摘要
西奥多·罗斯福是对海军情有独钟的大海军主义者。在他担任总统前后的十来年间,大力推行“大海军”政策,进行大刀阔斧的改革,使海军成为美国谋求强国地位的有力“大棒”,为美国世界霸权地位的形成奠定了坚实的基础。本文试图对罗斯福发展大海军的背景、他的大海军思想、他对大海军政策的实施以及美国大海军的崛起作系统探讨与评述。本文共分三大部分:
前言简要阐明罗斯福与大海军崛起的有关情况、研究此问题的意义、国内外研究现状与写作目的。
正文可分四部分:
一、西·罗斯福发展大海军的背景。19世纪末20世纪初,经济高速发展的美国已进入帝国主义阶段,并开始向海外扩张,它需要强大海军作后盾。而第二次技术革命推动海军进入了蒸汽钢铁战舰时代。马汉的“海权论”及列强海军竞赛分别从理论和军事方面刺激了美国大力发展海军。美英和解为发展大海军创造了良好的国际环境。
二、罗斯福的大海军思想。罗斯福从青年时代起就对海军产生了浓厚兴趣。从政后,海军部和白宫成了他施展才略的舞台。罗斯福的大海军思想建立在其宣扬的种族优越论、文明扩张论和实力和平论基础之上。他主张提升海军的战略地位,重点建造战列舰,同时照顾到海军的全面发展和综合实力的提高。
三、大海军政策的实施。此部分是全文的重点。主要讲述了罗斯福为发展大海军所做的努力。包括加紧建造战列舰以及对海军装备技术、编制体制、作战训练等大刀阔斧的改革。装备技术方面,火炮装置、船体设计及推力装置都得到了改进;编制体制方面,罗斯福对管理机构、舰队人员编制和舰队编制的革新做了不懈的努力;作战训练方面,选用了优秀的训练军官并实施新的训练方法,确立新的评估机制。
四、美国大海军的崛起。大海军的崛起是一个具体的过程,主要指海洋控制战略的逐步实现。包括三个环节:一是在加勒比海和远东太平洋地区形成基地网;二是夺取巴拿马运河区,控制运河开凿权和使用权,打通海洋控制战略的关键环节;三是派遣大白色舰队进行环球航行,显示美国海军的巨大威力。罗斯福在实现这一战略过程中发挥了重要作用。
结语部分从不同角度对罗斯福及大海军的崛起作了评价。指出大海军的崛起是
美国垄断资本主义发展的必然要求和历史产物,是垄断资产阶级虚伪性和欺骗性的
集中体现,反映了以罗斯福为代表的大海军主义者的狭隘的军事思维和军事偏见,
表现出浓厚的侵略性和扩张性。
最后,文章认为:尽管美国大海军的崛起给世界带来了巨大的反面影响,罗斯
福作为主要的谋划者和参与者也难辞其咎;但是罗斯福建设与发展海军的做法和经
验却有许多可鉴之处,值得深入探讨。
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of American Big Navy
Theodore Roosevelt was a Big Navy advocator who had a particular taste for navy . He made great efforts to apply the Big Navy policy during his president term. By his proper policy, American navy became "a big stick" needed for world power policy, and established a cogent base of status of America's World Hegemony. The . thesis systematically states the backgrounds of the development of the Big Navy, Theodore Roosevelt's thoughts on the Big Navy and the execution of the policy.
The paper is divided into three parts:
The introduction clarified the relationship between Theodore Roosevelt and the Big Navy, the lately research on the question, the significance of the study on the topic and the goal of the article. The text can be divided into four parts:
Firstly, It tells the backgrounds of Theodore Roosevelt's development of Big Navy. During the lately 19th and the early 20th century, America had already become an imperialistic power, and it wanted a great navy for its oversea expansion. The science-technology revolution led the construction of the navy into a steam-steel-warship period. The Theory of the Sea-Power by A ?T ?Mahan as well as the competition of the navy motivated American to develop its navy. However, the reconciliation between America and British provided a perfect environment for the Big Navy.
Secondly, it explained Theodore Roosevelt's thoughts on Big Navy. From youth, he brought out extra interests on Navy. After taking part in politics, he totally exerted his capability in Navy Ministry and White House. The thoughts on Big Navy are based on the views of Superior Race, Civilized Expand and Peace on Strength. He advocated elevating the status of Navy strategy, taking emphasis on the warship, and paying attention to the full development and synthesis strength of Navy.
Thirdly, the execution of powerful Big Navy. It is the important part of the article. It mainly states the efforts about Theodore Roosevelt's developing the Big Navy, which included the renovation of the construction of warship, the armament, the formation of the battle trainings etc.
Fourthly, the rise of powerful Big Navy. The rise of powerful Big Navy is a concrete program control. It mainly points the realization of the strategy of controlling the sea step by step. There are three links. One is to establish the nets of the oversea navy base by controlling the Caribbean and Far East; The second is to control and own the Panama Canal which connected the two oceans; The third is to send and carry on the world-wide cruise of the Great White Fleet, which showed the power of the Big Navy to the world. Theodore Roosevelt gave an important affection during the program.
The conclusion values the Roosevelt and the rising of the Big Navy from different respects. The thesis points out that the Big Navy is inevitable requirements and historical products of the development of American monopoly capitalism. Its untruth and deceit are clear. It expressed an insular military thought and military prejudice, which was based on its aggressions and expansions to the world.
Finally, the thesis further points out that although the rising of the Big Navy gave ill effects on the world, and Theodore Roosevelt also didn't cast off his responsibility for his planning and joining, we still learn much from his failures and successes.
引文
[1][36] Kenneth Wimmel, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet: American Sea Power Comes of age. Brassey's, INC, 1998, p.ⅹⅰ, 48.
[2][85][113] 王生荣:《海权论的鼻祖马汉》,军事科学出版社,2000年,第49、245、330页。
[3][38] 李剑鸣:《伟大的历险——西奥多·罗斯福传》,世界知识出版社,1995年,第225、83页。
[4] 杨玉圣、胡玉坤:《中国美国学论文综目》,辽宁大学出版社,1991年,第61-62页。
[5] 李剑鸣:《美国史学界对西奥多·罗斯福的研究》,《世界史研究动态》1986(12),第33-35页。
[6] 《历史研究》,1978(1),第15页。
[7] 王荣堂等编:《世界近代史》(下),吉林文史出版社,1986年,第8页。
[8][10][12][49][59] 杨生茂等:《美西战争资料选辑》,上海人民出版社,1981年,第7、33-34、39-49、50-51、50页。
[9][20] 杨生茂、林静芬:《美国史论文选》,天津人民出版社,1989年,第283、286页。
[11] Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History. Newyork, 1947. pp. 37—38.
[13] 阿伦·米利特等:《美国军事史》,军事科学出版社,1989年中文版,第225页。
[14][40][50][63][65][70][72][91][92] Harold & Margaret Sprout. 7he Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918,Princeton University Press, 1946, p.206-207,271,228,260,263,264-268,278,282,283.
[15][16] 刘祚昌、王觉非:《世界史——近代史》(下卷),高等教育出版社,1992年,第254-257页。
[17][18][19] 丁一平等:《世界海军史》,海潮出版社,2000年,第432-432、433、345页。
[21] A.T.Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History,1660—1783(Boston,1903). p.1.
[22] 杨生茂等:《美国内战与镀金时代》,人民出版社,1990年,第325页。
[23][102] A.T.Mahan, The Interest of American in Sea Power,Present and Future. Kennikat Press, 1970, p.52,26.
[24] 王昉、郭天倚:《美国海上力量》,海洋出版社,1999年,第99-101页。
[25] 丁朝弼编著:《世界近代海战史》,海洋出版社,1994年,第380页。
[26] 王绳祖:《国际关系史》(第三卷),世界知识出版社,1996年,第360页。
[27]Frederick W. Marks Ⅲ, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt. University of Nebraska Press, 1978, p.6.
[28]杨生茂:《美国外交政策史(1775—1989)》,人民出版社,1991年,第231页。
[29]Richard Clin, Theodore Roosevelt: Culture, Diplomacy and Expansion, Louisiana University Press, 1985, p.123-123.
[30][111]小查尔斯·坎贝尔:《英美谅解:1898—1903》,约翰·霍普金斯大学,1957年,第21、195页。
[31]塞缪尔·比米斯:《美国外交史》,纽约,1965年,第418页。
[32][104][106]E.B.波特《世界海军史》,解放军出版社,1992年,第374—375、368—369、368页。
[33]Ferdinand Cowle Igdhart. Theodore Roosevelt The Man As I Know Him, New York, 1919, p.121-122.
[34]New York Times, New York, 5June 1882, p3.
[35][107]Elting Morrison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt Vol.1-8, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1951-1954, Vol.1p. 221,222.
[37][87]Henny F.Pringle. Theodore Roosevelt,A Biography.New York. Blue Ribbon Books, INC.,1931, p.167,73.
[39]Theodore Roosevelt. An Autobiography,New York,Blue Ribbon Books,INC.1931, p.234.
[41]David Healy. US Expansionism, the Imperialist Urge in the 1890s, Wisconsin University Press, 1970, p.149.
[42][112][美]托马斯·帕特森等著:《美国外交政策》(上),中国社会科学出版社,1995年,第316、317页。
[43]A.J.Bewridge. For the Greater Republic Not for Impericalism. Philadelphia, 1899, p.14.
[44]Theodore Roosevelt. The Strennous Life, Speeches and Address, New York, 1905, p.293.
[45]William H. Harbaugh, The Writings of Theodore. Roosevelt Indianapolis and New York. 1967, p.59.
[46]Frand Ninkorich, Theodore Roosevelt: Civilization Ideology, p.233.
[47][110]Howard C.Hill, Roosevelt and the Caribbean, Chicago, 1927, p.207. p.1182-1187.
[48]Jame J. Hill, Highways of Progress, New York, 1910, p.207.
[51][103][105][108]陈海宏:《美国军事史纲》,长征出版社,1991年,第203、183、186、381页。
[52][64]钱俊德:《美国军事思想研究》,军事科学出版社,1992年,第65、65页。
[53][54]James Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol.ⅹⅴ-ⅹⅷ, p.6663, 6667.
[55][66][美]E·B·波特:《世界海军史》,解放军出版社,1992年,第363、235页。
[56]宋宜昌:《火与剑的海洋》,海洋出版社,1980年,第147页。
[57][58][60]王连元:《美国海军争霸史》,甘肃文化出版社,1996年,第53、54、58页。
[61]Theodore Roosevelt:State Papers as Governor and President,1899-1909,New York, 1926, p.310.
[62]Water Millis, Arms and Men: A Study of American Military History New York, 1956, p.195.
[67][68][69][71][美]斯蒂芬·豪沃斯:《驶向阳光灿烂的大海——美国军事史(1778—1991)》,世界知识出版社,1997年,第39、335、339、339页。
[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][84][86][89][90][93][94][95][96][97][99]Gordon CarpenterO' Gara.Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of the ModernNavy, Princeton. University. Press, 1942, p.82-85,86,78,64,49,52-53,55,48-49,47-48,14,19-20,101,102-104,96-97,87-88,86-87,92,89,92,90.
[83]蔡祖铬主编:《美国军事战略研究》,军事科学出版社,1993年,第59页。
[88]孟良:《美国军事风云录》,光明同报出版社,1992年,第73页。
[98]《中国军事百科全书》,军事科学出版社,1992年,第521页。
[100]U.S.60th.Congress, 2nd Session. House Committee on Naval Affairs. Reorganization of the Navy Department. Washington, Government Printing Offices,1909, P.153.
[101][美]T·N·杜普伊主编:《国际军事与防务百科全书》,军事科学院外军部编译,解放军出版社,1998年,第1921页。
[109]王玮:《美国对亚太政策的演变》,山东人民出版社,1995年,第99-104页。
[114][115][116]Howard K.Beale: Theodoer Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power,The Johns Hopkins Press,1956,p329.p325.p321.
1、内森·米勒:《美国海军史》(卢加春译),海洋出版社,1985年。
2、[美]阿伦米利特、彼得马斯洛斯:《美国军事史》,军事科学院外军部译,军事科学出版社,1989年。
3、[美]E·B·波特:《世界海军史》,解放军出版社,1992年。
4、E·B·波特:《海上实力》,海洋出版社,1990年。
5、[美]斯蒂芬·豪沃斯:《驶向阳光灿烂的大海——美国军事史(1778—1991)》,世界知识出版社,1997年.
6、[美]拉·F·韦格利:《美国军事战略与政策史》(彭光谦等译),解放军出版社,1984年。
7、陈海宏:《美国军事史纲》,长征出版社,1991年。
8、陈海宏:《美国军事力量的崛起》,内蒙古大学出版社,1995年。
9、钱俊德:《美国军事思想研究》,军事科学出版社,1992年。
10、王连元:《美国海军争霸史》,甘肃文化出版社,1996年。
11、宋宜昌:《火与剑的海洋》,海洋出版社,1980年。
12、丁朝弼编著:《世界近代海战史》,海洋出版社,1994年。
13、王昉等著:《世纪超霸——美利坚》,海洋出版社,1994年。
14、蔡祖铬主编:《美国军事战略研究》,军事科学出版社,1993年。
15、《中国军事百科全书》,军事科学出版社,1992年。
16、[美]S·F·比米斯:《美国外交史》(第二分册),(叶笃义译),商务印书馆,1985年。
17、[美]T·N·杜普伊主编:《国际军事与防务百科全书》,军事科学院外军部编译,解放军出版社,1998年。
18、王绳祖:《国际关系史》(第三卷),世界知识出版社,1996年。
19、杨生茂等:《美西战争资料选辑》,上海人民出版社,1981年。
20、杨生茂、林静芬:《美国史论文选》,天津人民出版社,1989年。
21、王莱堂等编:《世界近代史》(下),吉林历史出版社,1986年。
22、丁一平等:《世界海军史》,海潮出版社,2000年。
23、杨生茂:《美国外交政策史(1775—1989)》。人民出版社,1991年。
24、王昉、郭天倚:《美国海上力量》,海洋出版社,1999年。
25、[英]保罗·肯尼:《大国的兴衰》(天津编译中心),四川人民出版社,1987年。
26、张炜、许华:《海权与兴衰》,海洋出版社,1992年。
27、孟良:《美国军事风云录》,光明日报出版社,1996年。
28、李剑鸣:《伟大的历险——西奥多·罗斯福传》,世界知识出版社,1995年。
29、A·T·马汉:《海军战略》(蔡鸿斡、田常吉译),商务印书馆,1994年。
1、Harold & Margaret Sprout. The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918, Princeton University Press, 1946.
2、Gordon Carpenter O' Gara. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of the Modern Navy, Princeton University Press, 1942.
3、Charles Reginald Shrader. Reference Guide to United States Military History 1865-1919, NewYork Sachem Publishing Associates, 1993.
4、Lois Markham, Theodore Roosevelt, Chelsea House Publishers, 1985.
5、Herbert Rosinski, The Development of Naval Thought, Sachem Publishing Associates, 1993.
6、Lewis L, Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, University Press of Kansas, 1991.
7、Howard K, Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1956.
8、Harou Howland, Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, Yale University Press,1921.
9、Kenneth J, Hagan, In Peace and War-Interpretations of American Naval History, 1775-1984,Greenwood Press,1984.
10、E, B, Potter, The United States and World Sea Power, Prentice-Hall., Inc, 1995.
11、Young Chinsaon,Essays and Addresses of Theodore Roosevelt,Chung Hwa Book Co, LTD.
12、William Roynolds Braisted, The United States Navy in the Pacific,1897-1909.
13、Wilbur R, Van Auken, Notes on a Half Century of United States Naval Ordnance 1880-1930.
14、Edward L, Beach, The United States Nzvy 200 Years, Henry Lolt and Company, 1985.
15、Frederick W. Marks Ⅲ, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt. University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
16、Clark G.Reynolds, Command of The Sea William Morrow & Company, INC. 1974
17、James Cable, The Political Influence of Naval Force in History (ST. Martin's Press, INC. 1998).
18、William H. Harbaugh, The Writings of Theodore Roosevelt (Indianapolis and New York. 1967).
19、G.P. Charles Scrubner's Sons, Putnanis Sons, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt(The Co-operative Publication Society. 1893-1899).
20、Charles E. NEU, An Uncertain Friendship Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906-1909, Harvard University Press, 1967.
21、Phillips Payson O'Brien, British and American Naval Power Politics and Policy, Praceger Publisher, Westport, 1998.
22、Elting Morrison, The Leuers of Theodore Roosevelt Vol.1-8, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951-1954.
23、James Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol.ⅹⅴ-ⅹⅷ.
24、Richard Clin, Theodore Roosevelt: Culture, Diplomacy and Expansion, Louisiana University Press, 1985.
25、Frand Ninkorich, Theodore Roosevelt: Givilization Ideology.
26、Howard C.Hill, Roosevelt and the Caribbean, Chicago, 1927.
27、Jame J.Hill, Highways of Progress, New York, 1910.
28、A.J.Bewridge,For the Greater Republic Not for Impericalish, Philadelphia, 1899.
29、U.S.59th. Congress, 2nd Session. House Committee on Naval Affairs. Hearings on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy. Washington, Government Printing Offices,1907.
30、U.S.60th. Congress, 2nd Session. House Committee on Naval Affairs. Reorganization of the Navy Department. Washington, Government Printing Offices, 1909.
31、R.W.Neeser, The Department of the Navy. American Political Science Review, Vol.ⅩⅠ(1917).
32、Roosevelt, Presidential Addresses And State Papers. Homeward Bound Ed., Review of Reviews, 1910. Vol.ⅩⅢ.
33、Henny F.Pringle. Theodore Roosevelt, A Biography. New York. Blue Ribbon Books, INC., 1931.
34、Kenneth Wimmel, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great White Fleet: American Sea Power Comes of age. Brassey's, INC, 1998.
35、Charles Scribners Son, Makers of American Diplomacy: From Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Kissinger. New York, 1974.
36、A.T.Mahan, The Interest of American in Sea Power, Present and Future. Kennikat Press. 1970.