吐哈盆地滴灌葡萄耗水规律及灌溉制度研究
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摘要
吐哈盆地是新疆特色瓜果栽培的发祥地,有着悠久的历史和传统。该区域是目前我国最大的无核葡萄生产基地,也是国家农产品区划中的葡萄优势区域。由于吐鲁番、哈密同属典型的大陆性气候,无霜期长,夏季高温干旱少雨,是全国最缺水的地区之一,地区水资源供需矛盾十分突出,再加上农业灌溉技术落后,水资源浪费严重,因此,优选适宜的节水技术,建立区域综合节水技术体系,对提升灌溉水平,保证特色瓜果业的持续发展十分必要。滴灌技术作为最有效的农业节水灌溉技术之一,近年来在果树灌溉方面被广泛采用,并得到了较好的发展。本文研究的主要目的是通过滴灌技术在成龄葡萄上的应用试验研究,探索葡萄滴灌下的耗水特性及适宜的灌溉制度,为滴灌技术在当地大面积推广提供科学的理论依据。
本文在滴灌条件下对葡萄进行不同水量灌溉,以研究相应的田间耗水强度变化过程、参考作物需水量、作物系数、葡萄生长情况和灌溉制度。通过田间试验和理论分析,可得出以下初步结论：
(1)灌水量对土壤水分含量有明显的影响,灌水量越大,土壤含水率越大。当地葡萄吸收根系在垂直方向上主要分布在0-60cm土层内,水平方向上主要分布在1m宽度内。在葡萄生育期内各灌水处理灌前土壤含水率偏低,应适当缩短灌水周期。
(2)葡萄在全生育期的耗水量是个动态变量,在浆果生长期耗水量最大,浆果成熟期次之,然后是新梢生长期和枝蔓成熟期,萌芽期和花期的耗水量较小；葡萄滴灌下各生育期耗水强度分别为：萌芽期3.14-3.7mm/d,新梢生长期4.38～5.44 mm/d,花期4.66-5.94 mm/d,果实膨大期6.32-8.02mm/d,成熟期6.02-6.67 mm/d,枝蔓成熟期2.66-3.58 mm/d。
(3)利用彭曼—蒙蒂斯(Penman-Monteith)公式计算了当地参考作物需水量,得出了当地葡萄滴灌不同灌水量下的作物系数,其变化趋势是两头小,中间大,在浆果生长期的作物系数最大,峰值为1.34,在浆果成熟期开始减小,枝蔓成熟期剧减。
(4)葡萄在滴灌下的生长发育正常,在生育前期生长较快,后期较慢；当地葡萄使用滴灌技术节水增产效果显著,与沟灌相比,节水率达45.9%,增产率达到11.7%。
(5)通过理论分析计算结合试验实际产量与灌水量情况,确定吐哈盆地滴灌葡萄全生育期适宜灌溉定额为745mm,总灌水次数为27次。
Turpan-KumulBasin is the birthplace of characteristic melon and fruit cultivation in xinjiang, with a long history and tradition. The area is currently the largest seedless grapes production base, it is also the national agricultural divisions of grape advantage area. Because the turpan and hami belong to typical continental climate, where the frost-free period is long, in the summer where it is drought with little rain and high temperature, so it is. one of the most water shortage regions in the country. In the region the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is very prominent, plus agricultural irrigation technology is backward, water resources waste is serious, therefore, to select the suitable water-saving technology, the establishment of regional comprehensive water-saving technology system are necessary to ascend irrigation level and ensure the sustainable development of characteristic melon and fruit industry As one of the most efficient agricultural irrigation technique, in recent years drip irrigation is widely used in the irrigation of fruit trees,and has the better development. The main purpose of this study is through the experimental research on the application of drip irrigation in grape to explore water deprivation characteristics and the optimum irrigation system of grape under drip irrigation, providing scientific theory for drip irrigation technology in local accumulates promotion.
In this paper,grape was irrigated under drip irrigation with different water to research the corresponding strength changes process of field water deprivation, reference crop water requirement, crop coefficient, grape growing conditions and irrigation system. Through field experiment and theoretical analysis, the conclusions are reached as follows:
(1) Irrigation water had a significant impact on the on the soil moisture content, the soil moisture content was bigger with the greater irrigation water. Local grapes absorption root in vertical direction mainly distributed in 0～60cm soil inside, and the horizontal main distribution was within the lm width. In the grape birth period, before irrigation the soil moisture of each irrigation treatment was lower, so we should appropriately shorten irrigation cycle.
(2)Water consumption of grapes in the whole growth period was a dynamic variables.In berries growing period it was the largest, then was berries maturity, then was the new shoots growth and t branch maturity, the water consumption in budding and flowering period was smaller; under drip irrigation water strength of grape in various growth periods were respectively:3.14～3.7mm/d in budding period,4.38～5.44mm/d in new shoots growth period,4.66～5.94 mm/d in flowering period,6.32～8.02 mm/d in fruit swollen period, 6.02～6.67 mm/d in mature period,2.66-3.58 mm/d in branch mature period.
(3)Local reference crop water requirement was computered through Pernman-Monteith, the local crop coefficients of grape was concluded under different drip irrigation water, which changed from low to high,then to low. In berries growthing period it was the lagerst, which the peak was 1.34,in berries maturity period it started to reduce and in the branch maturity period it imploded.
(4) The growth of grapes under drip irrigation was normal, which growed faster at early growth and relatively slower at later growth. Local grapes yield with drip irrigation had not only obviously saved water,but also increased production.Compared with furrow irrigation, the rate of water-saving had reached 45.9%,and the rate of growth had reached 11.7%.
(5) Based on experimental actual situation, The peper through theoretical analysis and calculation got the drip irrigation quota of grape in turpan-hami basin which is 745mm, and total irrigation frequency is 27 times.
本文在滴灌条件下对葡萄进行不同水量灌溉,以研究相应的田间耗水强度变化过程、参考作物需水量、作物系数、葡萄生长情况和灌溉制度。通过田间试验和理论分析,可得出以下初步结论：
(1)灌水量对土壤水分含量有明显的影响,灌水量越大,土壤含水率越大。当地葡萄吸收根系在垂直方向上主要分布在0-60cm土层内,水平方向上主要分布在1m宽度内。在葡萄生育期内各灌水处理灌前土壤含水率偏低,应适当缩短灌水周期。
(2)葡萄在全生育期的耗水量是个动态变量,在浆果生长期耗水量最大,浆果成熟期次之,然后是新梢生长期和枝蔓成熟期,萌芽期和花期的耗水量较小；葡萄滴灌下各生育期耗水强度分别为：萌芽期3.14-3.7mm/d,新梢生长期4.38～5.44 mm/d,花期4.66-5.94 mm/d,果实膨大期6.32-8.02mm/d,成熟期6.02-6.67 mm/d,枝蔓成熟期2.66-3.58 mm/d。
(3)利用彭曼—蒙蒂斯(Penman-Monteith)公式计算了当地参考作物需水量,得出了当地葡萄滴灌不同灌水量下的作物系数,其变化趋势是两头小,中间大,在浆果生长期的作物系数最大,峰值为1.34,在浆果成熟期开始减小,枝蔓成熟期剧减。
(4)葡萄在滴灌下的生长发育正常,在生育前期生长较快,后期较慢；当地葡萄使用滴灌技术节水增产效果显著,与沟灌相比,节水率达45.9%,增产率达到11.7%。
(5)通过理论分析计算结合试验实际产量与灌水量情况,确定吐哈盆地滴灌葡萄全生育期适宜灌溉定额为745mm,总灌水次数为27次。
Turpan-KumulBasin is the birthplace of characteristic melon and fruit cultivation in xinjiang, with a long history and tradition. The area is currently the largest seedless grapes production base, it is also the national agricultural divisions of grape advantage area. Because the turpan and hami belong to typical continental climate, where the frost-free period is long, in the summer where it is drought with little rain and high temperature, so it is. one of the most water shortage regions in the country. In the region the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is very prominent, plus agricultural irrigation technology is backward, water resources waste is serious, therefore, to select the suitable water-saving technology, the establishment of regional comprehensive water-saving technology system are necessary to ascend irrigation level and ensure the sustainable development of characteristic melon and fruit industry As one of the most efficient agricultural irrigation technique, in recent years drip irrigation is widely used in the irrigation of fruit trees,and has the better development. The main purpose of this study is through the experimental research on the application of drip irrigation in grape to explore water deprivation characteristics and the optimum irrigation system of grape under drip irrigation, providing scientific theory for drip irrigation technology in local accumulates promotion.
In this paper,grape was irrigated under drip irrigation with different water to research the corresponding strength changes process of field water deprivation, reference crop water requirement, crop coefficient, grape growing conditions and irrigation system. Through field experiment and theoretical analysis, the conclusions are reached as follows:
(1) Irrigation water had a significant impact on the on the soil moisture content, the soil moisture content was bigger with the greater irrigation water. Local grapes absorption root in vertical direction mainly distributed in 0～60cm soil inside, and the horizontal main distribution was within the lm width. In the grape birth period, before irrigation the soil moisture of each irrigation treatment was lower, so we should appropriately shorten irrigation cycle.
(2)Water consumption of grapes in the whole growth period was a dynamic variables.In berries growing period it was the largest, then was berries maturity, then was the new shoots growth and t branch maturity, the water consumption in budding and flowering period was smaller; under drip irrigation water strength of grape in various growth periods were respectively:3.14～3.7mm/d in budding period,4.38～5.44mm/d in new shoots growth period,4.66～5.94 mm/d in flowering period,6.32～8.02 mm/d in fruit swollen period, 6.02～6.67 mm/d in mature period,2.66-3.58 mm/d in branch mature period.
(3)Local reference crop water requirement was computered through Pernman-Monteith, the local crop coefficients of grape was concluded under different drip irrigation water, which changed from low to high,then to low. In berries growthing period it was the lagerst, which the peak was 1.34,in berries maturity period it started to reduce and in the branch maturity period it imploded.
(4) The growth of grapes under drip irrigation was normal, which growed faster at early growth and relatively slower at later growth. Local grapes yield with drip irrigation had not only obviously saved water,but also increased production.Compared with furrow irrigation, the rate of water-saving had reached 45.9%,and the rate of growth had reached 11.7%.
(5) Based on experimental actual situation, The peper through theoretical analysis and calculation got the drip irrigation quota of grape in turpan-hami basin which is 745mm, and total irrigation frequency is 27 times.
引文
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