高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量研究
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摘要
背景
高新技术企业是指利用高新技术生产高新技术产品、提供高新技术服务的企业。发展以知识技术密集为主要特征的高新技术企业,是我国21世纪发展国民经济的重要举措。高新技术企业从事“高层管理”、“研究开发”、“技术服务”、“教育培训”、“会计/审计/统计/经济核算”工作的知识工作者是企业赖以发展的人力资本,也是企业的灵魂。人力资本主要由人的健康(体力,健康)和所受的教育(经验,知识和技能等)等组成。健康是知识和智慧的载体,良好的健康状态是员工充分发挥其聪明才智的重要保证。健康问题带给企业和员工的不仅仅是昂贵的医疗费用,更重要的是健康问题导致的员工工作效率下降给企业带来损失,这种损失是直接医疗费用的几倍甚至更高,这种损失是隐性的,往往被忽略。鉴于健康相关工作效率低下所造成隐性损失的严重性,非常有必要科学地测量员工的健康状况对其工作效率的负面影响程度,并将测量结果货币化,将这种隐性损失清楚地展现给雇主,让雇主认识到投资员工健康管理势在必行,同时认识到进行员工健康管理不仅仅是一种员工福利,更重要的是为提高企业生产力的一种高回报投资。然而,目前国内还未见到员工健康相关工作效率低下测量研究的报告,国外现有的测量工具不适用于测量我国高新技术企业知识工作者的健康相关工作效率低下研究,为了科学合理的测量我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下情况,我们认为应该借鉴国外现有测量工具的测量原理和方法,开发出适合我国实际情况的测量工具。
目的
1、构建我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架。
2、编制我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具。
3、采用本研究编制的测量工具在高新技术企业中开展实地调查,测算健康相关工作效率低下给企业造成的隐性损失,同时检验测量工具的适用性和可行性。
4、通过综合调查,提出被调查企业开展企业健康与生产力管理建议。
研究方法
本研究在文献研究、员工访谈、专家评分的基础上构建我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架,并依据该框架编制测量工具。采用该测量工具在被调查企业开展员工健康相关工作效率低下调查研究,测算健康问题给企业造成的损失,以及健康相关工作效率低下在总损失中所占的比重。在此基础上,进一步分析该企业在开展企业健康与生产力管理方面存在的优势、劣势、机会和障碍,并据此提出开展企业健康与生产力管理建议。
结果
1、明确了“健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)”概念的含义。“健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)”是指员工(普通员工或特定职业的员工)因为健康(躯体、心理以及社会适应)问题的影响,出现工作时工作效率降低、有效工作时间减少给企业带来隐性损失。健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)通常还和员工因病缺勤密切相关。
2、构建了测量知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架:
员工总体健康状况的测量:着重测量员工自觉总体健康状况、回忆追溯的时间为4周、测量工具为员工总体健康状况量表。
工作效率降低的测量:着重测量员工健康问题导致工作效率下降的程度、回忆追溯的时间为4周、采用10点计分法测量。
因病缺勤的测量:回忆追溯的时间为4周、测量员工因病缺勤的小时数。
3、编制了健康相关工作效率低下测量工具:
员工总体健康状况采用量表测量,该量表共包括8个维度:疼痛、躯体症状、睡眠、注意力集中情况、不良情绪、压力感、疲劳感、社会适应,共计55个条目。调查员工健康问题造成的缺勤小时数和工作效率降低程度的题目穿插在总体健康状况测量的条目之间。员工总体健康状况量表以上各维度的克朗巴赫a系数分别为0.79、0.83、0.75、0.69、0.83、0.86、0.80、0.88。注意力维度的克朗巴赫a系数稍低于0.7,但是也在0.6与0.7之间;分半信度Spearman-Brown系数以上各维度分别为:0.78、0.75、0.61、0.62、0.82、0.81、0.77、0.88。睡眠和注意力维度的Spearman—Brown系数低于0.7,但是也在0.6与0.7之间。员工总体健康状况测量量表的模型拟合优度指标χ~2/df(卡方与自由度之比)为3.68、NFI(Normed fit index)为0.95、NNFI(Non-normaed fit index)为0.96、CFI(Comparative Fit Index)为0.96、SRMR(Standardied Root Mean Residual)为0.05、RMSEA(Root Mean Squre Error of Approximation)为0.05,符合各项指标的要求,表明模型拟合很好。本研究员工总体健康状况测量结果与SF-36的测量结果相关系数为0.55。
4、采用本研究开发的测量工具对某高新技术企业调查发现:
员工总体健康状况有6个维度的警戒率较高,该6个维度的警戒率由高到低依次为:社会适应、疲劳感、睡眠、不良情绪、疼痛、压力感。主要的饮食生活习惯问题为运动问题和吸烟问题。患病率排行前十位的常见病病症分别是:慢性颈背部疼痛、慢性疲劳、头痛、焦虑、睡眠、疼痛、反酸、抑郁、消化不良、胃肠溃疡。
每月工作效率低下的损失占总损失的比例:67.9%;每月缺勤的损失占总损失的比例:6.0%;企业平均每月医疗开销占总损失的比例:26.1%。
5、企业开展健康与生产力管理战略机会窗口分析结果:
①优势:企业内部已经树立起健康即是生产力的理念、并成立了专门的健康事业部负责健康与生产力管理;集团公司就如何整合公司内部资源,可持续的开展健康与生产力管理方面已经进行了初步规划。②劣势:目前企业还没有明确的有针对性的员工健康干预目标、干预措施以及干预方案;缺乏开展健康与生产力管理必备的基线资料。③挑战:没用现成的经验和模式可以借鉴,可能要遭受很多不可预测挫折与失败;尽管被调查企业对此非常认可、非常接受,但是引起同行的共鸣还需要相当长一段时间的努力。④机会:国内专业健康管理结构以及健康管理师可以为开展企业健康与生产力管理提供强有力资源支持。
结论
本研究主要创新贡献在于:①国内首次开展高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量研究;②国内首次提出高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架构想;③国内首次编制出我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具;④本研究编制出的测量工具较国外同类测量工具有所突破;⑤首次在国内采用本次研究开发的测量工具测算员工健康问题给高新技术企业造成的隐性损失。
本研究在设计和调查环节进行了认真的质量控制,结果基本真实可靠。整个科研过程没有对人体的伤害,调查也是在被调查者知情同意的情况下进行,符合伦理要求,并获得中国医学科学院基础医学研究所伦理学委员会的批准。
本研究的主要不足之处在于,员工总体健康状况量表的条目来自国内外成熟量表的现成条目块,这些条目在表达方式上可能不是非常贴近本次研究的研究对象,在后期的研究中,我们将着力于从研究对象访谈中提炼优秀条目,不断完善现有量表。
Background
High-technology enterprises are the ones that manufacture high-technology products by high-technology or provide high-technology services.Developing high-technology enterprises is an important strategy to develop the capital economy of our country in 21st century.The knowledge workers who engage in high-level management,research,technology service,training,account/audit/statistics,are crucial human capital and soul of the high-technology enterprises.The human capital is composed by two parts,the one is health element which includes physical force, good physical status,etc.The other is education element which includes experiences, knowledges and technologies.Health is the carrier of knowledge and intelligence. Good health status is the precondition for workers to do their intellectual work adequately.Health problems that the enterprises encounted is not only with high medical cost,but also with the potential cost which the presenteesim resulted in.The later is several times higher than direct medical cost.Therefore,it is necessary to measure the presenteeism and identify the potential cost of it to help employers to understand the severity of the problems.Scientific measurement will provide evidence to support employee health management is not only a company's welfare benefits,but also a high-return investment.
However,we have not found domestic reports of the research on presenteeism measurement up to the present.The non-Chinese measurement instruments are not fit to measure Chinese people,so it is essential to develop a new measurement instrument to measure Chinese people'presenteeism based on the basic princips and method of non-Chinese measurement instruments.
Objectives
1.To design the framework of measurement instrument ofpresenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker.
2.To construct the measurement instrument ofpresenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker.
3.To carry out the investigation of presenteeism in a high-technology enterprise using the instruct to test its practicability and feasibility.
4.To provide recommendations on how to carry out the programme of heath and productivity management.
Methods
The methods of literature review,employee face-to-face in depth interview, experts consultation were used in designing the framework of measurement instrument of presenteeism.Cross-section investigation and SWOT analysis were used in this study as well.
Results
1.We identify that presenteeismconsisting the fellowingfacets that the employee's work efficiency become lower or effective work time reduced because ofemployees' health problem.Presenteeism is closely related with absenteeism.
2.We develope a framework for designing measurement instruments of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker:
About the general health status of the employee:we measured the employee's self perception of their health.The recall time is four weeks and the measure instrument is scale.
(?)About the declining of work efficiency:we will measure the quantity of the declining of work efficiency,The memory time is four weeks,using ten point scale to measure.
(?)About the absenteeism:we will measure the hours of absenteeism,The memory time is four weeks.
3.The measurement instrument of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker:
The scale of the general health status including eight dimensionalities as below: Ache,Symptoms,Sleeping problem,Attention,Bad emotion,Pressure,Fatigue, Social adapting.Their cronbach's a are respectively 0.79,0.83,0.75,0.69,0.83,0.86, 0.80,0.88.Their half Spearman-Browns are espectively 0.78,0.75,0.61,0.62,0.82, 0.81,0.77,0.88.
Goodness of fit test model index as below:X2/dfis 3.68,NFI(Normed fit index)is 0.95,NNFI(Non-normaed fit index)is 0.96,CFI(Comparative Fit Index)is 0.96,SRMR(Standardied Root Mean Residual)is 0.05,RMSEA(Root Mean Squre Error of Approximation)is 0.05.The relate coefficient with SF-36 is 0.55.
4.The survey results using the instrument developed by this study reveal:
Six dimensionalities are bad in the total eight dimensionalities.According to the seveity,we can rank the dimensionalities from high to low as below:Social adapting, Fatigue,Sleep problem,Bad emotion,Ache,Pressure.The main behaviors problems are Little physical activity and Smoking.The main diseases are Chronic back/neck pain,Chronic fatigue,Migraine headaches,Anxiety disorder,Chronic sleeping problems,Any other chronic pain,Chronic heartburn or GERD,Depression,Frequent nausea/gas/indigestion,An ulcer in stomach or intestine.The percentage of the cost resulted by presenteeism is 67.9%.
5.The results of SWOT analysis about health and productivity:
(?)Strengths:The enterprise has built up the notion that health means productivity among the employees.The special sector was set to be responsible for the managemnet the employees's health.The enterprise has a initial plan about how to integrate the resource to carry out health and productivity activities.
(?)Weakness:The enterprise have not a specific goal and strategy about how to carry out programme of health and productivity now,and be lack of the basic data.
(?)Threats:There will be a long way for the enterprise to go because of no ready experiences and principles to fellow.
(?)Opportunities:There are many health manage organizations and health manage specialists to provide the human and method supports.
Conclusions
1.The innovative contribution of the study are:
(?)We had carried out the presenteeism measuremeng study for the first time in China.
(?)We had put forward the framework of measurement instrument of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker for the first time in China.
(?)We had built up the measurement instrument of presenteeism of Chinese high-technology knowledge worker for the first time in China.
(?)There are some breakthroughs,comparing our measure instrument with the oversea congenerice instruments.
(?)We had carried out the investigation of presenteeism in a high-technology enterprise and calculated the potential cost for the first time in China.
2.We had paid more attention on the qualities controls in study design stage and investigation stage to ensure the truth of results.
3.There are no any harm to the research objects in the whole study process, informed consent were obtained.
4.Deficiencies of the study are the terms of the scale coming from the existing scale,the expression do not ideally accorded with the study objects normal expression way.
高新技术企业是指利用高新技术生产高新技术产品、提供高新技术服务的企业。发展以知识技术密集为主要特征的高新技术企业,是我国21世纪发展国民经济的重要举措。高新技术企业从事“高层管理”、“研究开发”、“技术服务”、“教育培训”、“会计/审计/统计/经济核算”工作的知识工作者是企业赖以发展的人力资本,也是企业的灵魂。人力资本主要由人的健康(体力,健康)和所受的教育(经验,知识和技能等)等组成。健康是知识和智慧的载体,良好的健康状态是员工充分发挥其聪明才智的重要保证。健康问题带给企业和员工的不仅仅是昂贵的医疗费用,更重要的是健康问题导致的员工工作效率下降给企业带来损失,这种损失是直接医疗费用的几倍甚至更高,这种损失是隐性的,往往被忽略。鉴于健康相关工作效率低下所造成隐性损失的严重性,非常有必要科学地测量员工的健康状况对其工作效率的负面影响程度,并将测量结果货币化,将这种隐性损失清楚地展现给雇主,让雇主认识到投资员工健康管理势在必行,同时认识到进行员工健康管理不仅仅是一种员工福利,更重要的是为提高企业生产力的一种高回报投资。然而,目前国内还未见到员工健康相关工作效率低下测量研究的报告,国外现有的测量工具不适用于测量我国高新技术企业知识工作者的健康相关工作效率低下研究,为了科学合理的测量我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下情况,我们认为应该借鉴国外现有测量工具的测量原理和方法,开发出适合我国实际情况的测量工具。
目的
1、构建我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架。
2、编制我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具。
3、采用本研究编制的测量工具在高新技术企业中开展实地调查,测算健康相关工作效率低下给企业造成的隐性损失,同时检验测量工具的适用性和可行性。
4、通过综合调查,提出被调查企业开展企业健康与生产力管理建议。
研究方法
本研究在文献研究、员工访谈、专家评分的基础上构建我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架,并依据该框架编制测量工具。采用该测量工具在被调查企业开展员工健康相关工作效率低下调查研究,测算健康问题给企业造成的损失,以及健康相关工作效率低下在总损失中所占的比重。在此基础上,进一步分析该企业在开展企业健康与生产力管理方面存在的优势、劣势、机会和障碍,并据此提出开展企业健康与生产力管理建议。
结果
1、明确了“健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)”概念的含义。“健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)”是指员工(普通员工或特定职业的员工)因为健康(躯体、心理以及社会适应)问题的影响,出现工作时工作效率降低、有效工作时间减少给企业带来隐性损失。健康相关工作效率低下(Presenteeism)通常还和员工因病缺勤密切相关。
2、构建了测量知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架:
员工总体健康状况的测量:着重测量员工自觉总体健康状况、回忆追溯的时间为4周、测量工具为员工总体健康状况量表。
工作效率降低的测量:着重测量员工健康问题导致工作效率下降的程度、回忆追溯的时间为4周、采用10点计分法测量。
因病缺勤的测量:回忆追溯的时间为4周、测量员工因病缺勤的小时数。
3、编制了健康相关工作效率低下测量工具:
员工总体健康状况采用量表测量,该量表共包括8个维度:疼痛、躯体症状、睡眠、注意力集中情况、不良情绪、压力感、疲劳感、社会适应,共计55个条目。调查员工健康问题造成的缺勤小时数和工作效率降低程度的题目穿插在总体健康状况测量的条目之间。员工总体健康状况量表以上各维度的克朗巴赫a系数分别为0.79、0.83、0.75、0.69、0.83、0.86、0.80、0.88。注意力维度的克朗巴赫a系数稍低于0.7,但是也在0.6与0.7之间;分半信度Spearman-Brown系数以上各维度分别为:0.78、0.75、0.61、0.62、0.82、0.81、0.77、0.88。睡眠和注意力维度的Spearman—Brown系数低于0.7,但是也在0.6与0.7之间。员工总体健康状况测量量表的模型拟合优度指标χ~2/df(卡方与自由度之比)为3.68、NFI(Normed fit index)为0.95、NNFI(Non-normaed fit index)为0.96、CFI(Comparative Fit Index)为0.96、SRMR(Standardied Root Mean Residual)为0.05、RMSEA(Root Mean Squre Error of Approximation)为0.05,符合各项指标的要求,表明模型拟合很好。本研究员工总体健康状况测量结果与SF-36的测量结果相关系数为0.55。
4、采用本研究开发的测量工具对某高新技术企业调查发现:
员工总体健康状况有6个维度的警戒率较高,该6个维度的警戒率由高到低依次为:社会适应、疲劳感、睡眠、不良情绪、疼痛、压力感。主要的饮食生活习惯问题为运动问题和吸烟问题。患病率排行前十位的常见病病症分别是:慢性颈背部疼痛、慢性疲劳、头痛、焦虑、睡眠、疼痛、反酸、抑郁、消化不良、胃肠溃疡。
每月工作效率低下的损失占总损失的比例:67.9%;每月缺勤的损失占总损失的比例:6.0%;企业平均每月医疗开销占总损失的比例:26.1%。
5、企业开展健康与生产力管理战略机会窗口分析结果:
①优势:企业内部已经树立起健康即是生产力的理念、并成立了专门的健康事业部负责健康与生产力管理;集团公司就如何整合公司内部资源,可持续的开展健康与生产力管理方面已经进行了初步规划。②劣势:目前企业还没有明确的有针对性的员工健康干预目标、干预措施以及干预方案;缺乏开展健康与生产力管理必备的基线资料。③挑战:没用现成的经验和模式可以借鉴,可能要遭受很多不可预测挫折与失败;尽管被调查企业对此非常认可、非常接受,但是引起同行的共鸣还需要相当长一段时间的努力。④机会:国内专业健康管理结构以及健康管理师可以为开展企业健康与生产力管理提供强有力资源支持。
结论
本研究主要创新贡献在于:①国内首次开展高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量研究;②国内首次提出高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具框架构想;③国内首次编制出我国高新技术企业知识工作者健康相关工作效率低下测量工具;④本研究编制出的测量工具较国外同类测量工具有所突破;⑤首次在国内采用本次研究开发的测量工具测算员工健康问题给高新技术企业造成的隐性损失。
本研究在设计和调查环节进行了认真的质量控制,结果基本真实可靠。整个科研过程没有对人体的伤害,调查也是在被调查者知情同意的情况下进行,符合伦理要求,并获得中国医学科学院基础医学研究所伦理学委员会的批准。
本研究的主要不足之处在于,员工总体健康状况量表的条目来自国内外成熟量表的现成条目块,这些条目在表达方式上可能不是非常贴近本次研究的研究对象,在后期的研究中,我们将着力于从研究对象访谈中提炼优秀条目,不断完善现有量表。
Background
High-technology enterprises are the ones that manufacture high-technology products by high-technology or provide high-technology services.Developing high-technology enterprises is an important strategy to develop the capital economy of our country in 21st century.The knowledge workers who engage in high-level management,research,technology service,training,account/audit/statistics,are crucial human capital and soul of the high-technology enterprises.The human capital is composed by two parts,the one is health element which includes physical force, good physical status,etc.The other is education element which includes experiences, knowledges and technologies.Health is the carrier of knowledge and intelligence. Good health status is the precondition for workers to do their intellectual work adequately.Health problems that the enterprises encounted is not only with high medical cost,but also with the potential cost which the presenteesim resulted in.The later is several times higher than direct medical cost.Therefore,it is necessary to measure the presenteeism and identify the potential cost of it to help employers to understand the severity of the problems.Scientific measurement will provide evidence to support employee health management is not only a company's welfare benefits,but also a high-return investment.
However,we have not found domestic reports of the research on presenteeism measurement up to the present.The non-Chinese measurement instruments are not fit to measure Chinese people,so it is essential to develop a new measurement instrument to measure Chinese people'presenteeism based on the basic princips and method of non-Chinese measurement instruments.
Objectives
1.To design the framework of measurement instrument ofpresenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker.
2.To construct the measurement instrument ofpresenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker.
3.To carry out the investigation of presenteeism in a high-technology enterprise using the instruct to test its practicability and feasibility.
4.To provide recommendations on how to carry out the programme of heath and productivity management.
Methods
The methods of literature review,employee face-to-face in depth interview, experts consultation were used in designing the framework of measurement instrument of presenteeism.Cross-section investigation and SWOT analysis were used in this study as well.
Results
1.We identify that presenteeismconsisting the fellowingfacets that the employee's work efficiency become lower or effective work time reduced because ofemployees' health problem.Presenteeism is closely related with absenteeism.
2.We develope a framework for designing measurement instruments of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker:
About the general health status of the employee:we measured the employee's self perception of their health.The recall time is four weeks and the measure instrument is scale.
(?)About the declining of work efficiency:we will measure the quantity of the declining of work efficiency,The memory time is four weeks,using ten point scale to measure.
(?)About the absenteeism:we will measure the hours of absenteeism,The memory time is four weeks.
3.The measurement instrument of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker:
The scale of the general health status including eight dimensionalities as below: Ache,Symptoms,Sleeping problem,Attention,Bad emotion,Pressure,Fatigue, Social adapting.Their cronbach's a are respectively 0.79,0.83,0.75,0.69,0.83,0.86, 0.80,0.88.Their half Spearman-Browns are espectively 0.78,0.75,0.61,0.62,0.82, 0.81,0.77,0.88.
Goodness of fit test model index as below:X2/dfis 3.68,NFI(Normed fit index)is 0.95,NNFI(Non-normaed fit index)is 0.96,CFI(Comparative Fit Index)is 0.96,SRMR(Standardied Root Mean Residual)is 0.05,RMSEA(Root Mean Squre Error of Approximation)is 0.05.The relate coefficient with SF-36 is 0.55.
4.The survey results using the instrument developed by this study reveal:
Six dimensionalities are bad in the total eight dimensionalities.According to the seveity,we can rank the dimensionalities from high to low as below:Social adapting, Fatigue,Sleep problem,Bad emotion,Ache,Pressure.The main behaviors problems are Little physical activity and Smoking.The main diseases are Chronic back/neck pain,Chronic fatigue,Migraine headaches,Anxiety disorder,Chronic sleeping problems,Any other chronic pain,Chronic heartburn or GERD,Depression,Frequent nausea/gas/indigestion,An ulcer in stomach or intestine.The percentage of the cost resulted by presenteeism is 67.9%.
5.The results of SWOT analysis about health and productivity:
(?)Strengths:The enterprise has built up the notion that health means productivity among the employees.The special sector was set to be responsible for the managemnet the employees's health.The enterprise has a initial plan about how to integrate the resource to carry out health and productivity activities.
(?)Weakness:The enterprise have not a specific goal and strategy about how to carry out programme of health and productivity now,and be lack of the basic data.
(?)Threats:There will be a long way for the enterprise to go because of no ready experiences and principles to fellow.
(?)Opportunities:There are many health manage organizations and health manage specialists to provide the human and method supports.
Conclusions
1.The innovative contribution of the study are:
(?)We had carried out the presenteeism measuremeng study for the first time in China.
(?)We had put forward the framework of measurement instrument of presenteeism for Chinese high-technology knowledge worker for the first time in China.
(?)We had built up the measurement instrument of presenteeism of Chinese high-technology knowledge worker for the first time in China.
(?)There are some breakthroughs,comparing our measure instrument with the oversea congenerice instruments.
(?)We had carried out the investigation of presenteeism in a high-technology enterprise and calculated the potential cost for the first time in China.
2.We had paid more attention on the qualities controls in study design stage and investigation stage to ensure the truth of results.
3.There are no any harm to the research objects in the whole study process, informed consent were obtained.
4.Deficiencies of the study are the terms of the scale coming from the existing scale,the expression do not ideally accorded with the study objects normal expression way.
引文
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