低渗透微裂缝储层地质特征及改造技术
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摘要
低渗透油气藏广泛分布于全国各大油气田或主要盆地的低渗透储层。由于岩石的基质渗透率极差,裂缝对岩石物性的改善效果较为明显。但因裂缝形成和分布的复杂性,同时也给低渗透油田的开发造成较大困难。目前这类油田储量动用程度低,开发效果不理想,经济效益差。因此,研究低渗透微裂缝储层的地质特征及其改造技术,提高此类油田的开发效果,对我国石油工业持续稳定发展具有重要意义。
腰英台油田位于松辽盆地长岭凹陷南部。作为松辽盆地南部的主要生烃凹陷,长岭凹陷呈南北走向,北深南浅。油层主要分布于青山口组,属构造-岩性油气藏。油水分布较为复杂,全区没有统一的油水界面。
储层研究结果表明,该油田的储层岩性以细-粉砂岩为主,砂体较薄,横向连通性较好,属中低孔(12%-15%)、特低渗(1×10-3gm2-10×10-3μm2)储层,裂缝较为发育,人工压裂裂缝与天然裂缝大体一致,基本呈东西向；油藏油水分异差,部分层位原始含油饱和度低,开发初期就油水同出；天然能量不足,大部分油层不具自然产能,压裂是本区主要的完井手段；岩石的应力敏感性较严重。
通过构造应力场研究和储层天然裂缝描述,分析了低渗透裂缝性储层的地质特征和裂缝发育状况。青一段天然微裂缝发育,多为成组的剪裂缝。天然裂缝方向介于NE85.9°-NE153.6°之间,基本呈东西向。人工压裂裂缝与天然裂缝方向一致,也基本呈东西向。天然裂缝在地层原始状态下多数是闭合的,即为隐性裂缝,但在钻井或试油过程中易形成诱导缝,通过人工压裂,可以沟通孤立溶孔和微孔,改善低渗透储层的渗流状况。
通过室内实验和矿场试验研究,优化压裂工艺技术设计,研究出适用于高滤失裂缝性储层的斜线式／多段塞组合加砂压裂工艺,采用分级加砂工艺,结合新型支撑剂(覆膜砂),取得了明显的增产效果,平均单井日产油由2005年的3.2t,提高至2006年的4.8t和2007年的4.9t,提高了50%以上；含水率由2005年的84%降至2006年的77%和2007年的74%。
同时形成了针对低渗透微裂缝储层的配套压裂工艺技术,如天然裂缝滤失诊断技术、压裂净压力拟合技术、砂岩双重介质降滤技术、裂缝参数优化、压裂液和压裂支撑剂的优选、控制缝高技术、压后排液技术在内的压裂工艺技术。
Low permeability reservoirs are widely distributed in large oil and gas fields or main basins in China. Due to the extremely poor permeability of the rock matrix, the fracture is important for the obvious improvement of the rock physical property. However because of complexity of fracture development and distribution, it is difficult to develop low permeability oilfields. At present, as to the kind of oilfield, the producing degree of reserves is low, the development effect is unsatisfied, and the economic results are poor. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to research how to develop this kind of oilfield economically and effectively for stable and sustained development of Chinese petroleum industry.
Changling is a north-south strike sag, which generates hydrocarbon in the south of Songliao Basin. The northern part of the sag is deeper than the south. Yaoyingtai Oilfield is located in the south of the sag, its oil layers are mainly distributed in Qingshankou Formation, and it is a structural-lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. Its oil-water distribution is complicated; there is no unified oil-water contact in the whole region.
It is revealed that the lithology character of the oilfield reservoir is mainly fine sandstone-siltstone, with thin sand body and good horizontal communication. It belongs to low-to-moderate porosity (12%-15%) and extremely low permeability (1×10-3μm2-10×10-3μm2), with developed fracture, artificial hydraulic fracture generally according with natural fracture, mainly going from east to west. The reservoir is of poor oil and water differentiation; in the partial horizons, the initial oil saturation is low, and oil and water are yielded at the same time in the initial period of development. Its natural recovery phase is not enough and the oil layers submitting most reserves at present have no natural productivity, so hydraulic fracturing is main completion method in the region. Except that, the stress sensitivity of the rock is severely.
Geologic characteristics and fracture development of low permeability fracture reservoir have been recognized, by the way of studying on tectonic stress field and description of natural fracture in reservoir. Natural micro-fractures in Qingl segment are developed, most of which are shear fractures in groups. The direction of natural fractures is NE85.9°-NE153.6°, basically going from east to west. The direction of artificial fractures is in concord with that of natural fractures, which also goes from east to west basically. Under original formation conditions, most of the natural fractures are closed, that is to say, there are potential fractures existing, but the induced fractures are easy to be formed during drilling or oil testing. Through artificial fracturing, isolated dissolved pores and micro-pores can be communicated, so as to improve seepage flow of the low permeability reservoirs.
By means of laboratory and field experiment investigation and optimization of fracturing technical design, the combined slanted line/multi-slug sand fracturing technique has been researched for fractured reservoir with high filtration, adopting multistage sand filling technique and combining with new type of proppant (precoated sand), and the obvious stimulation effect has been obtained. The average oil produced per day of the single well has been improved from 3.2t in 2005 to 3.2t in 2006 and 4.9t in 2007, which increases more than 50%. The water content has been reduced from 84% in 2005 to 77% in 2006 and 74% in 2007.
The matched fracturing techniques have been put forward, such as the diagnostic technology for filtration of natural fractures, the net pressure fitting technology for fracturing, the fluid loss control technology by using of sands in dual media, the optimization of fracture parameters, the optimization of fracturing fluid and proppant concentration, the fracture height control technology and the post-fracture fluid discharging technology.
腰英台油田位于松辽盆地长岭凹陷南部。作为松辽盆地南部的主要生烃凹陷,长岭凹陷呈南北走向,北深南浅。油层主要分布于青山口组,属构造-岩性油气藏。油水分布较为复杂,全区没有统一的油水界面。
储层研究结果表明,该油田的储层岩性以细-粉砂岩为主,砂体较薄,横向连通性较好,属中低孔(12%-15%)、特低渗(1×10-3gm2-10×10-3μm2)储层,裂缝较为发育,人工压裂裂缝与天然裂缝大体一致,基本呈东西向；油藏油水分异差,部分层位原始含油饱和度低,开发初期就油水同出；天然能量不足,大部分油层不具自然产能,压裂是本区主要的完井手段；岩石的应力敏感性较严重。
通过构造应力场研究和储层天然裂缝描述,分析了低渗透裂缝性储层的地质特征和裂缝发育状况。青一段天然微裂缝发育,多为成组的剪裂缝。天然裂缝方向介于NE85.9°-NE153.6°之间,基本呈东西向。人工压裂裂缝与天然裂缝方向一致,也基本呈东西向。天然裂缝在地层原始状态下多数是闭合的,即为隐性裂缝,但在钻井或试油过程中易形成诱导缝,通过人工压裂,可以沟通孤立溶孔和微孔,改善低渗透储层的渗流状况。
通过室内实验和矿场试验研究,优化压裂工艺技术设计,研究出适用于高滤失裂缝性储层的斜线式／多段塞组合加砂压裂工艺,采用分级加砂工艺,结合新型支撑剂(覆膜砂),取得了明显的增产效果,平均单井日产油由2005年的3.2t,提高至2006年的4.8t和2007年的4.9t,提高了50%以上；含水率由2005年的84%降至2006年的77%和2007年的74%。
同时形成了针对低渗透微裂缝储层的配套压裂工艺技术,如天然裂缝滤失诊断技术、压裂净压力拟合技术、砂岩双重介质降滤技术、裂缝参数优化、压裂液和压裂支撑剂的优选、控制缝高技术、压后排液技术在内的压裂工艺技术。
Low permeability reservoirs are widely distributed in large oil and gas fields or main basins in China. Due to the extremely poor permeability of the rock matrix, the fracture is important for the obvious improvement of the rock physical property. However because of complexity of fracture development and distribution, it is difficult to develop low permeability oilfields. At present, as to the kind of oilfield, the producing degree of reserves is low, the development effect is unsatisfied, and the economic results are poor. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to research how to develop this kind of oilfield economically and effectively for stable and sustained development of Chinese petroleum industry.
Changling is a north-south strike sag, which generates hydrocarbon in the south of Songliao Basin. The northern part of the sag is deeper than the south. Yaoyingtai Oilfield is located in the south of the sag, its oil layers are mainly distributed in Qingshankou Formation, and it is a structural-lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. Its oil-water distribution is complicated; there is no unified oil-water contact in the whole region.
It is revealed that the lithology character of the oilfield reservoir is mainly fine sandstone-siltstone, with thin sand body and good horizontal communication. It belongs to low-to-moderate porosity (12%-15%) and extremely low permeability (1×10-3μm2-10×10-3μm2), with developed fracture, artificial hydraulic fracture generally according with natural fracture, mainly going from east to west. The reservoir is of poor oil and water differentiation; in the partial horizons, the initial oil saturation is low, and oil and water are yielded at the same time in the initial period of development. Its natural recovery phase is not enough and the oil layers submitting most reserves at present have no natural productivity, so hydraulic fracturing is main completion method in the region. Except that, the stress sensitivity of the rock is severely.
Geologic characteristics and fracture development of low permeability fracture reservoir have been recognized, by the way of studying on tectonic stress field and description of natural fracture in reservoir. Natural micro-fractures in Qingl segment are developed, most of which are shear fractures in groups. The direction of natural fractures is NE85.9°-NE153.6°, basically going from east to west. The direction of artificial fractures is in concord with that of natural fractures, which also goes from east to west basically. Under original formation conditions, most of the natural fractures are closed, that is to say, there are potential fractures existing, but the induced fractures are easy to be formed during drilling or oil testing. Through artificial fracturing, isolated dissolved pores and micro-pores can be communicated, so as to improve seepage flow of the low permeability reservoirs.
By means of laboratory and field experiment investigation and optimization of fracturing technical design, the combined slanted line/multi-slug sand fracturing technique has been researched for fractured reservoir with high filtration, adopting multistage sand filling technique and combining with new type of proppant (precoated sand), and the obvious stimulation effect has been obtained. The average oil produced per day of the single well has been improved from 3.2t in 2005 to 3.2t in 2006 and 4.9t in 2007, which increases more than 50%. The water content has been reduced from 84% in 2005 to 77% in 2006 and 74% in 2007.
The matched fracturing techniques have been put forward, such as the diagnostic technology for filtration of natural fractures, the net pressure fitting technology for fracturing, the fluid loss control technology by using of sands in dual media, the optimization of fracture parameters, the optimization of fracturing fluid and proppant concentration, the fracture height control technology and the post-fracture fluid discharging technology.
引文
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