弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达探测技术研究
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摘要
随着弹道导弹及其相关技术在世界范围内的日益发展和扩散,以及西方发达国家弹道导弹防御技术和防御系统的不断研究和部署,我国正初步处于弹道导弹攻防的双重威胁之中,对弹道导弹防御技术的研究迫在眉睫。跟踪制导雷达是弹道导弹防御系统中的核心传感器,对目标的搜索探测是其进行跟踪、成像、识别等其它处理的前提和基础。深入开展弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达的目标探测技术研究,不仅能够为研制我军的弹道导弹防御系统提供技术储备,同时也能够为改进我军弹道导弹突防措施、提高我军弹道导弹突防能力提供参考依据,因此是我军迫切需要解决的军事前沿课题,具有重大的军事价值和现实意义。
本文以弹道导弹攻防对抗为研究背景,紧密结合我国弹道导弹突防和防御技术研究和发展的双重需求,以弹道导弹防御地基跟踪制导雷达为研究对象,围绕其目标搜索探测过程展开相关关键技术的深入研究,包括预警信息统计特性、雷达搜索空域划分与最优搜索策略、目标探测与参数估计等,同时还对弹道导弹攻防对抗系统的建模仿真技术进行了研究,构建了相应的分布式仿真系统,为无实际装备条件下的相关技术研究提供了良好的支撑平台。
预警引导信息是弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达目标探测截获的前提和依据,预警信息的质量和引导策略对雷达的探测能力起到了决定性的作用。为此,论文首先从跟踪制导雷达的探测需求出发,对预警引导信息的组成内容进行了分析;其次,从跟踪制导雷达搜索性能的角度考虑,对不同条件下预警信息的引导时机和引导方式进行了研究;最后,重点针对预警引导信息的误差特性,以红外预警卫星和早期预警雷达为主要研究对象,以“观测误差”→“估计误差”→“预测误差”→“引导误差分布模型”为主线对误差的产生和传递过程进行了系统地推导,最终提出了引导误差分布的三种模型,给出了模型参数的计算方法。为后续雷达最优搜索策略的研究提供了依据。
最优搜索策略是预警信息引导条件下跟踪制导雷达目标探测的关键环节,而目标高速运动是该过程中最为显著的特点,在此条件下,传统搜索策略开始出现适应性上的不足。针对该问题,本文依据目标发现时间最小化准则对一系列雷达搜索策略进行了最优化。首先,在多目标引导条件下,对雷达阵面的最优指向进行了研究,使得多目标的平均发现时间最小;其次,从空间和时间两个角度研究了搜索空域划分和更新的最优化,使雷达以最小资源实现对目标的连续高概率覆盖;最后,分两种情况对高速目标运动条件下最优搜索时序问题进行了最优化研究,即针对速度引导精度较高的情况提出了基于搜索数据率的最优搜索时序模型,以及针对速度引导精度较低的情况提出了基于概率轨迹的最优搜索时序模型,实现了最优搜索对目标高速运动的有效匹配,提高了搜索性能。
目标检测和参数估计虽然是一个较为成熟的领域,但是在弹道导弹防御背景下,跟踪制导雷达探测的特殊性却给该问题带来了新的需求。针对目前弹头散射面积越来越小的特点,本文基于雷达资源消耗对搜索时的虚警概率进行了优化设计,使得在消耗相同的雷达资源条件下,目标的发现时间最小;针对远程相控阵雷达线性调频信号距离一多普勒耦合效应强的问题,变不利因素为有利因素,利用耦合效应带来的距离偏差信息,分别提出了匀速模型和匀加速模型,在跟踪滤波器起始之前的目标截获阶段即实现了对径向速度的高精度估计,解决了高速运动目标的快速截获问题;最后,针对弹道目标空间密集的特点,分别利用多目标条件下的距离闪烁效应和线性调频脉冲信号脉冲压缩输出主瓣的相位特性,对分辨单元内多目标的存在性实现了有效检测。
弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达探测技术的研究离不开试验验证平台,在缺乏实际装备的条件下,数学仿真成为唯一有效的途径。为此,本文在最后部分对弹道导弹攻防对抗建模仿真技术进行了研究,并将目前适用于大型复杂系统仿真的先进分布式仿真协议——高层体系结构(HLA)应用到仿真系统中来,通过对仿真体系结构、关键数学模型以及分布式仿真的核心——时间管理三个主要方面的研究,构建了弹道导弹攻防对抗分布式仿真平台。最后,给出了一个与他人合作开发的典型弹道导弹攻防对抗分布式仿真系统实例。
论文最后对全文进行了总结,指出了论文的主要创新之处,并对于今后研究方向提出了一些参考意见和想法。
Ballistic missiles and relative technologies are now being developing and proliferating throughout the world. At the same time, ballistic missile defense (BMD) technologies and programs are being researched and deployed in Western developed countries. Both of them are forcing our country to be facing double threats both of the ballistic missile penetration and defense, which make it an urgent requirement for us to research and develope our own technologies of BMD. The tracking and guiding radar is the key sensor of the BMD program. Among its processes, target detection is the precondition and basis of all the others such as tracking, imaging, recognition and so on. Deeply researching on the target detection technologies of the tracking and guiding radar can provide not only the technology support for the development of our BMD program, but the reference for the improvement of our ballistic missile penetrating capability. Therefor, it is an advanced problem with momentous martial values and practical significance, and required to be solved urgently.
Taking the ground based tracking and guiding radar as the research object, its key technologies concerning target searching and detecting are investigated, such as warning information statistical characteristics, search region, optimal search stragety, target detection and parameter estimation and so on, which are closely tied with the requirements of our own technologies development on ballistic missile penetration and defense. The modeling and simulation technology of ballistic missile penetration and defense program is also researched here, together with the construction of the relative distributed simulation system, which will support the research above with favorable platform when short of actual equipments.
Cuing information is the precondition and basis of target detection of the tracking and guiding radar in BMD program. The quality and cuing stragety of the cuing information has a crucial impact on the radar's detection performance. So first of all, according to the requirement of the detection of the tracking and guiding radar, the composition of the cuing information is analysized. And then, considering the detection performance of the tracking and guiding radar, the cuing time and cuing manner under different conditions is researched. Finally, the error's statistical characteristic of the cuing information, which is mainly from the space-based warning satellites and the ground-based warning radars, is analyzed especially. Through the order from measure error, to estimation error, to prediction error, the producing and transmitting of the error is generally derived. Based on the derivation above, three error distribution models are put forward and the parameter calculation methods are also given. These methods are important supports for the following research of the radar optimal search with definitive reference.
Optimal search strategy is the key algorithm of the target detection of the tracking and guiding radar under the condition of cuing information. The high-speed movement is the most marked character of the target, and it makes the traditional search strategy cannot satisfy the application. According to this problem, a series of search strategies have been optimized using the rule of average detection time minimization. First, the optimal orientation of the radar antenna is analyzed for multi-targets, which minimizes the average detection time of them. And then, the optimal searching region and its updating period is studied, which makes the radar capable of covering the target with consecutively high probability using minimal radar resources. Finally, the radar searching order is optimized using two different models, one for high precision of velocity prediction, called data rate based model, and the other for low precision of velocity prediction, called probability trajectory based model. Those two models make the optimal search match with the target's high-speed movement, which improve the radar's search performance.
Although target detection and parameter estimation belong to a rather mature field, the particularity of the tracking and guiding radar detection does bring new requirements to it, under the background of BMD. According to the characteristic of the reduced RCS of the warheads today, the design of false alarm probability during radar detection is optimized based on the consumption of radar resources, which minimizes the detection time of the target when the consumption of radar resources is fixed. To solve the problem of fast target capture with the high range-Doppler coupling of the linear frequency modulate pulse used by long distance phased array radars, an even-velocity model and an even-acceleration model are proposed to precisely estimate the radial velocity of the target before the construction of track filter, using the range information brought by the coupling. Finally, since the multiple targets may be dense in space, two algorithms are brought forward to detect the presence of multiple unresolved targets, using the rang glint of dense multiple targets and the phase characteristic of the main lob of the pulse compress output of LFM signal.
The research of the tracking and guiding radar's detection technology in BMD program can hardly be complished without testing and validating platform. For this problem, when short of actual equipments, simulation becomes the only effective way. Therefore, in the last part of this dissertation, the modeling and simulation technologies of ballistic missile penetration and defense are studied, and the advanced distributed simulation protocol—High Level Archtechture (HLA) is applied to the simulation, which is applicable to large complicated system simulaton. By research on the three main aspects such as system configuration, key mathematical models and time management—the core of the distributed simulation, the distributed simulation platform of ballistic missile penetration and defense is constructed. At last, a classic ballistic missile penetration and defense distributed simulation system is introduced, which is exploited together with others.
The last part summarizes the whole dissertation, points out the major creativeness, and especially brings out some suggestion for future work.
本文以弹道导弹攻防对抗为研究背景,紧密结合我国弹道导弹突防和防御技术研究和发展的双重需求,以弹道导弹防御地基跟踪制导雷达为研究对象,围绕其目标搜索探测过程展开相关关键技术的深入研究,包括预警信息统计特性、雷达搜索空域划分与最优搜索策略、目标探测与参数估计等,同时还对弹道导弹攻防对抗系统的建模仿真技术进行了研究,构建了相应的分布式仿真系统,为无实际装备条件下的相关技术研究提供了良好的支撑平台。
预警引导信息是弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达目标探测截获的前提和依据,预警信息的质量和引导策略对雷达的探测能力起到了决定性的作用。为此,论文首先从跟踪制导雷达的探测需求出发,对预警引导信息的组成内容进行了分析;其次,从跟踪制导雷达搜索性能的角度考虑,对不同条件下预警信息的引导时机和引导方式进行了研究;最后,重点针对预警引导信息的误差特性,以红外预警卫星和早期预警雷达为主要研究对象,以“观测误差”→“估计误差”→“预测误差”→“引导误差分布模型”为主线对误差的产生和传递过程进行了系统地推导,最终提出了引导误差分布的三种模型,给出了模型参数的计算方法。为后续雷达最优搜索策略的研究提供了依据。
最优搜索策略是预警信息引导条件下跟踪制导雷达目标探测的关键环节,而目标高速运动是该过程中最为显著的特点,在此条件下,传统搜索策略开始出现适应性上的不足。针对该问题,本文依据目标发现时间最小化准则对一系列雷达搜索策略进行了最优化。首先,在多目标引导条件下,对雷达阵面的最优指向进行了研究,使得多目标的平均发现时间最小;其次,从空间和时间两个角度研究了搜索空域划分和更新的最优化,使雷达以最小资源实现对目标的连续高概率覆盖;最后,分两种情况对高速目标运动条件下最优搜索时序问题进行了最优化研究,即针对速度引导精度较高的情况提出了基于搜索数据率的最优搜索时序模型,以及针对速度引导精度较低的情况提出了基于概率轨迹的最优搜索时序模型,实现了最优搜索对目标高速运动的有效匹配,提高了搜索性能。
目标检测和参数估计虽然是一个较为成熟的领域,但是在弹道导弹防御背景下,跟踪制导雷达探测的特殊性却给该问题带来了新的需求。针对目前弹头散射面积越来越小的特点,本文基于雷达资源消耗对搜索时的虚警概率进行了优化设计,使得在消耗相同的雷达资源条件下,目标的发现时间最小;针对远程相控阵雷达线性调频信号距离一多普勒耦合效应强的问题,变不利因素为有利因素,利用耦合效应带来的距离偏差信息,分别提出了匀速模型和匀加速模型,在跟踪滤波器起始之前的目标截获阶段即实现了对径向速度的高精度估计,解决了高速运动目标的快速截获问题;最后,针对弹道目标空间密集的特点,分别利用多目标条件下的距离闪烁效应和线性调频脉冲信号脉冲压缩输出主瓣的相位特性,对分辨单元内多目标的存在性实现了有效检测。
弹道导弹防御跟踪制导雷达探测技术的研究离不开试验验证平台,在缺乏实际装备的条件下,数学仿真成为唯一有效的途径。为此,本文在最后部分对弹道导弹攻防对抗建模仿真技术进行了研究,并将目前适用于大型复杂系统仿真的先进分布式仿真协议——高层体系结构(HLA)应用到仿真系统中来,通过对仿真体系结构、关键数学模型以及分布式仿真的核心——时间管理三个主要方面的研究,构建了弹道导弹攻防对抗分布式仿真平台。最后,给出了一个与他人合作开发的典型弹道导弹攻防对抗分布式仿真系统实例。
论文最后对全文进行了总结,指出了论文的主要创新之处,并对于今后研究方向提出了一些参考意见和想法。
Ballistic missiles and relative technologies are now being developing and proliferating throughout the world. At the same time, ballistic missile defense (BMD) technologies and programs are being researched and deployed in Western developed countries. Both of them are forcing our country to be facing double threats both of the ballistic missile penetration and defense, which make it an urgent requirement for us to research and develope our own technologies of BMD. The tracking and guiding radar is the key sensor of the BMD program. Among its processes, target detection is the precondition and basis of all the others such as tracking, imaging, recognition and so on. Deeply researching on the target detection technologies of the tracking and guiding radar can provide not only the technology support for the development of our BMD program, but the reference for the improvement of our ballistic missile penetrating capability. Therefor, it is an advanced problem with momentous martial values and practical significance, and required to be solved urgently.
Taking the ground based tracking and guiding radar as the research object, its key technologies concerning target searching and detecting are investigated, such as warning information statistical characteristics, search region, optimal search stragety, target detection and parameter estimation and so on, which are closely tied with the requirements of our own technologies development on ballistic missile penetration and defense. The modeling and simulation technology of ballistic missile penetration and defense program is also researched here, together with the construction of the relative distributed simulation system, which will support the research above with favorable platform when short of actual equipments.
Cuing information is the precondition and basis of target detection of the tracking and guiding radar in BMD program. The quality and cuing stragety of the cuing information has a crucial impact on the radar's detection performance. So first of all, according to the requirement of the detection of the tracking and guiding radar, the composition of the cuing information is analysized. And then, considering the detection performance of the tracking and guiding radar, the cuing time and cuing manner under different conditions is researched. Finally, the error's statistical characteristic of the cuing information, which is mainly from the space-based warning satellites and the ground-based warning radars, is analyzed especially. Through the order from measure error, to estimation error, to prediction error, the producing and transmitting of the error is generally derived. Based on the derivation above, three error distribution models are put forward and the parameter calculation methods are also given. These methods are important supports for the following research of the radar optimal search with definitive reference.
Optimal search strategy is the key algorithm of the target detection of the tracking and guiding radar under the condition of cuing information. The high-speed movement is the most marked character of the target, and it makes the traditional search strategy cannot satisfy the application. According to this problem, a series of search strategies have been optimized using the rule of average detection time minimization. First, the optimal orientation of the radar antenna is analyzed for multi-targets, which minimizes the average detection time of them. And then, the optimal searching region and its updating period is studied, which makes the radar capable of covering the target with consecutively high probability using minimal radar resources. Finally, the radar searching order is optimized using two different models, one for high precision of velocity prediction, called data rate based model, and the other for low precision of velocity prediction, called probability trajectory based model. Those two models make the optimal search match with the target's high-speed movement, which improve the radar's search performance.
Although target detection and parameter estimation belong to a rather mature field, the particularity of the tracking and guiding radar detection does bring new requirements to it, under the background of BMD. According to the characteristic of the reduced RCS of the warheads today, the design of false alarm probability during radar detection is optimized based on the consumption of radar resources, which minimizes the detection time of the target when the consumption of radar resources is fixed. To solve the problem of fast target capture with the high range-Doppler coupling of the linear frequency modulate pulse used by long distance phased array radars, an even-velocity model and an even-acceleration model are proposed to precisely estimate the radial velocity of the target before the construction of track filter, using the range information brought by the coupling. Finally, since the multiple targets may be dense in space, two algorithms are brought forward to detect the presence of multiple unresolved targets, using the rang glint of dense multiple targets and the phase characteristic of the main lob of the pulse compress output of LFM signal.
The research of the tracking and guiding radar's detection technology in BMD program can hardly be complished without testing and validating platform. For this problem, when short of actual equipments, simulation becomes the only effective way. Therefore, in the last part of this dissertation, the modeling and simulation technologies of ballistic missile penetration and defense are studied, and the advanced distributed simulation protocol—High Level Archtechture (HLA) is applied to the simulation, which is applicable to large complicated system simulaton. By research on the three main aspects such as system configuration, key mathematical models and time management—the core of the distributed simulation, the distributed simulation platform of ballistic missile penetration and defense is constructed. At last, a classic ballistic missile penetration and defense distributed simulation system is introduced, which is exploited together with others.
The last part summarizes the whole dissertation, points out the major creativeness, and especially brings out some suggestion for future work.
引文
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