资源储量估算技术及其在矿业权评估中的应用研究
摘要
矿产资源储量估算是矿产勘查的一项重要工作,其成果是矿山设计、生产的依据,也是矿山进行出让、转让时矿业权评估工作的基础。我国矿业权评估长期沿用的传统储量估算方法计算效率低、准确性差,一直是影响矿业权评估精度的一个瓶颈。地质统计学储量估算法由于引入了区域化变量,综合考虑了样品品位之间的相关性和变异性,能大大提高估值精度。
本文围绕矿业权评估中的储量估算问题,系统地研究了地质统计学理论,并针对克里格法在实际应用中样品品位经常偏离正态的问题,采用幂变换方法对样品数据进行正态转换；分析了泛克里格法储量估算的基本理论,研究了泛克里格方差四大主影响因素——区域化变量预处理、组合样处理、数据稳健性和变异函数,给出了控制克里格方差的算法；讨论了矿业权评估的三种途径、探(采)矿权评估的常用方法以及评估中储量估算技术的应用,结合评估工作实际,提出了在矿业权评估中应用地质统计学进行储量估算的方法。
在理论研究的基础上以湖北省某铁矿为例,完成了采矿权评估中储量的估算。通过与距离平方反比法储量估算结果的对比分析,证明了地质统计学储量估算法的优越性和实用性,为矿业权评估中的储量估算提供了另一种技术手段。
The reserve calculation of resources is an important work in the mineral exploration. Its result is not only the basis of mine design and production, but also the foundation of mining right evaluation when there is a mine waiting for being sold or transferred. Because of the low efficiency and low accuracy of traditional reserve calculation technique used for a long period of time in mine right evaluation, it has become a bottleneck which influences the precision of mine right evaluation result. Bringing regionalized variables into reserves estimation, geostatistics considers the correlation and the variability between samples to improve the precision of estimates greatly.
Centering on the problem of geostatistical reserve calculation technique in mining right assessment, this dissertation has studied the theory of geostatistics systematically, and then aiming at the problem that grades of the samples often deviate from normal distribution when using Kriging methods, it raised the power transformation to convert sample data to normal; after analyzing the basic theory and process of Universal Kriging Reserve Calculation, this dissertation studied the four main factors affecting the variance of Universal Kriging, including preprocessing of regionalized variable, combined sample handling, data stability and variogram. Then it proposed the algorithm to control Kriging variance; afterwards, three approches and the common methods used in evaluating exploration right or mining right were discussed, as well as the application of reserve calculation technique to evaluation. Combining with the actual evaluation work, the dissertation presented that using geostatistical methods to calculate reserve of mineral resources in mining right evaluation.
Based on the theoretical study, this dissertation took an iron mine in Ezhou, Hubei for an example, and then completed reverse calculation in the mining right evaluation. Through the comparative analysis of Inverse Square Distance Methods and Universal Kriging, it proved the superiority and practicality of geostatistics. Thus it can provide another technological measure for resources' reserve calculation in mining rights evaluation.
本文围绕矿业权评估中的储量估算问题,系统地研究了地质统计学理论,并针对克里格法在实际应用中样品品位经常偏离正态的问题,采用幂变换方法对样品数据进行正态转换；分析了泛克里格法储量估算的基本理论,研究了泛克里格方差四大主影响因素——区域化变量预处理、组合样处理、数据稳健性和变异函数,给出了控制克里格方差的算法；讨论了矿业权评估的三种途径、探(采)矿权评估的常用方法以及评估中储量估算技术的应用,结合评估工作实际,提出了在矿业权评估中应用地质统计学进行储量估算的方法。
在理论研究的基础上以湖北省某铁矿为例,完成了采矿权评估中储量的估算。通过与距离平方反比法储量估算结果的对比分析,证明了地质统计学储量估算法的优越性和实用性,为矿业权评估中的储量估算提供了另一种技术手段。
The reserve calculation of resources is an important work in the mineral exploration. Its result is not only the basis of mine design and production, but also the foundation of mining right evaluation when there is a mine waiting for being sold or transferred. Because of the low efficiency and low accuracy of traditional reserve calculation technique used for a long period of time in mine right evaluation, it has become a bottleneck which influences the precision of mine right evaluation result. Bringing regionalized variables into reserves estimation, geostatistics considers the correlation and the variability between samples to improve the precision of estimates greatly.
Centering on the problem of geostatistical reserve calculation technique in mining right assessment, this dissertation has studied the theory of geostatistics systematically, and then aiming at the problem that grades of the samples often deviate from normal distribution when using Kriging methods, it raised the power transformation to convert sample data to normal; after analyzing the basic theory and process of Universal Kriging Reserve Calculation, this dissertation studied the four main factors affecting the variance of Universal Kriging, including preprocessing of regionalized variable, combined sample handling, data stability and variogram. Then it proposed the algorithm to control Kriging variance; afterwards, three approches and the common methods used in evaluating exploration right or mining right were discussed, as well as the application of reserve calculation technique to evaluation. Combining with the actual evaluation work, the dissertation presented that using geostatistical methods to calculate reserve of mineral resources in mining right evaluation.
Based on the theoretical study, this dissertation took an iron mine in Ezhou, Hubei for an example, and then completed reverse calculation in the mining right evaluation. Through the comparative analysis of Inverse Square Distance Methods and Universal Kriging, it proved the superiority and practicality of geostatistics. Thus it can provide another technological measure for resources' reserve calculation in mining rights evaluation.
引文
[1]侯景儒,黄竞先.地质统计学在固体矿产资源／储量分类中的应用[J].地质与勘探,2001.11,37(6)：16-19
[2]Matheron G Traitede Geostatistique Appliquee[M]. Paris:Editions Technip,1962:334
[3]David M. Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1977:364
[4]Journel A. G, Huijbregts C. J. Mining Geostatistics[M]. New York:Academic Press,1978: 600
[5]孙玉健.地质统计学在固体矿产资源评价中的若干问题研究[D].北京：中国地质大学,2008
[6]Goovaerts P. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation[M]. New York:Oxford University. Press,1997:167
[7]M. E. Hohn, Geostatistics And Petroleum Geology[M]. India:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999:248
[8]Webster R., Margaret Oliver. Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists[M]. Chichester:John Wiley,2000:271
[9]Sarma D. D. Geostatistics With Applications in Earth Sciences[M]. New Delhi:Capital Publishing Company,2002:170
[10]Augergon J. M., P. Monestiez, R. Habib, Spatial dependences and sampling in a fruit tree:a new concept for spatial prediction in fruit studies[J]. Journal of horticultural science,1993(68): 99-112
[11]Bouldin J. L., J. L. Farris, M. T. Moore, C. M. Cooper. Vegetative and structural characteristics of agricultural drainages in the Mississippi delta landscapes[J]. Environmental Pollution,2004, 32(3):403-411.
[12]Fabbri P., Sebastiano Trevisani. A Geostatistical Simulation Approach to a Pollution Case in Northeastern Italy[J]. Mathematical Geology,2005,37(6)
[13]Andre B., F. Trochu, J. Dansereau. Approach for the smoothing of three dimensional reconstructions of the human spine using dual Kriging interpolation[J]. Medical&Biological Engineering&Computing,1996,34:185-191
[14]William C. Thayer, Daniel A. Griffith, at all. Application of Geostatistics to Risk ssessment[J]. Risk Analysis,2003,23 (5):945-960,
[15]林幼斌,杨文凯.地质统计学的研究现状及在我国的应用[J].云南财贸学院学报,2001.10,17专刊：26-30
[16]肖斌,赵鹏大,侯景儒.地质统计学新进展[J].地球科学进展,2000.6,15(3)：293-296
[17](法)儒尔奈耳(A.G. Journel),(法)尤日布雷格茨(C.H. Huijbregts)著.侯景儒等译.矿业地质统计学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1982.2：586
[18]王仁铎,胡光道.线性地质统计学[M].北京：地质出版社,1988：260
[19]侯景儒.非参数及多元地质统计学的理论分析及其应用[M].北京：冶金工业出版社.1994：233
[20]张一伟.地质统计学在油藏描述中的应用[M].北京：石油大学出版社,1992：251
[21]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999：195
[22]张仁铎著.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：188
[23]王俊庸等.地质统计学及其在煤炭资源开发中的应用[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,2009.11：340
[24]黄竞先,侯景儒.泛克里格法和指示克里格法在地球化学探矿中的应用[J].地球科学,中国地质大学学报,1994,19(3)：321-328
[25]刘永社,印兴耀,贺维胜.空间相关分析因素对储层建模中克里金估计结果的影响[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(2)：24-27
[26]陈家军,郭乔羽,王红旗等.应用协同-泛克里格法估计地下水水位[J].水利学报,2000(7)：7-13
[27]杨秀虹,李适宇.地统计学方法在环境污染研究中的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2005,44(3)：97-101
[28]赵军,张久明,孟凯,隋跃宇.地统计学及GIS在黑土区域土壤养分空间异质性分析中的应用-以海伦市为例[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(6)：53-57
[29]孙玉建.以地质统计学为基础的矿业软件在中国的历史和现状[J].中国矿业,2007.11,16(11)：79-82
[30]孙洪泉.实用地质统计学程序集[M].北京：地质出版社,1997：168
[31]全程公开有效约束——我国矿业权评估管理制度建设评述.中国国土资源报.2008.11
[32]国土资源部勘查司开发司组.全国矿业权评估师培训教材-地质矿产勘查基础[M].吉林：吉林大学出版社,2004.2：363
[33]蓝运蓉,唐义.什么是SD法[J].地质论评,2000.10,46(增刊)：229-235
[34]程勖.地质统计学软件开发与应用[D].吉林：吉林大学,2009
[35]J.RIVOIRARD. Introduction to disjunctive kriging and non-linear geostatistics[M].London:
Clarendon press,2002:128-131
[36]黄厚辉.Matlab平台下基于克里格理论的固体资源储量估算系统的开发与实践[D].成都：成都理工大学,2007
[37]刘玉生.基于MATLAB的资源_储量估算模型在西藏扎西康铅锌矿区的应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2009
[38]C.A.Calder, N.Cressie. Kriging and Variogram Models[J]. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,2009.6(2):49-55
[39]张丹,刘刚.克里格法储量计算浅析[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2005.12,51(S2)：230-232
[40]孙刚.限制性克里格法在矿产资源储量估算中的应用[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008
[41]王仁铎,胡光道.线性地质统计学[M].北京：地质出版社,1988：260
[42]《矿业权评估指南》修订小组.矿业权评估指南[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2004.12：7-10
[43]《矿业权评估指南》修订小组.矿业权评估指南(2006修订)——矿业权评估收益途径评估方法和参数[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2006：1-5
[44]杨桦.矿业权评估系统的研究与开发[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2009
[45](美)]David C-Hoaglin, Frederick Mosteller, John W-Tukey著.陈忠琏,郭德媛译,杨振海校.探索性数据分析[M].北京：中国统计出版社,1998：104-105
[46]赵鹏大,胡旺亮,李紫金.矿床统计预测[M].北京：地质出版社,1983：59
[47]王青,史维祥.采矿学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2001：17-21
[48]Richard Louth. Heuristic portfolio optimization:Bayesian updating with the Johnson family of distributions[J]. Optimizing Optimization.2010.1(14):247-281
[49]李章林,王平,李冬梅.实验变异函数计算方法的研究与运用[J].国土资源信息化,2008(2)：10-14
[50]张景雄.空间信息的尺度、不确定性与融合[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：100-101
[2]Matheron G Traitede Geostatistique Appliquee[M]. Paris:Editions Technip,1962:334
[3]David M. Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1977:364
[4]Journel A. G, Huijbregts C. J. Mining Geostatistics[M]. New York:Academic Press,1978: 600
[5]孙玉健.地质统计学在固体矿产资源评价中的若干问题研究[D].北京：中国地质大学,2008
[6]Goovaerts P. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation[M]. New York:Oxford University. Press,1997:167
[7]M. E. Hohn, Geostatistics And Petroleum Geology[M]. India:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999:248
[8]Webster R., Margaret Oliver. Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists[M]. Chichester:John Wiley,2000:271
[9]Sarma D. D. Geostatistics With Applications in Earth Sciences[M]. New Delhi:Capital Publishing Company,2002:170
[10]Augergon J. M., P. Monestiez, R. Habib, Spatial dependences and sampling in a fruit tree:a new concept for spatial prediction in fruit studies[J]. Journal of horticultural science,1993(68): 99-112
[11]Bouldin J. L., J. L. Farris, M. T. Moore, C. M. Cooper. Vegetative and structural characteristics of agricultural drainages in the Mississippi delta landscapes[J]. Environmental Pollution,2004, 32(3):403-411.
[12]Fabbri P., Sebastiano Trevisani. A Geostatistical Simulation Approach to a Pollution Case in Northeastern Italy[J]. Mathematical Geology,2005,37(6)
[13]Andre B., F. Trochu, J. Dansereau. Approach for the smoothing of three dimensional reconstructions of the human spine using dual Kriging interpolation[J]. Medical&Biological Engineering&Computing,1996,34:185-191
[14]William C. Thayer, Daniel A. Griffith, at all. Application of Geostatistics to Risk ssessment[J]. Risk Analysis,2003,23 (5):945-960,
[15]林幼斌,杨文凯.地质统计学的研究现状及在我国的应用[J].云南财贸学院学报,2001.10,17专刊：26-30
[16]肖斌,赵鹏大,侯景儒.地质统计学新进展[J].地球科学进展,2000.6,15(3)：293-296
[17](法)儒尔奈耳(A.G. Journel),(法)尤日布雷格茨(C.H. Huijbregts)著.侯景儒等译.矿业地质统计学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1982.2：586
[18]王仁铎,胡光道.线性地质统计学[M].北京：地质出版社,1988：260
[19]侯景儒.非参数及多元地质统计学的理论分析及其应用[M].北京：冶金工业出版社.1994：233
[20]张一伟.地质统计学在油藏描述中的应用[M].北京：石油大学出版社,1992：251
[21]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999：195
[22]张仁铎著.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：188
[23]王俊庸等.地质统计学及其在煤炭资源开发中的应用[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,2009.11：340
[24]黄竞先,侯景儒.泛克里格法和指示克里格法在地球化学探矿中的应用[J].地球科学,中国地质大学学报,1994,19(3)：321-328
[25]刘永社,印兴耀,贺维胜.空间相关分析因素对储层建模中克里金估计结果的影响[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(2)：24-27
[26]陈家军,郭乔羽,王红旗等.应用协同-泛克里格法估计地下水水位[J].水利学报,2000(7)：7-13
[27]杨秀虹,李适宇.地统计学方法在环境污染研究中的应用[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2005,44(3)：97-101
[28]赵军,张久明,孟凯,隋跃宇.地统计学及GIS在黑土区域土壤养分空间异质性分析中的应用-以海伦市为例[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(6)：53-57
[29]孙玉建.以地质统计学为基础的矿业软件在中国的历史和现状[J].中国矿业,2007.11,16(11)：79-82
[30]孙洪泉.实用地质统计学程序集[M].北京：地质出版社,1997：168
[31]全程公开有效约束——我国矿业权评估管理制度建设评述.中国国土资源报.2008.11
[32]国土资源部勘查司开发司组.全国矿业权评估师培训教材-地质矿产勘查基础[M].吉林：吉林大学出版社,2004.2：363
[33]蓝运蓉,唐义.什么是SD法[J].地质论评,2000.10,46(增刊)：229-235
[34]程勖.地质统计学软件开发与应用[D].吉林：吉林大学,2009
[35]J.RIVOIRARD. Introduction to disjunctive kriging and non-linear geostatistics[M].London:
Clarendon press,2002:128-131
[36]黄厚辉.Matlab平台下基于克里格理论的固体资源储量估算系统的开发与实践[D].成都：成都理工大学,2007
[37]刘玉生.基于MATLAB的资源_储量估算模型在西藏扎西康铅锌矿区的应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2009
[38]C.A.Calder, N.Cressie. Kriging and Variogram Models[J]. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,2009.6(2):49-55
[39]张丹,刘刚.克里格法储量计算浅析[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2005.12,51(S2)：230-232
[40]孙刚.限制性克里格法在矿产资源储量估算中的应用[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008
[41]王仁铎,胡光道.线性地质统计学[M].北京：地质出版社,1988：260
[42]《矿业权评估指南》修订小组.矿业权评估指南[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2004.12：7-10
[43]《矿业权评估指南》修订小组.矿业权评估指南(2006修订)——矿业权评估收益途径评估方法和参数[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2006：1-5
[44]杨桦.矿业权评估系统的研究与开发[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕士论文,2009
[45](美)]David C-Hoaglin, Frederick Mosteller, John W-Tukey著.陈忠琏,郭德媛译,杨振海校.探索性数据分析[M].北京：中国统计出版社,1998：104-105
[46]赵鹏大,胡旺亮,李紫金.矿床统计预测[M].北京：地质出版社,1983：59
[47]王青,史维祥.采矿学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2001：17-21
[48]Richard Louth. Heuristic portfolio optimization:Bayesian updating with the Johnson family of distributions[J]. Optimizing Optimization.2010.1(14):247-281
[49]李章林,王平,李冬梅.实验变异函数计算方法的研究与运用[J].国土资源信息化,2008(2)：10-14
[50]张景雄.空间信息的尺度、不确定性与融合[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：100-101