切纵流结构谷物脱粒分离理论与试验研究
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摘要
脱粒分离装置是联合收获机的核心部件,它的脱粒分离性能直接决定着联合收获机整机的工作性能,对谷物脱粒分离理论与试验进行研究是提高联合收获机作业性能的关键。本文针对切纵流脱粒分离装置的结构特点,研究谷物在切纵流脱粒分离空间中的运动模型,探索切纵流脱粒分离装置最优结构配置方案,提高脱粒分离装置的输送、脱粒、分离能力；通过试验探索切纵流脱粒分离装置性能与其影响因素之间的关系,建立切纵流结构的脱粒分离模型,得出切纵流脱粒分离装置在水稻和小麦高效、高性能收获时的最佳工作参数；这对于提高切纵流联合收获机的技术水平,加快产品的升级换代,推动我国收获机械行业的技术进步等均具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。本文在总结国内外相关研究现状的基础上,采用理论研究、数值计算与试验验证相结合的方法开展研究工作,本文的研究工作主要包括以下几个方面的内容：
1、基于谷物特性设计结构可变的切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒以及用于稻麦农作物脱粒的5种脱粒元件；通过对切纵流结构脱粒分离性能影响因素的分析,利用概率理论建立切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒的脱粒分离概率模型,通过纵轴流滚筒复脱分离模型计算出滚筒上脱粒元件的最佳排列组合方式；通过建立切纵流脱粒分离过程的物料流模型,推导谷物从切流脱粒分离装置喂入纵轴流脱粒分离装置的运动模型；通过建立切纵流结构的变质量脱粒分离模型,对切纵流脱粒分离装置分别进行变质量和恒质量性能对比试验。
2、选取脱粒间隙、滚筒转速、喂入螺旋头、脱粒元件及其排列组合方式等为试验因素,对切纵流脱粒分离装置开展多工况多因素的脱粒分离台架试验,建立主因素与未脱净损失率、夹带损失率、籽粒破碎率、脱粒分离功耗等性能指标之间的数学模型,分析其对性能指标影响的显著程度,推导切纵流脱粒装置的多目标多因素指标评价方法；在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上,通过自行设计的脱粒分离长度可调的纵轴流滚筒,进行水稻脱粒分离性能试验和籽粒分布试验研究,分析纵轴流滚筒下脱出籽粒的分布规律,建立纵轴流滚筒脱出籽粒的分布模型,计算纵轴流滚筒长度；通过计算纵轴流滚筒顶盖导流板的最佳导流角对纵轴流滚筒长度进行优化,确定纵轴流滚筒长度的最优值,为切纵流联合收获机脱粒分离装置工作参数的选择和结构设计提供依据。
3、通过切纵流结构的脱粒分离性能试验确定纵轴流滚筒上脱粒元件的最佳结构参数,并对各切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒组合方式进行喂入量为7kg/s的水稻脱粒分离性能检测；对影响纵轴流滚筒脱粒分离功耗和籽粒损失率的滚筒转速、脱粒间隙和齿间距等主要影响因素进行水稻台架试验,通过对单因素试验结果的脱粒分离功耗和籽粒总损失率进行归一化处理,并对影响脱粒分离性能的参数进行回归分析和回归效果的显著性检验,通过控制脱粒分离性能预测纵轴流滚筒的最佳参数以及最佳参数的置信区间。
4、在一切纵流脱粒分离装置上进行喂入量为6kg/s～8kg/s的水稻脱粒分离性能试验,利用扭矩传感器和工控机对一切纵流脱粒分离装置的水稻脱粒分离功耗进行记录,提取纵轴流滚筒脱粒分离功耗；通过在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上进行小麦脱粒分离性能试验,获取脱粒分离功耗和籽粒总损失性能指标,借助复数幅值建立脱粒分离最佳性能指标可行域,将脱粒分离功耗和籽粒损失率转换成平面几何中的向量指标,通过计算脱粒分离性能向量指标方向角正切值进行分析比较,寻找最优的脱粒分离结构和运动参数。
5、在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上进行喂入量为6kg/s～8kg/s的水稻和小麦脱粒分离性能试验,对切纵流脱粒分离装置脱出混合物分布特性和分布规律进行试验测定与分析,通过脱分系数矩阵建立籽粒未脱分率、脱分杂余率、脱分籽粒率之间的脱分矩阵方程,为预测切纵流脱粒分离装置的未脱净籽粒损失提供预测模型,为切纵流脱粒分离装置的设计提供依据；将研究所得结果移植到切纵流联合收获机上,通过田间试验验证该装置的脱粒分离性能参数,为其产业化应用提供依据。
A threshing and separation device is the core component of combine harvester. The threshing and separation performance of the device directly decide the work performance of the combine harvester. So, the study of threshing and separation performance is the key step to improve harvesting performance. In this paper, stalk motion model was researched when the threshed stalk was movement in the threshing and separation space, and the optimal structure scheme of tangential-longitudinal axial device was exploded to improve the conveying, threshing, separation performance of threshing and separation device, which based on the structure characteristics of tangential-longitudinal axial device. Threshing and separation model of the tangential-longitudinal axial device was established to learn the optimum working parameters of the device with high efficiency and high performance threshing for wheat and rice, by the experimental exploration of relations between threshing and separation device and the harvesting performance influence factors. These were of great scientific significance and practical value to improving the technical level of tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester, to accelerate the upgrading of products, to promote China's harvest machinery industry technical progress. Based on summarizing the research status at home or abroad and the existing research work of project group, the related research works were carried out by the combined method of theoretical research, numerical simulation and experimental verification. The major research work is as follows:
Based on the grain characteristic, the variable structure tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum were designed. Five thresher bars were designed for the tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum to thresh rice and wheat crops. The probabilistic model of threshing and separation with five thresher bars were estabilsed. The best combinations of thresher bars on the longitudinal axial drum were obtained by calculating the probabilistic model. The material flow model of tangential-longitudinal axial structure was established to derive the motion model of rice and wheat crops, which were from tangential axial drum to the longitudinal axial drum. The variable mass model of threshing and separation was established for the tangential-longitudinal axial structure, and the check experiment was executed on the constant mass and variable mass.
Threshing and separation test with multiple factors and conditions were executed for the experimental factor of drum rotational speed, threshing clearance, thresher bar, arrangement of thresher, and the thresher bar tooth spacing. The mathematical models between main influence factors and performance index of unthreshing grain loss, unseparation grain loss, broke grain loss and threshing power, were executed for tangential-longitudinal axial structure. Significant level of influencing factors to the performance index was studied. The evaluation methodology of multiple factors and multiple targets were deviced based on the influencing factors. Rice threshing and separation performance test and grain distribution test were executed and studied by the adjustable length of longitudinal axial drum designed by ourselves, on the test bench of tangential-longitudinal axial device. The threshed grain distribution equation of longitudinal axial drum was established to calculate the length of longitudinal axial drum. The length of longitudinal axial drum was optimization to learn the optimal length value verified by the rice threshing and separation test, based on calculating the best guide angle of longitudinal axial drum cover plate. The above researches provide the design basis of longitudinal axial drum.
The structure and working parameters of tangential-longitudinal axial device was optimization studied by the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The combination mode of thresher bars on the tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum were verified by threshing and separation performance testing with7kg/s rice harvesting. Three main influence factors of drum threshing speed, threshing clearance, and the thresher bars tooth spacing were studied on the rice test with the feed rate of7kg/s. The threshing power and total grain loss rate were handled by the normalization method with the single factor test results. The parameters infecting the threshing and separation performance were studied by regression analysis and significance lest of regression effect. Optimum parameters and their confidence interval were forecast and test verified by controlling the threshing and separation performance.
The threshing and separation torque values of longitudinal axial drum were collected with torque sensor, when the threshing and separation test was executed with the feed rate of6kg/s～8kg/s on the threshing and separation device. The performance index of threshing and separation power and grain total loss were learned by wheat bench test on the tangential-longitudinal axial device. The feasible regions of threshing and separation optimal performance index were studied by the plural amplitude calculation method. Vector index angle tangent value of threshing and separation performance were calculated to learn the best structure and motion parameters, by changing threshing and separation power and grain total loss into plane geometry vector index.
Distribution characteristics and distribution regularity of separation mixture under longitudinal axial drum were determined and analysis, by the wheat threshing performance test with feed rate of6-8kg/s on the threshing and separation device. Threshing and separation matrix equation of unthreshing grain rate, threshing and separation impurity rate, and threshing and separation grain rate was established, based on distribution characteristics and distribution regularity of separation mixture. The above researches provide the selection of working parameters and design of drive structure for tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester. The above optimized results were transferred to tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester to test the harvesting performance of the threshing and separation device in the field rice harvesting.
1、基于谷物特性设计结构可变的切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒以及用于稻麦农作物脱粒的5种脱粒元件；通过对切纵流结构脱粒分离性能影响因素的分析,利用概率理论建立切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒的脱粒分离概率模型,通过纵轴流滚筒复脱分离模型计算出滚筒上脱粒元件的最佳排列组合方式；通过建立切纵流脱粒分离过程的物料流模型,推导谷物从切流脱粒分离装置喂入纵轴流脱粒分离装置的运动模型；通过建立切纵流结构的变质量脱粒分离模型,对切纵流脱粒分离装置分别进行变质量和恒质量性能对比试验。
2、选取脱粒间隙、滚筒转速、喂入螺旋头、脱粒元件及其排列组合方式等为试验因素,对切纵流脱粒分离装置开展多工况多因素的脱粒分离台架试验,建立主因素与未脱净损失率、夹带损失率、籽粒破碎率、脱粒分离功耗等性能指标之间的数学模型,分析其对性能指标影响的显著程度,推导切纵流脱粒装置的多目标多因素指标评价方法；在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上,通过自行设计的脱粒分离长度可调的纵轴流滚筒,进行水稻脱粒分离性能试验和籽粒分布试验研究,分析纵轴流滚筒下脱出籽粒的分布规律,建立纵轴流滚筒脱出籽粒的分布模型,计算纵轴流滚筒长度；通过计算纵轴流滚筒顶盖导流板的最佳导流角对纵轴流滚筒长度进行优化,确定纵轴流滚筒长度的最优值,为切纵流联合收获机脱粒分离装置工作参数的选择和结构设计提供依据。
3、通过切纵流结构的脱粒分离性能试验确定纵轴流滚筒上脱粒元件的最佳结构参数,并对各切流滚筒和纵轴流滚筒组合方式进行喂入量为7kg/s的水稻脱粒分离性能检测；对影响纵轴流滚筒脱粒分离功耗和籽粒损失率的滚筒转速、脱粒间隙和齿间距等主要影响因素进行水稻台架试验,通过对单因素试验结果的脱粒分离功耗和籽粒总损失率进行归一化处理,并对影响脱粒分离性能的参数进行回归分析和回归效果的显著性检验,通过控制脱粒分离性能预测纵轴流滚筒的最佳参数以及最佳参数的置信区间。
4、在一切纵流脱粒分离装置上进行喂入量为6kg/s～8kg/s的水稻脱粒分离性能试验,利用扭矩传感器和工控机对一切纵流脱粒分离装置的水稻脱粒分离功耗进行记录,提取纵轴流滚筒脱粒分离功耗；通过在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上进行小麦脱粒分离性能试验,获取脱粒分离功耗和籽粒总损失性能指标,借助复数幅值建立脱粒分离最佳性能指标可行域,将脱粒分离功耗和籽粒损失率转换成平面几何中的向量指标,通过计算脱粒分离性能向量指标方向角正切值进行分析比较,寻找最优的脱粒分离结构和运动参数。
5、在切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台上进行喂入量为6kg/s～8kg/s的水稻和小麦脱粒分离性能试验,对切纵流脱粒分离装置脱出混合物分布特性和分布规律进行试验测定与分析,通过脱分系数矩阵建立籽粒未脱分率、脱分杂余率、脱分籽粒率之间的脱分矩阵方程,为预测切纵流脱粒分离装置的未脱净籽粒损失提供预测模型,为切纵流脱粒分离装置的设计提供依据；将研究所得结果移植到切纵流联合收获机上,通过田间试验验证该装置的脱粒分离性能参数,为其产业化应用提供依据。
A threshing and separation device is the core component of combine harvester. The threshing and separation performance of the device directly decide the work performance of the combine harvester. So, the study of threshing and separation performance is the key step to improve harvesting performance. In this paper, stalk motion model was researched when the threshed stalk was movement in the threshing and separation space, and the optimal structure scheme of tangential-longitudinal axial device was exploded to improve the conveying, threshing, separation performance of threshing and separation device, which based on the structure characteristics of tangential-longitudinal axial device. Threshing and separation model of the tangential-longitudinal axial device was established to learn the optimum working parameters of the device with high efficiency and high performance threshing for wheat and rice, by the experimental exploration of relations between threshing and separation device and the harvesting performance influence factors. These were of great scientific significance and practical value to improving the technical level of tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester, to accelerate the upgrading of products, to promote China's harvest machinery industry technical progress. Based on summarizing the research status at home or abroad and the existing research work of project group, the related research works were carried out by the combined method of theoretical research, numerical simulation and experimental verification. The major research work is as follows:
Based on the grain characteristic, the variable structure tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum were designed. Five thresher bars were designed for the tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum to thresh rice and wheat crops. The probabilistic model of threshing and separation with five thresher bars were estabilsed. The best combinations of thresher bars on the longitudinal axial drum were obtained by calculating the probabilistic model. The material flow model of tangential-longitudinal axial structure was established to derive the motion model of rice and wheat crops, which were from tangential axial drum to the longitudinal axial drum. The variable mass model of threshing and separation was established for the tangential-longitudinal axial structure, and the check experiment was executed on the constant mass and variable mass.
Threshing and separation test with multiple factors and conditions were executed for the experimental factor of drum rotational speed, threshing clearance, thresher bar, arrangement of thresher, and the thresher bar tooth spacing. The mathematical models between main influence factors and performance index of unthreshing grain loss, unseparation grain loss, broke grain loss and threshing power, were executed for tangential-longitudinal axial structure. Significant level of influencing factors to the performance index was studied. The evaluation methodology of multiple factors and multiple targets were deviced based on the influencing factors. Rice threshing and separation performance test and grain distribution test were executed and studied by the adjustable length of longitudinal axial drum designed by ourselves, on the test bench of tangential-longitudinal axial device. The threshed grain distribution equation of longitudinal axial drum was established to calculate the length of longitudinal axial drum. The length of longitudinal axial drum was optimization to learn the optimal length value verified by the rice threshing and separation test, based on calculating the best guide angle of longitudinal axial drum cover plate. The above researches provide the design basis of longitudinal axial drum.
The structure and working parameters of tangential-longitudinal axial device was optimization studied by the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The combination mode of thresher bars on the tangential axial drum and longitudinal axial drum were verified by threshing and separation performance testing with7kg/s rice harvesting. Three main influence factors of drum threshing speed, threshing clearance, and the thresher bars tooth spacing were studied on the rice test with the feed rate of7kg/s. The threshing power and total grain loss rate were handled by the normalization method with the single factor test results. The parameters infecting the threshing and separation performance were studied by regression analysis and significance lest of regression effect. Optimum parameters and their confidence interval were forecast and test verified by controlling the threshing and separation performance.
The threshing and separation torque values of longitudinal axial drum were collected with torque sensor, when the threshing and separation test was executed with the feed rate of6kg/s～8kg/s on the threshing and separation device. The performance index of threshing and separation power and grain total loss were learned by wheat bench test on the tangential-longitudinal axial device. The feasible regions of threshing and separation optimal performance index were studied by the plural amplitude calculation method. Vector index angle tangent value of threshing and separation performance were calculated to learn the best structure and motion parameters, by changing threshing and separation power and grain total loss into plane geometry vector index.
Distribution characteristics and distribution regularity of separation mixture under longitudinal axial drum were determined and analysis, by the wheat threshing performance test with feed rate of6-8kg/s on the threshing and separation device. Threshing and separation matrix equation of unthreshing grain rate, threshing and separation impurity rate, and threshing and separation grain rate was established, based on distribution characteristics and distribution regularity of separation mixture. The above researches provide the selection of working parameters and design of drive structure for tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester. The above optimized results were transferred to tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester to test the harvesting performance of the threshing and separation device in the field rice harvesting.
引文
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