提高微光信号检测灵敏度的新方法
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摘要
微光信号检测是指夜间和其它低光照度时目标信息的获取、转换、增强、记录和显示，它使人眼视觉在空间、时域和频域得到有效扩展。微光信号检测在军事安全、科学研究以及工程技术领域发挥重要作用。随着科技的发展各种微光信号检测器件都具有很高的灵敏度，但在光照极其微弱的条件下，它们依然具有检测极限。所以如何进一步突破照度极限提高微光检测的灵敏度是一个永恒的主题。为此本文提出一种提高微光信号检测灵敏度的新方法，该方法可以使一维和二维光电检测系统的灵敏度得到明显提高，这为微光信号检测增添了一种可行的手段，更为其它传感器使用过程中分辨力与灵敏度的提高开辟了一个新的途径。
1．在对光电直接检测系统中基本工作原理、噪声来源、灵敏度以及阈值的分析的基础上，建立光电直接检测系统的黑箱理论分析模型，进而将光电直接检测系统视为类似A/D转换的量化系统。在此前提下，借鉴成形信号与过采样技术，并尝试将光学成形信号与过采样技术相结合，以提高光电直接检测系统的灵敏度。同时以一维微光信号检测为例，在初步理论分析的基础上，通过实验验证了该方法的有效性。
2．采用帧积累与成形信号技术，进行提高二维微弱图像信号的检测灵敏度的理论研究及实验验证。首先通过统计理论证明了用该方法可以得到微弱图像信号的无偏估计，并采用Lindberg-Levy定理计算出用该方法可以将信噪比提高m△x_s~2/[sx_s (1-△x_s)]倍（m为帧数，△x_s为微弱图像信号）。通过对微弱投影的检测实验，验证了这种方法的有效性。
3．对帧积累与成形信号技术进行优化，克服其使用过程中因两次帧积累所造成的成像速度慢操作复杂的缺点。首先通过摄像头前的LED产生锯齿型光学成形信号，在镜头中发生漫散射后均匀分布在CCD上，使得该方法适用于远距离微弱成像；然后在数据处理过程中采用最小二乘法去除光学成形信号的成分，获得微弱图像信号的最佳拟合矩阵，使所需帧数减少一半，成像速度提高一倍。
4．以Altera公司的DE2多媒体开发平台为核心设计基于FPGA的微弱图像检测系统。系统以帧积累与光学成形信号技术为理论基础，利用FPGA可以对数据进行并行处理的特点，实现了对微弱图像检测数据的高速实时处理，从而克服了以PC机为微弱图像处理核心的处理速度的限制，减轻了由于数据离线处理所带来的存储负担。同时该检测系统便携式的特点有助于在各种环境下进行微弱图像检测，从而为帧积累与光学成形信号技术的进一步完善创造更加有利的条件。
Low-light-level optical signal detection which includes the signal aquistion,conversion, enhancement, recording and display can expand human vision function inspace, time, and frequency domain. Low-light-level optical signal detection issignificant in science research, safety engineering and space astronomy. Sensitvity isan important parameter of measuring instrument.The instrument can sense tiny signalchange with higher sensitivity. To improve the instrument sensitivity is a baiscapproach in weak signal detection. This thesis provides a novel method to improve thelow-light-level optical signal detection sensivity. The principle of this method comesfrom the over-sampling technology of A/D conversion. By superposing a saw-toothwave light which we called optical shaped function on the low-light-level opticalsignal, we can get the unbiased estimate for the low-light-level optical signal aftersuperposition signal accumulation, thus improving the low-light-level optical signaldetection senstibility. The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) By analysis of its working principle, noise source, sensitivity for thephotoelectric direct detection system, we construct the black-box model for thephotoelectric direct detection system. Based on this model, the photoelectric directdetection system can be considered as an AD conversion system. We incorporate theoversampling and shaped function technique of AD conversion into the detection,therefore the detection sensitivity of the photoelectric direct detection system has beenimproved. After a preliminary principle analysis, we prove its efficacy by theexperiment with a direct detection system for the1-D low-light-level optical signaldetection.
(2) Based on the analysis of1-D low-light-level optical signal detection, a novelmethod which employs the frame accumulation and shaped function is given toimprove the low-light-level image signal detection sensibility. By using theprobabilistic theory, we demonstrate that we can get the unbiased estimate for thelow-light-level image with this method. According to the Lindberg-Levy Theory, wecalculate out the image sensor’s SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) which has been improvedm△x_s~2/[sx_s (1-△x_s)] times than before. The efficacy of this method has been proved by alow-light-level shadow image detection experiment.
(3) The method which employs the frame accumulation and shaped functiontechnique is effective in low-light-level imaging. Yet it has some drawbacks such aslower imaging speed and complex operation. In order to optimize this method, weimplement least-square algorithm into data processing to remove the component ofthe shaped function signal. This algorithm simplifies the imaging process and doublesthe imaging speed. Meanwhile, we apply a saw-tooth wave light as the shapedfunction signal to the image sensor by mounting a LED beside the camera lens. Thismodification makes the method adapted to the distant object imaging.
(4) We design a low-light-level imaging system with our frame accumulation andshaped function technique. The hardware of the imaging system includes Altera’sDE2multimedia developmen board and a daughter card to generate the optical shapedfunction signal. The sofware of the imaging system contains the vedio signal decodemodule, vedio signal processing module, vedio signal DAC module and opticalshaped function signal DAC module. The low-light-level imaging system can get thebest fitting data matrix for the low-light-level image with least square algorithm.
1．在对光电直接检测系统中基本工作原理、噪声来源、灵敏度以及阈值的分析的基础上，建立光电直接检测系统的黑箱理论分析模型，进而将光电直接检测系统视为类似A/D转换的量化系统。在此前提下，借鉴成形信号与过采样技术，并尝试将光学成形信号与过采样技术相结合，以提高光电直接检测系统的灵敏度。同时以一维微光信号检测为例，在初步理论分析的基础上，通过实验验证了该方法的有效性。
2．采用帧积累与成形信号技术，进行提高二维微弱图像信号的检测灵敏度的理论研究及实验验证。首先通过统计理论证明了用该方法可以得到微弱图像信号的无偏估计，并采用Lindberg-Levy定理计算出用该方法可以将信噪比提高m△x_s~2/[sx_s (1-△x_s)]倍（m为帧数，△x_s为微弱图像信号）。通过对微弱投影的检测实验，验证了这种方法的有效性。
3．对帧积累与成形信号技术进行优化，克服其使用过程中因两次帧积累所造成的成像速度慢操作复杂的缺点。首先通过摄像头前的LED产生锯齿型光学成形信号，在镜头中发生漫散射后均匀分布在CCD上，使得该方法适用于远距离微弱成像；然后在数据处理过程中采用最小二乘法去除光学成形信号的成分，获得微弱图像信号的最佳拟合矩阵，使所需帧数减少一半，成像速度提高一倍。
4．以Altera公司的DE2多媒体开发平台为核心设计基于FPGA的微弱图像检测系统。系统以帧积累与光学成形信号技术为理论基础，利用FPGA可以对数据进行并行处理的特点，实现了对微弱图像检测数据的高速实时处理，从而克服了以PC机为微弱图像处理核心的处理速度的限制，减轻了由于数据离线处理所带来的存储负担。同时该检测系统便携式的特点有助于在各种环境下进行微弱图像检测，从而为帧积累与光学成形信号技术的进一步完善创造更加有利的条件。
Low-light-level optical signal detection which includes the signal aquistion,conversion, enhancement, recording and display can expand human vision function inspace, time, and frequency domain. Low-light-level optical signal detection issignificant in science research, safety engineering and space astronomy. Sensitvity isan important parameter of measuring instrument.The instrument can sense tiny signalchange with higher sensitivity. To improve the instrument sensitivity is a baiscapproach in weak signal detection. This thesis provides a novel method to improve thelow-light-level optical signal detection sensivity. The principle of this method comesfrom the over-sampling technology of A/D conversion. By superposing a saw-toothwave light which we called optical shaped function on the low-light-level opticalsignal, we can get the unbiased estimate for the low-light-level optical signal aftersuperposition signal accumulation, thus improving the low-light-level optical signaldetection senstibility. The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) By analysis of its working principle, noise source, sensitivity for thephotoelectric direct detection system, we construct the black-box model for thephotoelectric direct detection system. Based on this model, the photoelectric directdetection system can be considered as an AD conversion system. We incorporate theoversampling and shaped function technique of AD conversion into the detection,therefore the detection sensitivity of the photoelectric direct detection system has beenimproved. After a preliminary principle analysis, we prove its efficacy by theexperiment with a direct detection system for the1-D low-light-level optical signaldetection.
(2) Based on the analysis of1-D low-light-level optical signal detection, a novelmethod which employs the frame accumulation and shaped function is given toimprove the low-light-level image signal detection sensibility. By using theprobabilistic theory, we demonstrate that we can get the unbiased estimate for thelow-light-level image with this method. According to the Lindberg-Levy Theory, wecalculate out the image sensor’s SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) which has been improvedm△x_s~2/[sx_s (1-△x_s)] times than before. The efficacy of this method has been proved by alow-light-level shadow image detection experiment.
(3) The method which employs the frame accumulation and shaped functiontechnique is effective in low-light-level imaging. Yet it has some drawbacks such aslower imaging speed and complex operation. In order to optimize this method, weimplement least-square algorithm into data processing to remove the component ofthe shaped function signal. This algorithm simplifies the imaging process and doublesthe imaging speed. Meanwhile, we apply a saw-tooth wave light as the shapedfunction signal to the image sensor by mounting a LED beside the camera lens. Thismodification makes the method adapted to the distant object imaging.
(4) We design a low-light-level imaging system with our frame accumulation andshaped function technique. The hardware of the imaging system includes Altera’sDE2multimedia developmen board and a daughter card to generate the optical shapedfunction signal. The sofware of the imaging system contains the vedio signal decodemodule, vedio signal processing module, vedio signal DAC module and opticalshaped function signal DAC module. The low-light-level imaging system can get thebest fitting data matrix for the low-light-level image with least square algorithm.
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