天宝岩森林生态系统服务功能与生态补偿机制研究
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摘要
自然保护区具有涵养水源、保持水土、调节气候、防风固沙、改善环境的重要功能。研究自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值和生态补偿机制,无论是对其生态功能和生物多样性的维护,还是对其社会经济与生态的协调发展都具有重要的理论和实践意义。本研究以天宝岩国家级自然保护区为例,估算了保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值、分析了保护区社区居民生态补偿意愿及其影响因素、探讨了保护区生态补偿机制,并提出了保护区保护与社区发展的对策和建议。主要结论如下:
⑴在充分考虑森林生态环境背景特征的基础上,筛选了涵养水源、水土保持、固碳释氧、净化空气、生物多样性保护、森林游憩、病虫害防治、其他生态服务等7个方面15指标体系,并构建数学模型来评价天宝岩自然保护区森林生态服务功能价值。结果显示,天宝岩自然保护区生态系统服务功能总的经济价值为114365.89万元,其单位面积的经济价值为103823元/hm2。7项生态服务功能价值的大小依次为:涵养水源(77.83%)>固碳释氧(11.33%)>维持生物多样性(7.51%)>水土保持(1.74%)>其他生态功能(1.28%)>娱乐文化(0.20%)>净化空气(0.12%)。保护区生态系统服务的主要功能是涵养水源、固碳释氧和维持生物多样性,3项功能价值之和占总服务价值的90%以上。娱乐文化价值在生态服务总价值的比例仅占0.20%。
⑵运用条件价值评估法(contingent valuation method,CVW)分析了社区居民受偿意愿及影响因素:①调查社区居民对保护区的态度发现,反对设立保护区的占被调查者的56.57%,根本原因是家庭经济损失没有获得应有的补偿。同时,限制资源利用、管理不透明、缺乏公平公正等原因也是其消极反映的重要原因。②社区居民的受偿意愿投标值主要分布在35、60、100、100以上等几个数值上,其中以投标值为100元的人数最多,占12.11%,零受偿比例(0WTA)占8.08%。居民受偿意愿(WTA)曲线整体呈递增趋势,样本较好地确定了受偿意愿(WTA)的范围和分布形态,符合经济学预期。算术平均法测算社区居民受偿意愿,结果为23.03元/亩。③运用多项逻辑回归分析模型(Multinomial Logistic)进行模拟,结果显示,受教育程度的差异、是否拥有干部身份、家庭年收入水平的差异、家庭劳动力数量、居民获得信息量的多少、农业种植品种的差异、家庭林地收入的大小、是否居住在保护区内等是影响社区居民受偿意愿的主要因素。
⑶从社区居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手,并结合相关资料,分析保护区设立对生态环境和社会经济影响,构建了保护区生态补偿机构的框架(包括补偿原则、主客体、资金来源、方式和途径、方法和实现机制等方面):①讨论了建立生态补偿机制的原则、主客体、资金来源、方式和途径、方法和实现机制。重点探讨了保护区生态补偿的资金来源问题,建议采用市场手段,借助社会的力量获得资金,建立多元化的投资体系,通过政府主导、市场参与、保护区自筹的方式,为保护建设发展和生态补偿提供资金;②强调了生态补偿的标准的重要性,生态补偿标准决定因子是多元化的,在现有的条件下对保护区的生态补偿只能体现一种相对的公平而无法做到绝对公平。以生态学标准作为保护区生态补偿的上限,以保护区居民受偿意愿作为补偿的参考量,以专家权衡作为最终补偿的标准(205.9元/亩);③根据保护区管理和社区经济状况,明确了保护区生态补偿的原则、主体和客体、方式和途径、方法和运行机制,总体上构建了天宝岩自然保护区生态补偿机制的框架和内容。
Nature Reserve has the important function of conserving water, accumulating soil and water, regulating climate, obstructing wind and sand, improving the environment. The study of ecosystem service function value and mechanism for ecological compensation in nature reserve, has important theoretical and practical meaning, both in the maintenance to ecological function and biological diversity, and in the coordinated development of social economy and ecology. Based on Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve in this article, we estimated the value of forest ecosystem service, analyzed Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA for Eco-forest and the main factors which influence Compensation WTA, and discussed ecological compensation mechanism. Finally, we proposed protection and community development strategies and recommendations for Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) According to background characteristics of forest ecological environment, we selected 15 indexes, including 7 systems: Water Conservation, Soil Accumulation and Water, Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release, Air Purification, Biodiversity Conservation, Entertainment Culture, Pest Control, and other aspects of Ecosystem Services. Moreover, we constructed a suitable mathematical model to evaluate the value of forest ecosystem services in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves. The results showed that the general economic value is 1,143,658,900 yuan for ecosystem services function in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, and its economic value is 103,823 yuan / hm2. 7 ecological service function values in the order are: Water Conservation (77.83%) > Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release (11.33%)> Maintain Biological Diversity (7.51%)> Soil and Water Conservation (1.74%)> other Ecological Functions (1.28%)> Entertainment Culture (0.20%)> Clean Air (0.12%). Water Conservation,Carbon Fixation and oxygen release and Maintenance of Biological Diversity are 3 main functions for ecosystem services in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, which account for more than 90% in the total service value. The ratio of Entertainment and cultural value is only 0.20% in the total value of ecosystem services.
(2)The article has an analysis on the main factors which influence Compensation WTA in accordance with the contingent valuation method (CVW):①According to Forest Farmers’attitudes on the establishment of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves, 56.57% of them oppose it. The fundamental reason is family economic loss did not get due compensation. At the same time, restrictions on the use of resource, the lack of transparent management, fair and equity and some other reasons are also the important reasons for their negative reflection.②Willingness of community residents are mainly distributed in a few bid values of 35,60,100, and so on,among them the maximum number is 100 yuan, accounting for 12.11%. The proportion of 0WTA is accounted for 8.08% . The curve of WTA showed an increasing trend in the overall sample, which well-define the extent and distribution patterns of WTA and correspond with economic forecasts. Calculation result of Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA is 23.03 yuan / mu with arithmetic average method.③Using Multinomial Logistic regression models to simulate, the results show that differences in educational level, being a cadre or not, level of family income, numbers of family labor, amount of accessible information, differences of agricultural planting varieties, amount of household forest income, living within nature reserve or not, etc. all that are the main factors which influence Farmers’Compensation WTA .
(3)With the date collected from Forest Farmers questionnaire survey and appropriate authorities, combined with relevant information, we analyzed the impact of the ecological environment and socio-economic for the establishment of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves, and built a framework for ecological compensation mechanism(including the principle of compensation, the subject and object of the compensation, compensation standard, funding sources of compensation, ways and means of compensation, compensation methods and implementation mechanisms and so on).①Discussed the principle of compensation standard, the subject and object, funding sources, ways and means of compensation, compensation methods and implementation mechanisms and so on. Focused on the problem of funding source, it is proposed to obtain funds from establishing a diversified investment system with social forces by market instruments, government-led, market participation and self- financing, furnished fund for construction and ecological compensation in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve;②It reinforced the importance of ecological compensation standard, and thought the elements which determined standard of ecological compensation are diversified, so ecological compensation can only reflect a relative rather than absolutely fair in the existing condition in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve. Ecological standard should be considered as the upper limit of compensation, Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA was regarded as the reference of compensation, experts’measurement was conducted as the ultimate standard of compensation, which was 205.9 yuan / mu;③According to management and community economic conditions in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, we determined the principle of ecological compensation, subject and object, methods and means, methods and operating mechanism, constructed generally the content and the framework of ecological compensation mechanism in Tianbaoyan Nature.
Therefore, either for the maintenance of ecological functions and biological diversity or the coordinated development of social economic and ecology in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, this research both has important theoretical and practical significance.
⑴在充分考虑森林生态环境背景特征的基础上,筛选了涵养水源、水土保持、固碳释氧、净化空气、生物多样性保护、森林游憩、病虫害防治、其他生态服务等7个方面15指标体系,并构建数学模型来评价天宝岩自然保护区森林生态服务功能价值。结果显示,天宝岩自然保护区生态系统服务功能总的经济价值为114365.89万元,其单位面积的经济价值为103823元/hm2。7项生态服务功能价值的大小依次为:涵养水源(77.83%)>固碳释氧(11.33%)>维持生物多样性(7.51%)>水土保持(1.74%)>其他生态功能(1.28%)>娱乐文化(0.20%)>净化空气(0.12%)。保护区生态系统服务的主要功能是涵养水源、固碳释氧和维持生物多样性,3项功能价值之和占总服务价值的90%以上。娱乐文化价值在生态服务总价值的比例仅占0.20%。
⑵运用条件价值评估法(contingent valuation method,CVW)分析了社区居民受偿意愿及影响因素:①调查社区居民对保护区的态度发现,反对设立保护区的占被调查者的56.57%,根本原因是家庭经济损失没有获得应有的补偿。同时,限制资源利用、管理不透明、缺乏公平公正等原因也是其消极反映的重要原因。②社区居民的受偿意愿投标值主要分布在35、60、100、100以上等几个数值上,其中以投标值为100元的人数最多,占12.11%,零受偿比例(0WTA)占8.08%。居民受偿意愿(WTA)曲线整体呈递增趋势,样本较好地确定了受偿意愿(WTA)的范围和分布形态,符合经济学预期。算术平均法测算社区居民受偿意愿,结果为23.03元/亩。③运用多项逻辑回归分析模型(Multinomial Logistic)进行模拟,结果显示,受教育程度的差异、是否拥有干部身份、家庭年收入水平的差异、家庭劳动力数量、居民获得信息量的多少、农业种植品种的差异、家庭林地收入的大小、是否居住在保护区内等是影响社区居民受偿意愿的主要因素。
⑶从社区居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手,并结合相关资料,分析保护区设立对生态环境和社会经济影响,构建了保护区生态补偿机构的框架(包括补偿原则、主客体、资金来源、方式和途径、方法和实现机制等方面):①讨论了建立生态补偿机制的原则、主客体、资金来源、方式和途径、方法和实现机制。重点探讨了保护区生态补偿的资金来源问题,建议采用市场手段,借助社会的力量获得资金,建立多元化的投资体系,通过政府主导、市场参与、保护区自筹的方式,为保护建设发展和生态补偿提供资金;②强调了生态补偿的标准的重要性,生态补偿标准决定因子是多元化的,在现有的条件下对保护区的生态补偿只能体现一种相对的公平而无法做到绝对公平。以生态学标准作为保护区生态补偿的上限,以保护区居民受偿意愿作为补偿的参考量,以专家权衡作为最终补偿的标准(205.9元/亩);③根据保护区管理和社区经济状况,明确了保护区生态补偿的原则、主体和客体、方式和途径、方法和运行机制,总体上构建了天宝岩自然保护区生态补偿机制的框架和内容。
Nature Reserve has the important function of conserving water, accumulating soil and water, regulating climate, obstructing wind and sand, improving the environment. The study of ecosystem service function value and mechanism for ecological compensation in nature reserve, has important theoretical and practical meaning, both in the maintenance to ecological function and biological diversity, and in the coordinated development of social economy and ecology. Based on Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve in this article, we estimated the value of forest ecosystem service, analyzed Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA for Eco-forest and the main factors which influence Compensation WTA, and discussed ecological compensation mechanism. Finally, we proposed protection and community development strategies and recommendations for Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) According to background characteristics of forest ecological environment, we selected 15 indexes, including 7 systems: Water Conservation, Soil Accumulation and Water, Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release, Air Purification, Biodiversity Conservation, Entertainment Culture, Pest Control, and other aspects of Ecosystem Services. Moreover, we constructed a suitable mathematical model to evaluate the value of forest ecosystem services in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves. The results showed that the general economic value is 1,143,658,900 yuan for ecosystem services function in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, and its economic value is 103,823 yuan / hm2. 7 ecological service function values in the order are: Water Conservation (77.83%) > Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release (11.33%)> Maintain Biological Diversity (7.51%)> Soil and Water Conservation (1.74%)> other Ecological Functions (1.28%)> Entertainment Culture (0.20%)> Clean Air (0.12%). Water Conservation,Carbon Fixation and oxygen release and Maintenance of Biological Diversity are 3 main functions for ecosystem services in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, which account for more than 90% in the total service value. The ratio of Entertainment and cultural value is only 0.20% in the total value of ecosystem services.
(2)The article has an analysis on the main factors which influence Compensation WTA in accordance with the contingent valuation method (CVW):①According to Forest Farmers’attitudes on the establishment of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves, 56.57% of them oppose it. The fundamental reason is family economic loss did not get due compensation. At the same time, restrictions on the use of resource, the lack of transparent management, fair and equity and some other reasons are also the important reasons for their negative reflection.②Willingness of community residents are mainly distributed in a few bid values of 35,60,100, and so on,among them the maximum number is 100 yuan, accounting for 12.11%. The proportion of 0WTA is accounted for 8.08% . The curve of WTA showed an increasing trend in the overall sample, which well-define the extent and distribution patterns of WTA and correspond with economic forecasts. Calculation result of Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA is 23.03 yuan / mu with arithmetic average method.③Using Multinomial Logistic regression models to simulate, the results show that differences in educational level, being a cadre or not, level of family income, numbers of family labor, amount of accessible information, differences of agricultural planting varieties, amount of household forest income, living within nature reserve or not, etc. all that are the main factors which influence Farmers’Compensation WTA .
(3)With the date collected from Forest Farmers questionnaire survey and appropriate authorities, combined with relevant information, we analyzed the impact of the ecological environment and socio-economic for the establishment of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserves, and built a framework for ecological compensation mechanism(including the principle of compensation, the subject and object of the compensation, compensation standard, funding sources of compensation, ways and means of compensation, compensation methods and implementation mechanisms and so on).①Discussed the principle of compensation standard, the subject and object, funding sources, ways and means of compensation, compensation methods and implementation mechanisms and so on. Focused on the problem of funding source, it is proposed to obtain funds from establishing a diversified investment system with social forces by market instruments, government-led, market participation and self- financing, furnished fund for construction and ecological compensation in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve;②It reinforced the importance of ecological compensation standard, and thought the elements which determined standard of ecological compensation are diversified, so ecological compensation can only reflect a relative rather than absolutely fair in the existing condition in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve. Ecological standard should be considered as the upper limit of compensation, Forest Farmers’Compensation WTA was regarded as the reference of compensation, experts’measurement was conducted as the ultimate standard of compensation, which was 205.9 yuan / mu;③According to management and community economic conditions in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, we determined the principle of ecological compensation, subject and object, methods and means, methods and operating mechanism, constructed generally the content and the framework of ecological compensation mechanism in Tianbaoyan Nature.
Therefore, either for the maintenance of ecological functions and biological diversity or the coordinated development of social economic and ecology in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve, this research both has important theoretical and practical significance.
引文
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