犬蝠的栖息地、社群结构及其嗅觉在觅食行为中的作用研究
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摘要
果蝠(Fruit bat)主要分布在热带亚热带,我国自然分布的果蝠属于狐蝠科(Pteropodidae),主要分布在华南和西南地区,共有6属10种左右(具体分类存在争议)。其中犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)和棕果蝠(Rousetuss leschenaulti)为最常见的果蝠种类。本文对广州地区常见的果蝠——犬蝠的栖息地和社会结构进行研究,并且通过实验证实了通过学习训练犬蝠可以识别气味物质,能够将非果实型气味物质(non-fruit olfactory cues)与食物报偿联系起来。
从2006年9月至2007年11月,在广州地区采用直接观察法并结合雾网采样法,对于可能适合犬蝠栖息的23个地点进行调查。结果表明:犬蝠对栖息植物的选择具有专一性,主要利用景观树蒲葵的叶片建造栖巢,其栖息地跟人类活动区域高度重合。捕获的44个群体中有27个群体中有雌性个体,占群体总数的61%;42个群体有雄性个体(没有雄性个体的HG05群只捕捉到3只雌性,有8只蝙蝠未捕到),占群体总数的95%。在捕获的栖群中,雄性独栖(solitary male)的群体有7个,另2个群体为“单身汉群体”(bachelor males,即栖巢中有超过一只的雄性);其它栖群为“一雄多雌”或“一雄一雌”,即一个栖巢中只有一只成年的雄性个体。
犬蝠的嗅觉在定位和寻找食物中起重要作用,能够在复杂的环境中分辨出不同的气味物质。利用真假果实和浸果汁的假果实作为食物目标的对比试验表明:犬蝠能够仅靠气味寻找果实,虽然真假果实颜色形状无法辨别,但是犬蝠可以利用气味判断食物,而将假果实上涂抹果汁之后,犬蝠就无法再分辨果实的真假。人工环境中的实验表明,犬蝠通过一段时间的试错学习训练,很快就能够将气味物质同食物联系起来,并且在将犬蝠放养淡化它的记忆,这种习得的能力至少可以保持5天。果实成熟的不同阶段,果实产生一系列化学和结构的变化,果实中散发的甲醇和乙醇可能为食果动物提供判断果实成熟阶段的依据(是否适合食用)。用不同浓度的甲醇、乙醇和果汁混合物的对比试验的结果表明:对比不含乙醇的混合物,无论是接近自然成熟果实中乙醇含量的乙醇溶液还是乙醇果汁溶液,犬蝠对它们的选择没有偏好;对于高浓度的乙醇溶液(超过1%),犬蝠有所排斥;用甲醇溶液做对照,结果证实,甲醇作为一种气味物质对于犬蝠既没有吸引作用,也没有阻止抑制犬蝠的作用。
Fruit bats live in tropical and subtropical regions. There are about 10 kinds of fruit bats distributed in China which belong to Pteropodidae, especially in South China (some controversial opinions exist). Cynopterus sphinx and Rousettus leschenaultia are two species of abundant and widely distributed pteropodid bats. The short-nosed fruit bat C. sphinx is a common species in Guangzhou. Habitat selection and social structure of C. sphinx were investigated. We have evaluated the ability of the short-nosed fruit bat to learn to associate the non-fruit olfactory cues with the availability of fruits. The experimental results imply that C. sphinx learn very fast to associate the availability of fruits with the presence of non-fruit odour like that of cedar wood oil, and hence can easily be trained using novel odour cues and fruit rewards.
Habitat selection and social structure of C. sphinx in Guangzhou were investigated from September 2006 to November 2007 by direct roost censuses at their roost sites and capture study using mist netting. It was revealed that C. sphinx had a specific preference for roosting under the fronds of Livistona chinensis. Importantly, the habitat of C. sphinx overlapped heavily with the areas of human activity. A total of 44 roosting groups were captured. 42 of groups, accounting for 95% of the total, contained at least one male (the group of HG05 contained three female, which captured in part). And 27 of the groups, accounting for 61%, contained at least one female. Seven of groups contained a solitary male, two contained bachelor males, and another were polygynous or monogamous (only an adult in a tent).
The short-nosed bat C. sphinx might use olfactory cues to locate and detected food, and be able to discriminate different food odour in a complex olfactory environment. We made the following experimental comparisons: true fruit and mimetic fruit; true fruit and soaked mimetic fruit. The results imply that C. sphinx is able to locate a food source by olfactory cues alone. Although the color and shape of mimetic fruit is similar to the true fruit, C. sphinx is able to find the true fruit by using olfaction. If the mimetic fruit was soaked with juice, C. sphinx could not respond to the true fruit and the soaked mimetic fruit. C. sphinx learns very fast to associate the availability of fruits with the presence of an odour in artificial environment and observation revealed that the ability getting by learning can maintain at least five days. As fruit ripens, a variety of the chemical and structural changes take place. Fruit-eating mammals are specifically sensitive to the odour of aliphatic alcohols that are products of microbial fermentation in fruit, and these may serve as indicators of fruit ripeness. We made the following experimental comparisons: 1) ethanol in water vs. water; 2) ethanol in fruit juice vs. fruit juice; 3) methanol in water vs. fruit juice; 4) methanol in fruit juice vs. fruit juice. We found that the presence the bats were not attracted by the smell of ethanol in water or in juice at concentrations similar to those in ripe fruit, compared to mixtures without ethanol. C. sphinx were deterred by the smell of ethanol at high concentrations greater than 1%. However, in contrast to methanol, fruit bats were neither attracted nor deterred by the smell of methanol in water or juice at any concentration.
从2006年9月至2007年11月,在广州地区采用直接观察法并结合雾网采样法,对于可能适合犬蝠栖息的23个地点进行调查。结果表明:犬蝠对栖息植物的选择具有专一性,主要利用景观树蒲葵的叶片建造栖巢,其栖息地跟人类活动区域高度重合。捕获的44个群体中有27个群体中有雌性个体,占群体总数的61%;42个群体有雄性个体(没有雄性个体的HG05群只捕捉到3只雌性,有8只蝙蝠未捕到),占群体总数的95%。在捕获的栖群中,雄性独栖(solitary male)的群体有7个,另2个群体为“单身汉群体”(bachelor males,即栖巢中有超过一只的雄性);其它栖群为“一雄多雌”或“一雄一雌”,即一个栖巢中只有一只成年的雄性个体。
犬蝠的嗅觉在定位和寻找食物中起重要作用,能够在复杂的环境中分辨出不同的气味物质。利用真假果实和浸果汁的假果实作为食物目标的对比试验表明:犬蝠能够仅靠气味寻找果实,虽然真假果实颜色形状无法辨别,但是犬蝠可以利用气味判断食物,而将假果实上涂抹果汁之后,犬蝠就无法再分辨果实的真假。人工环境中的实验表明,犬蝠通过一段时间的试错学习训练,很快就能够将气味物质同食物联系起来,并且在将犬蝠放养淡化它的记忆,这种习得的能力至少可以保持5天。果实成熟的不同阶段,果实产生一系列化学和结构的变化,果实中散发的甲醇和乙醇可能为食果动物提供判断果实成熟阶段的依据(是否适合食用)。用不同浓度的甲醇、乙醇和果汁混合物的对比试验的结果表明:对比不含乙醇的混合物,无论是接近自然成熟果实中乙醇含量的乙醇溶液还是乙醇果汁溶液,犬蝠对它们的选择没有偏好;对于高浓度的乙醇溶液(超过1%),犬蝠有所排斥;用甲醇溶液做对照,结果证实,甲醇作为一种气味物质对于犬蝠既没有吸引作用,也没有阻止抑制犬蝠的作用。
Fruit bats live in tropical and subtropical regions. There are about 10 kinds of fruit bats distributed in China which belong to Pteropodidae, especially in South China (some controversial opinions exist). Cynopterus sphinx and Rousettus leschenaultia are two species of abundant and widely distributed pteropodid bats. The short-nosed fruit bat C. sphinx is a common species in Guangzhou. Habitat selection and social structure of C. sphinx were investigated. We have evaluated the ability of the short-nosed fruit bat to learn to associate the non-fruit olfactory cues with the availability of fruits. The experimental results imply that C. sphinx learn very fast to associate the availability of fruits with the presence of non-fruit odour like that of cedar wood oil, and hence can easily be trained using novel odour cues and fruit rewards.
Habitat selection and social structure of C. sphinx in Guangzhou were investigated from September 2006 to November 2007 by direct roost censuses at their roost sites and capture study using mist netting. It was revealed that C. sphinx had a specific preference for roosting under the fronds of Livistona chinensis. Importantly, the habitat of C. sphinx overlapped heavily with the areas of human activity. A total of 44 roosting groups were captured. 42 of groups, accounting for 95% of the total, contained at least one male (the group of HG05 contained three female, which captured in part). And 27 of the groups, accounting for 61%, contained at least one female. Seven of groups contained a solitary male, two contained bachelor males, and another were polygynous or monogamous (only an adult in a tent).
The short-nosed bat C. sphinx might use olfactory cues to locate and detected food, and be able to discriminate different food odour in a complex olfactory environment. We made the following experimental comparisons: true fruit and mimetic fruit; true fruit and soaked mimetic fruit. The results imply that C. sphinx is able to locate a food source by olfactory cues alone. Although the color and shape of mimetic fruit is similar to the true fruit, C. sphinx is able to find the true fruit by using olfaction. If the mimetic fruit was soaked with juice, C. sphinx could not respond to the true fruit and the soaked mimetic fruit. C. sphinx learns very fast to associate the availability of fruits with the presence of an odour in artificial environment and observation revealed that the ability getting by learning can maintain at least five days. As fruit ripens, a variety of the chemical and structural changes take place. Fruit-eating mammals are specifically sensitive to the odour of aliphatic alcohols that are products of microbial fermentation in fruit, and these may serve as indicators of fruit ripeness. We made the following experimental comparisons: 1) ethanol in water vs. water; 2) ethanol in fruit juice vs. fruit juice; 3) methanol in water vs. fruit juice; 4) methanol in fruit juice vs. fruit juice. We found that the presence the bats were not attracted by the smell of ethanol in water or in juice at concentrations similar to those in ripe fruit, compared to mixtures without ethanol. C. sphinx were deterred by the smell of ethanol at high concentrations greater than 1%. However, in contrast to methanol, fruit bats were neither attracted nor deterred by the smell of methanol in water or juice at any concentration.
引文
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