桃蛀螟成虫飞行能力及不同地理种群遗传多样性的研究
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摘要
桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)是一种食性极杂的害虫。近年来在我国一些玉米产区为害日趋严重,黄淮海及西南玉米产区的桃蛀螟在玉米上的种群数量和危害程度在一些地区和年份已经超过亚洲玉米螟,而成为玉米生产的主要害虫。对河北省廊坊市桃蛀螟在田间玉米秸秆和向日葵盘上的越冬情况的调查显示,桃蛀螟幼虫的越冬存活率极低。室内测得其过冷却点较高,不耐低温,且雷达高空也监测到桃蛀螟种群,因此推测该虫为迁飞性昆虫。本文研究了桃蛀螟成虫的室内飞行能力及3种主要寄主作物玉米、高粱、向日葵对其飞行能力的影响。同时,利用分子标记技术研究了11个桃蛀螟不同地理种群间的种群分化及遗传多样性,主要研究结果-如下:
1.桃蛀螟成虫不同性别间的飞行能力差异不显著,连续吊飞36h的1日龄雄蛾和雌蛾的飞行距离分别为9.12±0.28km和9.58±0.49km。蛹重与飞行距离(|r| =0.11780.05)和飞行时间(|r|=0.078850.05)均无明显的相关性。
2.温、湿度对桃蛀螟成虫的飞行能力有一定的影响。成虫在20-32℃的温度区域内皆能正常飞行,尤其在28℃时飞行能力最强,高于或低于28℃飞行能力均有所下降。成虫飞行能力随着湿度的上升而逐渐提高,80%RH时飞行能力最强。补充营养对成虫飞行能力影响不大。然而,交尾行为却可显著影响桃蛀螟成虫的飞行能力,未交尾成虫的平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间和平均飞行速度均显著大于已交尾的成虫。越冬与非越冬桃蛀螟幼虫羽化的成虫在飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度上均存在显著性差异。除飞行速度外,越冬幼虫羽化的成虫在飞行距离和飞行时间均高于非越冬幼虫羽化的成虫。
3.桃蛀螟成虫具有较强的飞行能力。羽化后3-5日龄的个体飞行能力最强,取食玉米和向日葵的桃蛀螟,3日龄成虫飞行能力达到最大,吊飞24 h的飞行距离分别为21.14km和22.86km,而取食高粱的桃蛀螟,5日龄成虫的飞行能力达到最大,飞行距离为21.74km。3种寄主植物对桃蛀螟的飞行能力的影响,在飞行距离上,各日龄间除7日龄外均没有显著性差异,但从飞行时间和飞行速度上看,各个日龄的幼虫期取食3种寄主植物桃蛀螟的成虫之间差异显著。说明幼虫期取食不同的寄主植物对随后的成虫飞行能力存在着一定程度的影响。
4.应用ISSR分子标记技术对采自6个省的11个桃蛀螟地理种群的基因组DNA进行了遗传多样性和遗传分化分析。从34条引物中筛选出6条用于ISSR扩增,共扩增出211条带,其中209条具多态性,总的多态条带百分率为99.05%。11个种群的遗传距离在0.0059-0.0237之间,Nei`s基因多样性为0.1750,Shannon信息指数为0.2966,基因分化系数为0.053,基因流高达8.8724。总体Nei`s遗传多样性分析结果表明群体结构水平较低而基因流水平较高。本研究为进一步研究桃蛀螟成虫的扩散行为、种群动态和遗传分化提供理论依据,有助于深入探讨桃蛀螟的迁飞可能性,为我国桃蛀螟防治策略提供基础数据。
The Yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée), is an omnivorous pest insect. In recent years, the damage to corn caused by C. punctiferalis has increased in Huanghuaihai Summer Corn Region and Southwest Hilly Corn Region in China. It has become the major pest of maize in these regions, where the population and damage of C. punctiferalis were even more serious than Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in some years and some districts. The investigation on the survival of overwintering larvae of C. punctiferalis in corn stalks and sunflower heads in field in spring in Langfang, Hebei province indicated that the overwintering survival rates of C. punctiferalis was very low, no survival larvae was observed. It was reported that the supercooling point of C. punctiferalis overwintering larvae was low. In addition, the population of C. punctiferalis was observed through radar detection. It was asummed that the C. punctiferalis might be a migratory pest insect. In this study, we examined the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults and the effects on adult flight capacity when the larvae developed from different host plants: corn, sorghum, and sunflower, respectively. Meanwhile, we also studied the population differentiation and genetic diversity of eleven C. punctiferalis populations from different districts in China by using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The main results are as follows:
1. Flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults was not significantly different between male and female moth at first day after emergence. The flight distance of male and female is 9.12±0.28 km and 9.58±0.49 km, respectively in a 36 h duration flight. The pupal weight had no significant correlation with flight distance (|r| =0.11780.05)and flight duration(|r|=0.078850.05).
2. Temperature and humidity affected the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults. Adults could fly normally from 20℃to 32℃with the strongest at 28℃. Higher or lower than 28℃, the flight capacity would decline. Adult flight capacity increased with the increase of humidity. The flight capacity was the strongest at the 80% RH. Supplementary nutrition for C. punctiferalis adult had no significant effect on the flight capacity of the adult. However, mating behavior could significantly affect the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis. The mean flight distance, mean flight duration and mean flight speed of unmated months was significantly higher than that the mated, respectively. The distance, duration and speed of fight were significant different between months developed from overwintering and nonoverwintering larvae. The flight distance and flight duration of the months developed from overwintering larvae were higher, but the fight speed was lower than that from nonoverwintering ones .
3. The C. punctiferalis moth has a strong ability to fly. The strongest flight ages of C. punctiferalis was 3-5 days after emergence. The flight capacity of C. punctiferalis collected from corn and sunflower reach to the highest point at the 3rd day after emergence, and the flight distances was 21.14km and 22.86km, respectively, in a 24 h duration. The flight capacity of C. punctiferalis collected from sorghum was strongest at the 5th days after ermergence, the flight distance is 21.74 km. No significant was observed in mean fight distance of C. punctiferalis adults at different ages among the months from the three host plants, except for the 7 days after emergence. However, the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis at different ages was significantly different among the three host plants in flight duration and flight speed. It indicated that feeding on different host plants in larval stage had affected the flight capacity of adult subsequently.
4. Genetic diversity among 11 geographic populations of C. punctiferalis collected from 6 provinces in China was investigated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers in this study. Six of the 34 used primers were chosen for our ISSR polymorphic analysis. The results showed that 209 bands were polymorphic, making up 99.05% of the total 211 amplified bands. The genetic distances between different C. punctiferalis populations were 0.0059-0.0237; the Nei`s index, Shannon information index, coefficent of genetic (gene) differentiation among populations (Gst) was 0.1750, 0.2966, 0.053, respectively, and the estimated value of gene flow from Gst was 8.8724. Analysis of Nei`s genetic diversity showed that there was a low level of population genetic structure with a considerable frequency of gene flow.
This study provide theoretical basis for further study on dispersal behavior, population dynamics and genetic diversity of C. punctiferalis. It contributes to explore the possibility of migration in C. punctiferalis. It has also suppled the fundamental data for making the effective strategy of C. punctiferalis managemnet in China.
1.桃蛀螟成虫不同性别间的飞行能力差异不显著,连续吊飞36h的1日龄雄蛾和雌蛾的飞行距离分别为9.12±0.28km和9.58±0.49km。蛹重与飞行距离(|r| =0.1178
2.温、湿度对桃蛀螟成虫的飞行能力有一定的影响。成虫在20-32℃的温度区域内皆能正常飞行,尤其在28℃时飞行能力最强,高于或低于28℃飞行能力均有所下降。成虫飞行能力随着湿度的上升而逐渐提高,80%RH时飞行能力最强。补充营养对成虫飞行能力影响不大。然而,交尾行为却可显著影响桃蛀螟成虫的飞行能力,未交尾成虫的平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间和平均飞行速度均显著大于已交尾的成虫。越冬与非越冬桃蛀螟幼虫羽化的成虫在飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度上均存在显著性差异。除飞行速度外,越冬幼虫羽化的成虫在飞行距离和飞行时间均高于非越冬幼虫羽化的成虫。
3.桃蛀螟成虫具有较强的飞行能力。羽化后3-5日龄的个体飞行能力最强,取食玉米和向日葵的桃蛀螟,3日龄成虫飞行能力达到最大,吊飞24 h的飞行距离分别为21.14km和22.86km,而取食高粱的桃蛀螟,5日龄成虫的飞行能力达到最大,飞行距离为21.74km。3种寄主植物对桃蛀螟的飞行能力的影响,在飞行距离上,各日龄间除7日龄外均没有显著性差异,但从飞行时间和飞行速度上看,各个日龄的幼虫期取食3种寄主植物桃蛀螟的成虫之间差异显著。说明幼虫期取食不同的寄主植物对随后的成虫飞行能力存在着一定程度的影响。
4.应用ISSR分子标记技术对采自6个省的11个桃蛀螟地理种群的基因组DNA进行了遗传多样性和遗传分化分析。从34条引物中筛选出6条用于ISSR扩增,共扩增出211条带,其中209条具多态性,总的多态条带百分率为99.05%。11个种群的遗传距离在0.0059-0.0237之间,Nei`s基因多样性为0.1750,Shannon信息指数为0.2966,基因分化系数为0.053,基因流高达8.8724。总体Nei`s遗传多样性分析结果表明群体结构水平较低而基因流水平较高。本研究为进一步研究桃蛀螟成虫的扩散行为、种群动态和遗传分化提供理论依据,有助于深入探讨桃蛀螟的迁飞可能性,为我国桃蛀螟防治策略提供基础数据。
The Yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée), is an omnivorous pest insect. In recent years, the damage to corn caused by C. punctiferalis has increased in Huanghuaihai Summer Corn Region and Southwest Hilly Corn Region in China. It has become the major pest of maize in these regions, where the population and damage of C. punctiferalis were even more serious than Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis in some years and some districts. The investigation on the survival of overwintering larvae of C. punctiferalis in corn stalks and sunflower heads in field in spring in Langfang, Hebei province indicated that the overwintering survival rates of C. punctiferalis was very low, no survival larvae was observed. It was reported that the supercooling point of C. punctiferalis overwintering larvae was low. In addition, the population of C. punctiferalis was observed through radar detection. It was asummed that the C. punctiferalis might be a migratory pest insect. In this study, we examined the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults and the effects on adult flight capacity when the larvae developed from different host plants: corn, sorghum, and sunflower, respectively. Meanwhile, we also studied the population differentiation and genetic diversity of eleven C. punctiferalis populations from different districts in China by using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The main results are as follows:
1. Flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults was not significantly different between male and female moth at first day after emergence. The flight distance of male and female is 9.12±0.28 km and 9.58±0.49 km, respectively in a 36 h duration flight. The pupal weight had no significant correlation with flight distance (|r| =0.1178
2. Temperature and humidity affected the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis adults. Adults could fly normally from 20℃to 32℃with the strongest at 28℃. Higher or lower than 28℃, the flight capacity would decline. Adult flight capacity increased with the increase of humidity. The flight capacity was the strongest at the 80% RH. Supplementary nutrition for C. punctiferalis adult had no significant effect on the flight capacity of the adult. However, mating behavior could significantly affect the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis. The mean flight distance, mean flight duration and mean flight speed of unmated months was significantly higher than that the mated, respectively. The distance, duration and speed of fight were significant different between months developed from overwintering and nonoverwintering larvae. The flight distance and flight duration of the months developed from overwintering larvae were higher, but the fight speed was lower than that from nonoverwintering ones .
3. The C. punctiferalis moth has a strong ability to fly. The strongest flight ages of C. punctiferalis was 3-5 days after emergence. The flight capacity of C. punctiferalis collected from corn and sunflower reach to the highest point at the 3rd day after emergence, and the flight distances was 21.14km and 22.86km, respectively, in a 24 h duration. The flight capacity of C. punctiferalis collected from sorghum was strongest at the 5th days after ermergence, the flight distance is 21.74 km. No significant was observed in mean fight distance of C. punctiferalis adults at different ages among the months from the three host plants, except for the 7 days after emergence. However, the flight capacity of C. punctiferalis at different ages was significantly different among the three host plants in flight duration and flight speed. It indicated that feeding on different host plants in larval stage had affected the flight capacity of adult subsequently.
4. Genetic diversity among 11 geographic populations of C. punctiferalis collected from 6 provinces in China was investigated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers in this study. Six of the 34 used primers were chosen for our ISSR polymorphic analysis. The results showed that 209 bands were polymorphic, making up 99.05% of the total 211 amplified bands. The genetic distances between different C. punctiferalis populations were 0.0059-0.0237; the Nei`s index, Shannon information index, coefficent of genetic (gene) differentiation among populations (Gst) was 0.1750, 0.2966, 0.053, respectively, and the estimated value of gene flow from Gst was 8.8724. Analysis of Nei`s genetic diversity showed that there was a low level of population genetic structure with a considerable frequency of gene flow.
This study provide theoretical basis for further study on dispersal behavior, population dynamics and genetic diversity of C. punctiferalis. It contributes to explore the possibility of migration in C. punctiferalis. It has also suppled the fundamental data for making the effective strategy of C. punctiferalis managemnet in China.
引文
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