle tissue. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1977, 18:791-799
174. Hirschberg J. Molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin, 1998,149-194
175. Hirschberg J. Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2001,4: 210-218
176. Ho LC, Hewitt JD. Fruit development. Chapman and Hall, London, 1986, 202-226
177. Hohnjec N, Becker JD, Puhler A, Perlick AM, Kuster H. Genomic organization and expression properties of the MtsucSl gene, which encodes a nodule-enhanced sucrose synthase in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Mol Gen Genet, 1999, 261: 514-522
178. Hornero-Mendez D, Britton G. Involvement of NADPH in the cyclization reaction of carotenoid biosynthesis. Febs letters, 2002, 515: 133-136
179. Hu CG, Honda C, Kita M, Zhang ZL, Tsuda T, Moriguchi T. A simple protocol for RNA isolation from fruit trees containing high levels of polysaccharides and polyphenol compounds. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2002, 20: 69a-69g
180. Huang JL, Cheng LL, Zhang ZX. Molecular cloning and characterization of violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) in Zingiber officinale. Plant Science, 2007, 172: 228-235
181. Huang XQ, Madan A. CAP3: A DNA sequence assembly program. Genome Research, 1999, 9: 868-877
182. Hugueney P, Badillo A, Chen HC, Klein A, Hirschberg J, Camara B, Kuntz M. Metabolism of cyclic carotenoids: a model for the alteration of this biosynthetic pathway in Capsicum annuum chromoplasts. Plant Journal, 1995, 8: 417-24
183. Hugueney P, Romer S, Kuntz M, Camara B. Characterization and molecular-cloning of a flavoprotein catalyzing the synthesis of phytofluene and zeta-carotene in capsicum chromoplasts. European Journal of Biochemistry, 1992, 209: 399-407
184. Huh JH, Kang BC, Nahm SH, Kim S, Ha KS, Lee MH, Kim BD. A candidate gene approach identified phytoene synthase as the locus for mature fruit color in red pepper (Capsicum spp.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2001, 102: 524-530
185. Ikoma Y, Komatsu A, Kita M, Ogawa K, Omura M, Yano M, Moriguchi T. Expression of a phytoene synthase gene and characteristic carotenoid accumulation during citrus fruit development. Physiologia Plantarum, 2001, 111: 232-238
186. Isaacson T, Ohad I, Beyer P, Hirschberg J. Analysis in vitro of the enzyme CRTISO establishes a poly-cis-carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. Plant Physiol, 2004, 136: 4246-55
187. Isaacson T, Ronen G, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Cloning of tangerine from tomato reveals a carotenoid isomerase essential for the production of beta-carotene and xanthophylls in plants. Plant Cell, 2002, 14: 333-342
188. Iusem ND, Bartholomew DM, Hitz WD, Scolnik PA. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) transcript induced by water deficit and ripening. Plant Physiol, 1993, 102: 1353-4
189. Jin H, Cheng X, Diatchenko L, Siebert PD, Huang CC. Differential screening of a subtracted cDNA library: a method to search for genes preferentially expressed in multiple tissues. Biotechniques, 1997, 23: 1084-1086
190. Johal GS, Briggs SP. Reductase-Activity Encoded by the Hm1 Disease resistance gene in maize. Science, 1992, 258: 985-987
191. Just BJ, Santos CAF, Fonseca MEN, Boiteux LS, Oloizia BB, Simon PW. Carotenoid biosynthesis structural genes in carrot (Daucus carota): isolation, sequence-characterization, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and genome mapping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007, 114: 693-704
192. Kajiwara S, Fraser PD, Kondo K, Misawa N. Expression of an exogenous isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene enhances isoprenoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochem J, 1997, 324: 421-426
193. Kakutani T. Genetic characterization of late-flowering traits induced by DNA hypomethylation mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal, 1997, 12: 1447-1451
194. Kalendar R, Schulman AH. IRAP and REMAP for retrotransposon-based genotyping and fingerprinting. Nature Protocols, 2006, 1: 2478-2484
195. Karvouni Z, John I, Taylor JE, Watson CF, Turner AJ, Grierson D. Isolation and characterization of a melon cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase. Plant Molecular Biology, 1995,27: 1153-1162
196. Kato H, Sriprasertsak P, Seki H, Ichinose Y, Shiraishi T, Yamada T. Functional analysis of retrotransposons in pea. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1999, 40: 933-941
197. Kato M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Sugiura M, Hyodo H, Yano M. Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during maturation in citrus fruit. Plant Physiology, 2004, 134: 824-837
198. Kato M, Matsumoto H, Ikoma Y, Kuniga T, Nakajima N, Yoshida T, Yano M. Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes during fruit maturation in the juice sacs of 'Tamami,' 'Kiyomi' tangor, and 'Wilking' mandarin. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2007, 76: 103-111
199. Kato T, Kubota S. Properties of invertases in sugar storage tissues of citrus fruit and changes in their activities during maturation. Physiologia Platarum, 1977,42: 67-72
200. Kim U, Ko KC, Kim CS, Chung WI. Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding beta-carotene hydroxylase in Citrus. Plant Science, 2001a, 161: 1005-1010
201. Kim U, Ko KC, Kim CS, Chung WI. Isolation and expression patterns of a cDNA encoding phytoene synthase in Citrus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2001b, 158: 795-800
202. Kishimoto S, Ohmiya A. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in petals and leaves of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Physiologia Plantarum, 2006, 128:436-447
203. Kita M, Kato M, Ban Y, Honda C, Yaegaki H, Ikoma Y, Moriguchi T. Carotenoid accumulation in japanese apricot (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc): Molecular analysis of carotenogenic gene expression and ethylene regulation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55: 3414-3420
204. Kita M, Komatsu A, Omura M, Yano M, Ikoma Y, Moriguchi T. Cloning and expression of CitPDS1, a gene encoding phytoene desaturase in citrus. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2001, 65: 1424-1428
205. Kobayashi K, Kozai K, Matsudomi N, Kato A, Isobe A. Studies on the carotenoid-pigments and color of reddish bud mutations of Citrus-Natsudaidai. Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology-Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi, 1985, 32: 450-455
206. Kobayashi S, Goto-Yamamoto N, Hirochika H. Retrotransposon-induced mutations in grape skin color. Science, 2004, 304: 982-982
207. Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Ding CK, Yakushiji H, Goto N. Comparison of UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin. Plant Science, 2001, 160:543-550
208. Koch K. Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in sugar sensing and plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2004, 7: 235-46
209. Koch KE. The path of photosynthate translocation into citrus fruits. Plant and Cell Environment, 1984, 7: 647-653
210. Koch KE, Avigne WT. Postphloem, nonvascular transfer in Citrus: Kinetics, metabolism, and sugar gradients. Plant Physiol, 1990, 93: 1405-1416
211. Koch KE, Lowell CA, Avigne WT. Assimilate transfer through citrus juice vessicle stalks: a nonvascular portion of the transport path. Alan liss Inc, New York, 1986, 247-258
212. Komatsu A, Moriguchi T, Koyama K, Omura M, Akihama T. Analysis of sucrose synthase genes in citrus suggests different roles and phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002, 53: 61-71
213. Komatsu A, Takanokura Y, Moriguchi T, Omura M, Akihama T. Differential expression of three sucrose-phosphate synthase isoforms during sucrose accumulation in citrus fruits (Citrus unshiu Marc). Plant Science, 1999, 140: 169-178
214. Komatsu A, Takanokura Y, Omura M, Akihama T. Cloning and molecular analysis of cDNAs encoding three sucrose phosphate synthase isoforms from a citrus fruit (Citrus unshiu Marc). Molecular & General Genetics, 1996, 252: 346-351
215. Kuang WW, Thompson DA, Hoch RV, Weige RJ. Differential screening and suppression subtractive hybridization identified genes differentially expressed in an estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinoma cell line. Nucleic Acids Research, 1998, 26
216. Kubo T, Kihara T, Hirabayashi T. The effects of spraying lead arsenate on citrate accumulation and the related enzyme activities in the juice sacs of Citrus natsudaidai. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2002, 71: 305-310
217. Kuhlbrandt W. Structure and function of the plant light-harvesting complex, Lhc-Ii. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 1994,4: 519-528
218. Kuntz M, Romer S, Suire C, Hugueney P, Weil JH, Schantz R, Camara B. Identification of a cDNA for the plastid-located geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Capsicum-annuum - Correlative increase in enzyme-activity and transcript level during fruit ripening. Plant Journal, 1992, 2: 25-34
219. Laity JH, Lee BM, Wright PE. Zinc finger proteins: new insights into structural and functional diversity. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 2001, 11: 39-46
220. Lange BM, Ghassemian M. Genome organization in Arabidopsis thaliana: a survey for genes involved in isoprenoid and chlorophyll metabolism. Plant Molecular Biology, 2003, 51: 925-948
221. Le Q, Gutierrez-Marcos JF, Costa LM, Meyer S, Dickinson HG, Lorz H, Kranz E, Scholten S. Construction and screening of subtracted cDNA libraries from limited populations of plant cells: a comparative analysis of gene expression between maize egg cells and central cells. Plant Journal, 2005,44: 167-178
222. Lee HS. Characterization of carotenoids in juice of red navel orange (Cara Cara). J Agric Food Chem, 2001, 49: 2563-8
223. Lee MY, Shin KH, Kim YK, Suh JY, Gu YY, Kim MR, Hur YS, Son O, Kim JS, Song E, Lee MS, Nam KH, Sung MK, Kim HJ, Chun JY, Park M, Ann TI, Hong CB, Lee SH, Park HJ, Park JS, Verma DPS, Cheon CI. Induction of thioredoxin is required for nodule development to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in soybean roots. Plant Physiology, 2001, 139: 1881-1889
224. Lee RH, Wang CH, Huang LT, Chen SC. Leaf senescence in rice plants: cloning and characterization of senescence up-regulated genes. J Exp Bot, 2001, 52: 1117-1121
225. Li F, Murillo C, Wurtzel ET. Maize Y9 encodes a product essential for 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerization. Plant Physiol, 2007, 144: 1181-9
226. Li L, Lu S, Cosman KM, Earle ED, Garvin DF, O'Neill J. beta-Carotene accumulation induced by the cauliflower Or gene is not due to an increased capacity of biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 2006, 67: 1177-1184
227. Li L, Paolillo DJ, Parthasarathy MV, DiMuzio EM, Garvin DF. A novel gene mutation that confers abnormal patterns of beta-carotene accumulation in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Plant Journal, 2001, 26: 59-67
228. Li XQ, Xu ML, Korban SS. DNA methylation profiles differ between field- and in vitro-grown leaves of apple. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2002,159: 1229-1234
229. Li ZH, Matthews PD, Burr B, Wurtzel ET. Cloning and characterization of a maize cDNA encoding phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Plant Molecular Biology, 1996, 30: 269-279
230. Liang P, Pardee AB. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger-RNA by means of the polymerase chain-reaction. Science, 1992, 257: 967-971
231. Liao ZH, Gong YF, Kai GY, Zu KJ, Chen M, Tan QM, Wei YM, Guo L, Tan F, Sun XF, Tang KX. An intron-free methyl jasmonate inducible geranylgeranyl diphosphate-synthase gene from Taxus media and its functional identification in yeast. Molecular Biology, 2005, 39: 11-17
232. Licciardello C, Russo MP, Vale G, Recupero RG. Identification of differentially expressed genes in the flesh of blood and common oranges. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2008,4: 315-331
233. Linden H, Misawa N, Saito T, Sandmann G. A novel carotenoid biosynthesis gene coding for zeta-carotene desaturase: functional expression, sequence and phylogenetic origin. Plant Mol Biol, 1994, 24: 369-79
234. Lion PC, Gmitter FG, Moore GA. Characterization of the Citrus genome through analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1996,92: 425-435
235. Liu E, Page JE. Optimized cDNA libraries for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using tobacco rattle virus. Plant Methods, 2008, 4: 5
236. Liu Q, Xu J, Liu YZ, Zhao XL, Deng XX, Guo LL, Gu JQ. A novel bud mutation that confers abnormal patterns of lycopene accumulation in sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, 58: 4161-4171
237. Liu YZ, Liu Q, Tao NG, Deng XX. Efficient isolation of RNA from fruit peel and pulp of ripening navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2006, 25: 300-304
238. Liu YZ, Liu Q, Xiong J, Deng X. Difference of a citrus late-ripening mutant (Citrus sinensis) from its parental line in sugar and acid metabolism at the fruit ripening stage. Sci China C Life Sci, 2007b 50: 511-7
239. Lois LM, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Gallego F, Campos N, Boronat A. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development: regulatory role of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. Plant Journal, 2007b, 22: 503-513
240. Lowell CA, Tomlinson PT, Koch KE. Sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in transport tissues and adjacent sink structures in developing citrus-fruit. Plant Physiology, 1989, 90: 1394-1402
241. Manning K, Tor M, Poole M, Hong Y, Thompson AJ, King GJ, Giovannoni JJ, Seymour GB. A naturally occurring epigenetic mutation in a gene encoding an SBP-box transcription factor inhibits tomato fruit ripening. Nature Genetics, 2006, 38: 948-952
242. Mao CZ, Ding WN, Wu YR, Yu J, He XW, Shou HX, Wu P. Overexpression of a NAC-domain protein promotes shoot branching in rice. New Phytologist, 2007, 176: 288-298
243. Marana C, Garcia-Olmedo F, Carbonero P. Differential expression of two types of sucrose synthase-encoding genes in wheat in response to anaerobiosis, cold shock and light. Gene, 1990, 88: 167-172
244. Marin E, Nussaume L, Quesada A, Gonneau M, Sotta B, Hugueney P, Frey A, MarionPoll A. Molecular identification of zeaxanthin epoxidase of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and corresponding to the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Embo Journal, 1996, 15: 2331-2342
245. Martin T, Frommer WB, Salanoubat M, Willmitzer L. Expression of an Arabidopsis sucrose synthase gene indicates a role in metabolization of sucrose both during phloem loading and in sink organs. Plant Journal, 1996, 4: 367-377
246. Marty I, Bureau S, Sarkissian G, Gouble B, Audergon JM, Albagnac G. Ethylene regulation of carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression in colour-contrasted apricot varieties (Primus armeniaca). Journal of Experimental Botany, 2005, 56: 1877-1886
247. Mase N, Iketani H, Sato Y. Analysis of bud sport cultivars of peach (Prunus persica (L.) batsch) by simple sequence repeats (SSR) and restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS). Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2007, 76: 20-27
248. Matthews PD, Luo RB, Wurtzel ET. Maize phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase catalyse a poly-Z desaturation pathway: implications for genetic engineering of carotenoid content among cereal crops. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003, 54: 2215-2230
249. Mbeguie-A-Mbeguie D, Fils-Lycaon B. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences of PA-ZE (Accession No. AF071888) and PA-ZE2 (Accession No. AF159948), two cDNAs from apricot fruit coding for a zeaxanthin epoxidase. Plant Physiology, 2000, 122: 291
250. McCaskill D, Croteau R. Some caveats for bioengineering terpenoid metabolism in plants. Trends in Biotechnology, 1998, 16: 349-355
251. Mendel K. Bud mutations in citrus and their potential commercial value. Proc Int Soc Citricult, 1981, 1: 86-89
252. Milisavljevic MD, Timotijevic GS, Radovic SR, M M, Konstantinovic, Maksimovic VR. Two types of aspartic proteinases from buckwheat seed - Gene structure and expression analysis. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2007.03.016
253. Milner ID, Ho LC, Hall JL. Properties of proton and sugar transport at the tonoplast of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit. Physiol Plant, 1995, 94: 399-410
254. Miron D, Petreikov M, Carmi N, Shen S, Levin I, Granot D, Zamski E, Schaffer AA. Sucrose uptake, invertase localization and gene expression in developing fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum and the sucrose-accumulating Lycopersicon hirsutum. Physiologia Plantarum, 2002, 115: 35-47
255. Moehs CP, Tian L, Osteryoung KW, DellaPenna D. Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression during marigold petal development. Plant Molecular Biology, 2001, 45: 281-293
256. Moriguchi T, Abe K, Sanada T, Yamaki S. Levels and role of sucrose synthase, sucrose-phosphate synthase, and acid invertase in sucrose accumulation in fruit of Asian pear. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1992, 117: 274-278
257. Morris WL, Ducreux L, Griffiths DW, Stewart D, Davies HV, Taylor MA. Carotenogenesis during tuber development and storage in potato. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2004, 55: 975-982
258. Mukai H, Takagi T, Kajita N, Nishikawa S, Harada H, Murai Y. Sugar accumulation in fruit of several Satsuma Mandarin Cultivars. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 69: 624-628
259. Muller ML, Irkens-Kiesecker U, Kramer D, Taiz L. Purification and reconsitution of the vacuolar H~+-ATPases from lemon fruits and epitotyls. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997, 272: 12762-12770
260. Muller ML, Irkens-Kiesecker U, Rubinstein B, Taiz L. On the mechanism of hyperacidification in lemon. Comarison of the vacuolar H+-ATPase activities of fruits and epicotyls. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1996, 271: 1916-1924
261. Nakatsuka A, Iwami N, Matsumoto S, Itamura H, Yamagishi M, Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). Genes & Genetic Systems, 2002,77: 131-136
262. Nielsen KM, Lewis DH, Morgan ER. Characterization of carotenoid pigments and their biosynthesis in two yellow flowered lines of Sandersonia aurantiaca (Hook). Euphytica, 2003,130: 25-34
263. Nitsch JP. The physiology of fruit growth. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1953,4: 199-236
264. Niyogi KK, Grossman AR, Bjorkman O. Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. Plant Cell, 1998, 10: 1121-1134
265. North HM, Frey A, Boutin JP, Sotta B, MarionPoll A. Analysis of xanthophyll cycle gene expression during the adaptation of Arabidopsis to excess light and drought stress: Changes in RNA steady-state levels do not contribute to short-term responses Plant Science, 2005, 169: 115-124
266. Offer CE, Patrick JW. Cellular pathway and hormonal control of short distance transfer in sink regions. Alan liss Inc, New York, 1986, 295-306
267. Oh SK, Kang HS, Shin DH, Yang JM, Han KH. Molecular cloning and characterization of a functional cDNA clone encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from Hevea brasiliensis. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2000a, 157: 549-557
268. Oh SK, Kim IJ, Shin DH, Yang JM, Kang HS, Han KH. Cloning, characterization, and heterologous expression of a functional geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 2000b, 157: 535-542
269. Okada K, Saito T, Nakagawa T, Kawamukai M, Kamiya Y. Five geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases expressed in different organs are localized into three subcellular compartments in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 2000, 122: 1045-1056
270. Olsen AN, Ernst HA, Lo Leggio L, Skriver K. NAC transcription factors: structurally distinct, functionally diverse. Trends in Plant Science, 2005, 10: 79-87
271. Ouyang B, Yang T, Li HX, Zhang L, Zhang YY, Zhang JH, Fei ZJ, Ye ZB. Identification of early salt stress response genes in tomato root by suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, 58: 507-520
272. Palaisa KA, Morgante M, Williams M, Rafalski A. Contrasting effects of selection on sequence diversity and linkage disequilibrium at two phytoene synthase loci. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 1795-1806
273. Park H, Kreunen SS, Cuttriss AJ, DellaPenna D, Pogson BJ. Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell, 2002,14: 321-332
274. Pecker I, Chamovitz D, Linden H, Sandmann G, Hirschberg J. A single polypeptide catalyzing the conversion of phytoene to zeta-carotene is transcriptionally regulated during tomato fruit ripening. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1992, 89: 4962-4966
275. Pecker I, Gabbay R, Cunningham FX, Hirschberg J, Cloning and characterization of the cDNA for lycopene beta-cyclase from tomato reveals decrease in its expression during fruit ripening. Plant Molecular Biology, 1996, 30: 807-819
276. Peraza-Echeverria S, Herrera-Valencia VA, James-Kay A. Detection of DNA methylation changes in micropropagated banana plants using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP). Plant Science, 2001, 161: 359-367
277. Pialdwin EA. Citrus fruit in biochemistry of fruit ripening. Chapman&Hall, London, 1993, 107-137
278.Popova TN, Pinheiro de Carvalho MAA. Citrate and isocitrate in plant metabolism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1998, 1364
279. Ramakrishnan CV. Citric acid metabolism in the fruit tissues of Citrus acida. Current Science, 1971, 5: 97-100
280. Rapisarda P, Fallico B, Izzo R, Maccarone E. A simple and reliable method for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices. Agrochimica, 1994, 38: 157-164
281. Ratajczak R, Luttge U, Gonzalez P, Etxeberria E. Malate and malate-channel antibodies inhibit electrogenic and ATP-dependent citrate transport across the tonoplast of citrus juice cells. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2003, 160: 1313-1317
282. Rebrikov DV, Britanova OV, Gurskaya NG, Lukyanov KA, Tarabykin VS, Lukyanov SA. Mirror orientation selection (MOS): a method for eliminating false positive clones from libraries generated by suppression subtractive hybridization. Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, 28: e90
283. Reddy MP, Sarla N, Siddiq EA. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding. Euphytica, 2002, 128: 9-17
284. Rico-Cabanas L, Martinez-Izquierdo JA. CIRE1, a novel transcriptionally active Ty1-copia retrotransposon from Citrus sinensis. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2007, 277: 365-377
285. Rodrigo MJ, Marcos JF, Alferez F, Mallent MD, Zacarias L. Characterization of Pinalate, a novel Citrus sinensis mutant with a fruit-specific alteration that results in yellow pigmentation and decreased ABA content. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003, 54: 727-738
286. Rodrigo MJ, Marcos JF, Zacarias L. Biochemical and molecular analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) during fruit development and maturation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004, 52: 6724-6731
287. Romer S, Fraser PD. Recent advances in carotenoid biosynthesis, regulation and manipulation. Planta, 2005, 221: 305-308
288. Romer S, Fraser PD, Kiano JW, Shipton CA, Misawa N, Schuch W, Bramley PM. Elevation of the provitamin A content of transgenic tomato plants. Nature Biotechnology, 2000, 18: 666-9
289. Romer S, Hugueney P, Bouvier F, Camara B, Kuntz M. Expression of the genes encoding the early carotenoid biosynthetic-enzymes in Capsicum-annuum. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1993, 196: 1414-1421
290. Ronen G, Carmel-Goren L, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. An alternative pathway to beta-carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of Beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000, 97: 11102-11107
291. Ronen G, Cohen M, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development: Expression of the gene for lycopene epsilon-cyclase is down-regulated during ripening and is elevated in the mutant Delta. Plant Journal, 1999, 17: 341-351
292. Ross CA, Liu Y, Shen QXJ, The WRKY gene family in rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2007,49: 827-842
293. Ruan YL. Control of hexose accumulation in developing fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M.). In: The University of Newcastle, Australia. 1995
294. Ruan YL, Llewellyn DJ, Furbank RT. Suppression of sucrose synthase gene expression represses cotton fiber cell Initiation, elongation, and seed development. The Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 952-964
295. Sadka A, Artzi B, Cohen L, Dahan E, Hasdai D, Tagari E, Erner Y. Arsenite reduces acid content in citrus fruit, inhibits activity of citrate synthase but induces its gene expression. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2000a, 125: 288-293
296. Sadka A, Dahan E, Cohen EL. NADP~+-isocitrate dehydrogenase gene expression and isozyme activity during citrus fruit development. Plant Science, 2000b, 158: 173-181
297. Sadka A, Dahan E, Cohen L, Marsh KB. Aconitase activity and expression during the development of lemon fruit. Physiologia Plantarum, 2000c 108: 255-262
298. Sadka A, Dahan E, Or E, Roose ML, Marsh KB, Cohen L. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial citrate synthase gene structure, transcript level and enzymatic activity in acidless and acid-containing Citrus varieties. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2001, 28: 383-390
299. Saitou K, Araki T, Agata W, Kibota F, Nakayama K. Expression of sucrose synthase in sweet potato. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 66: 624-631
300. Salanoubat M, Belliard G. Molecular cloning and sequencing of sucrose synthase cDNA from potato (Solarium tuberosum L.): preliminary characterization of sucrose synthase mRNA distribution. Gene, 1987, 60: 47-56
301. Salvini M, Bernini A, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. cDNA cloning and expression of the phytoene synthase gene in sunflower. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162: 479-484
302. Sambrook J, Williams J, Sharp PA, Grodzicker T. Physical mapping of temperature-sensitive mutations of Adenoviruses. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1975, 97: 369-390
303. Sanchez de la Hoz P, Vicente-Cabajosa J, Mena M, Carbonero P. Homologous sucrose synthase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are located in chromosomes 7H (syn.l) and 2H. Evidence for a gene translocation? FEBS Letters, 1992, 310: 46-50
304. Schaller F, Biesgen C, Mussig C, Altmann T, Weiler EW. 12-Oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) is the isoenzyme involved in jasmonate biosynthesis. Planta, 2000,210:979-984
305. Schledz M, AlBabili S, VonLintig J, Haubruck H, Rabbani S, Kleinig H, Beyer P. Phytoene synthase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus: Functional expression, galactolipid requirement, topological distribution in chromoplasts and induction during flowering. Plant Journal, 1996, 10: 781-792
306. Schneider H. The Citrus Industry: The anatomy of citrus. University of California. Divsion of Agriculture Science Press, Berkeley, 1968, 1-22
307. Schoefs B, Rmiki NE, Rachadi J, Lemoine Y. Astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus requires a cytochrome P450 hydroxylase and an active synthesis of fatty acids. FEBS Letters, 2001,500: 125-128
308. Scolnik PA, Bartley GE. Nucleotide-sequence of an Arabidopsis cDNA for phytoene synthase. Plant Physiology, 1994, 104: 1471-1472
309. Scolnik PA, Bartley GE. Nucleotide sequence of zeta-carotene desaturase (GenBank U38550) from Arabidopsis (PGR-111). Plant Physiology, 1995a, 109: 1499
310. Scolnik PA, Bartley GE. Nucleotide swquence of lycopene cyclase (GenBank IA0176)from Arabidopsis (PGR-019). Plant Physiology, 1995b, 108: 1343
311. Senthil-Kumar M, Hema R, Anand A, Kang L, Udayakumar M, Mysore KS. A systematic study to determine the extent of gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and other Solanaceae species when heterologous gene sequences are used for virus-induced gene silencing. New Phytologist, 2007, 176: 782-791
312. Serpen A, Gokmen V. A proposed mechanism for the inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by beta-carotene. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006, 86: 401-406
313. Shalon D, Smith SJ, Brown PO. A DNA microarray system for analyzing complex DNA samples using two-color fluorescent probe hybridization. Genome Research, 1996, 6: 639-645
314. Shelp BJ, Bown AW, McLean MD. Metabolism and functions of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Trends in Plant Science, 1999, 4: 446-452
315. Shewmaker CK, Sheehy JA, Daley M, Colburn S, Ke DY. Seed-specific overexpression of phytoene synthase: increase in carotenoids and other metabolic effects. Plant Journal, 1999, 20: 401-412
316. Shi YZ, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T. Characterization of copia - like retrotransposons in pear. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 2002, 71: 723-729
317. Shimada T, Fuiii H, Endo T, Yazaki J, Kishimoto N, Shimbo K, Kikuchi S, Omura M. Toward comprehensive expression profiling by microarray analysis in citrus: monitoring the expression profiles of 2213 genes during fruit development. Plant Science, 2005, 168: 1383-1385
318. Shimada T, Nakano R, Shulaev V, Sadka A, Blumwald E. Vacuolar citrate/H~+ symporter of citrus juice cells. Planta, 2006, 224: 472-480
319. Simkin AJ, Laboure AM, Kuntz M, Sandmann G. Comparison of carotenoid content, gene expression and enzyme levels in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences, 2003, 58: 371-380
320. Sinclair WB. The biochemistry and physiology of the Lemon and other citrus fruits. University of California Oakland. 1984
321. Skirvin RM, McPheeters KD, Norton M. Sources and frequency of somaclonal variation. Hortscience, 1994, 29: 1232-1237
322. Smit A (2007) Reapeat Masker, http://www.repeatmasker.org.
323. Snedden WA, Arazi T, Fromm H, Shelp BJ. Calcium-calmodulin activation of Soybean glutamate-decarboxylase. Plant Physiology, 1995,108: 543-549
324. Snedden WA, Koutsia N, Baum G, Fromm H. Activation of a recombinant Petunia glutamate decarboxylase by calcium/calmodulin or by a monoclonal antibody which recognizes the calmodulin binding domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1996, 271:4148-4153
325. Sturm A, Lienhard S, Schatt S, Hardegger M. Tissue-specific expression of two genes for sucrose synthase in carrot (Daucus carota L.). Plant Molecular Biology, 1999, 39: 349-360
326. Sun JD, Loboda T, Sung SS, Black CC. Sucrose synthase in wild tomato, Lycopersicon chmielewskii, and tomato fruit sink strength. Plant Physiology, 1992, 98: 1163-1169
327. Sun ZR, Gantt E, Cunningham FX. Cloning and functional analysis of the beta-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1996,271:24349-24352
328. Sung SS, Xu DP, Black CC. Identification of actively filling sucrose sinks. Plant Physiology, 1989, 89
329. Takagi T, Mukai H, Ichikawa T. Effects of temperature and sugar accumulation in fruits on color development of satsuma mandarin. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1994, 62: 725-731
330. Takatsuji H. Zinc-finger transcription factors in plants. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 1998, 54: 582-596
331. Takatsuji H. Zinc-finger proteins: the classical zinc finger emerges in contemporary plant science. Plant Molecular Biology, 1999, 39: 1073-1078
332. Takaya A, Zhanga YW, Asawatreratanakul K, Wititsuwannakul D, Wititsuwannakul R, Takahashi S, Koyama T. Cloning, expression and characterization of a functional cDNA clone encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase of Hevea brasiliensis. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, 2003, 1625: 214-220
333. Tang FY, Shih, CJ, Cheng, LH, Ho, HJ, Chen, HJ. Lycopene inhibits growth of human colon cancer cells via suppression of the Akt signaling pathway. Molecular nutrition & food research, 2008, 52: 646-654
334.Tang WH, Zhang ZX, Zou XL, Zheng YL. Functional genomics of maize submergence tolerance and cloning of the related gene Sicyp51. Science in China Series C-Life Sciences, 2005,48: 337-345
335. Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Martin GB. Chromosome landing - a paradigm for map-based gene cloning in plants with large genomes. Trends in Genetics, 1995, 11: 63-68
336. Tao NG, Cheng YJ, Xu J, Xu Q, Deng XX. An effective protocol for the isolation of RNA from the pulp of ripening citrus fruits, plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2004, 22: 305a-305f
337. Tao NG, Xu J, Cheng YJ, Deng XX. Lycopene-epsilon-cyclase pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced in Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Biotechnology Letters, 2005a, 27: 779-782
338. Tao NG, Xu J, Cheng YJ, Hong L, Guo WW, Yi HL, Deng XX. Isolation and characterization of Copia-like retrotransposons from 12 sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cultivars. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2005b, 47: 1507-1515
339. Tao NG, Hu ZY, Liu Q, Xu J, Cheng YJ, Guo LL, Guo WW, Deng XX. Expression of phytoene synthase gene (Psy) is enhanced during fruit ripening of Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Plant Cell Reports, 2007, 26: 837-843
340. Telef N, Stammitti-Bert L, Mortain-Bertrand A, Maucourt M, Carde JP, Rolin D, Gallusci P. Sucrose deficiency delays lycopene accumulation in tomato fruit pericarp discs. Plant Molecular Biology, 2006, 62: 453-469
341. Terol J, Conesa A, Colmenero JM, Cercos M, Tadeo F, Agusti J, Alos E, Andres F, Soler G, Brumos J, Iglesias DJ, Gotz S, Legaz F, Argout X, Courtois B, Ollitrault P, Dossat C, Wincker P, Morillon R, Talon M. Analysis of 13000 unique Citrus clusters associated with fruit quality, production and salinity tolerance. Bmc Genomics, 2007, 8:31
342. Tsuchida K, Arai M, Tanaka Y, Ishihara R, Ryan RO, Maekawa H. Lipid transfer particle catalyzes transfer of carotenoids between lipophorins of Bombyx mori. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1998, 28: 927-934
343. Verica JA, Maximova SN, Strem MD, Carlson JE, Bailey BA, Guiltinan MJ. Isolation of ESTs from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) leaves treated with inducers of the defense response. Plant Cell Reports, 2004, 23: 404-413
344. Vishnevetsky M, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. Carotenoid sequestration in plants: the role of carotenoid-associated proteins. Trends in Plant Science, 1999,4: 232-235
345. VonLintig J, Welsch R, Bonk M, Giuliano G, Batschauer A, Kleinig H. Light-dependent regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis occurs at the level of phytoene synthase expression and is mediated by phytochrome in Sinapis alba and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Journal, 1997, 12: 625-634
346. Vrebalov J, Ruezinsky D, Padmanabhan V, White R, Medrano D, Drake R, Schuch W, Giovannoni J. A MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening at the tomato ripening-inhibitor (Rin) locus. Science, 2002, 296: 343-346
347. Walker AR, Lee E, Robinson SP. Two new grape cultivars, bud sports of Cabernet Sauvignon bearing pale-coloured berries, are the result of deletion of two regulatory genes of the berry colour locus. Plant Molecular Biology, 2006, 62: 623-635
348. Wang F, Smith AG, Brenner ML. Isolation and sequencing of tomato fruit sucrose synthase cDNA. Plant Physiology, 1993, 103: 1463-1464
349. Wang MB, Boulter D, Gatehouse A. A complete sequence of the rice sucrose synthase-1 (RSs1) gene. Plant Molecular Biology, 1992, 19: 881-885
350. Wang N, Fang W, Han H, Sui N, Li B, Meng QW. Overexpression of zeaxanthin epoxidase gene enhances the sensitivity of tomato PSII photoinhibition to high light and chilling stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 2008, 132: 384-396
351. Welsch R, Beyer P, Hugueney P, Kleinig H, von Lintig J. Regulation and activation of phytoene synthase, a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, during photomorphogenesis. Planta, 2000, 211: 846-854
352. Welsch R, Medina J, Giuliano G, Beyer P, von Lintig J. Structural and functional characterization of the phytoene synthase promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta, 2003, 216:523-534
353. Werr W, Frommer WB, Mass C, Starlinger P. Structure of the sucrose synthase gene on chromosome 9 of Zea mays L. EMBO Journal, 1985,4: 1373-1380
354. Woitsch S, Romer S. Expression of xanthophyll biosynthetic genes during light-dependent chloroplast differentiation. Plant Physiology, 2003, 132: 1508-1517
355. Wong JC, Lambert RJ, Wurtzel ET, Rocheford TR. QTL and candidate genes phytoene synthase and zeta-carotene desaturase associated with the accumulation of carotenoids in maize. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2004, 108: 349-359
356. Wu GS, Saftig P, Peters C, El-Deiry WS. Potential role for Cathepsin D in p53-dependent tumor suppression and chemosensitivity. Oncogene, 1998, 16: 2177-2183
357. Wurtzel ET. Use of a Ds chromosome-breaking element to examine Maize vp5 expression. Journal of Heredity, 1992, 83: 109-113
358. Xie Z, Zhang ZL, Zou XL, Huang J, Ruas P, Thompson D, Shen QJ. Annotations and functional analyses of the rice WRKY gene superfamily reveal positive and negative regulators of abscisic acid signaling in aleurone cells. Plant Physiology, 2005, 137: 176-189
359. Xu BY, Su W, Liu JH, Wang JB, Jin ZQ. Differentially expressed cDNAs at the early stage of banana ripening identified by suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray. Planta, 2007, 226: 529-539
360. Xu CJ, Fraser PD, Wang WJ, Bramley PM. Differences in the carotenoid content of ordinary citrus and lycopene-accumulating mutants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006a, 54: 5474-5481
361. Xu J, Deng XX. Red juice sac of citrus and its main pigments. J. Fruit Sci, 2002, 19: 385-386
362. Xu J, Tao NG, Liu Q, Deng XX. Presence of diverse ratios of lycopene/beta-carotene in five pink or red-fleshed citrus cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 2006, 108: 181-184
363. Yamaki S. Isolation of vacuoles from immature apple fruit flesh and compartmentation of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and amino acids. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1984,25: 151-166
364. Yamaki YT. Organic acids in the juice of citrus fruits. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1989, 58: 587-594
365. Yamaki YT. Effect of lead arsenate on coenzyme A in fruit pulp of satsuma mandarin. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1990, 58: 907-911
366. Yang GP, Ross DT, Kuang WW, Brown PO, Weigel RJ. Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. Nucleic Acids Research, 1999,27: 1517-1523
367. Yao JL, Dong YH, Morris BAM. Parthenocarpic apple fruit production conferred by transposon insertion mutations in a MADS-box transcription factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001 98: 1306-1311
368. Yen CR, Koch KE. Developmental changes in translocation and localization of ~(14)C-labeled assimilates in grapefruit: Light and dark COi fixation by leaves and fruit. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 1990, 115: 815-819
369. Yoshida KT, Fujiwara T, Naito S. The synergistic effects of sugar and abscisic acid on myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase expression. Physiologia Plantarum, 2002, 114:581-587
370. Young LB, Biale JB. Carbon dioxide effects on fruits: The fixation of ~(I4)CO_2 in lemon in an atmophere enriched with carbon dioxide. Planta, 1968, 81: 253-263
371. Yu WP, Wang AY, Juang RH, Sung HY, Su JC. Isolation of rice sucrose synthase cDNA and genomic DNA. Plant Molecular Biology, 1992, 18: 139-142
372. Zhang JJ, Ying J, Chang SH, Li B, Li ZS. Cloning and expression analysis of violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) cDNA in wheat. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2003, 45: 981-985
373. Zhang W, Dubcovsky J. Association between allelic variation at the Phytoene synthase 1 gene and yellow pigment content in the wheat grain. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008, 116: 635-645
374. Zhang XN, Qu ZC, Wan YZ, Zhang HW, Shen DL. Application of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to cloning differentially expressed cDNA in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) under hyperosmotic shock. Plant Mol Biol Rep, 2002, 20: 49-57
375. Zheng J, Zhaol JF, Tao YZ, Wang JH, Liu YJ, Fu JJ, Jin Y, Gao P, Zhang JP, Bai YF, Wang GY. Isolation and analysis of water stress induced genes in maize seedlings by subtractive PCR and cDNA macroarray. Plant Molecular Biology, 2004, 55: 807-823
376. Zhu CF, Yamamura S, Koiwa H, Nishihara M, Sandmann G. cDNA cloning and expression of carotenogenic genes during flower development in Gentiana lutea. Plant Molecular Biology, 2002,48: 277-285
377. Zhu CF, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, 2003, 1625: 305-308
378. Zhua CF, Yamamura S, Nishihara M, Koiwa H, Sandmann G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, 2003, 1625: 305-308