哈代小说和诗歌的关系研究
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摘要
托马斯·哈代(Thomas Hardy,1840-1928)是横跨两个世纪的作家,其创作生涯长达六十多年,出版了十四部长篇小说、四部短篇小说集、八卷诗集和两部诗剧。哈代是一个非常独特的文学现象,既是杰出的小说家又是一流的诗人。他创作的生涯历经了从诗歌到小说创作的变迁,然后又从小说到诗歌创作的变迁这一过程。
在哈代创作初期,他的诗歌不被社会接受,倍受打击。那时,小说渐渐成为最引人注目的文体,迫于生计等压力,哈代无奈转向了小说创作。然而,就是在小说中,别样的诗情在哈代作品的字里行间中暗涌回旋。“性格与环境小说”是哈代精心打造的威塞克斯的田园诗,他的人物祖祖辈辈在这一地区成长生活、繁衍生息,时间在他们身边模糊而停滞,流走又流回,回环反复,主人公也是那些与田园诗相匹配的乡村教师、农民、乡村牧师、石匠等。小说中的语言精雕细琢,趋于诗化,在语音修辞上飞翔着诗歌的音韵美,在瞬间描写上藏匿着短小的诗篇；他在小说中还大量引用诗歌镶入文中,形成卷首语与文中诗与小说的交相辉映,水乳交融,引入的诗歌为小说所容纳,又超然其上,给读者造成陌生感,也对读者提出挑战,需要读者更多的阅读经验才能理解,打开了文体相间成文的别样审美张力和情趣；小说中的意象叙事,不仅从视觉上展现了画面的美感,而且为小说营造了内在的诗情意蕴,也为小说的叙事别开洞天。从1867年他撰写第一部小说开始,哈代在小说的世界里徜徉了近三十年。小说创作为他赢得了巨大的声誉。
正如哈代的诗人气质一直影响他小说的创作,这么多年小说创作的浸染在他的诗歌上也深深打上小说家的烙印。他会随时在诗歌创作中释放小说百宝囊中的因素,使诗歌汲取小说元素的营养。与其他大多数诗人不同,他诗歌的思想与主题不是主要通过意象与象征,而是通过故事性、人物刻画展现出来,有很强的叙事性。他诗歌中的叙事元素主要包括民谣体和戏剧性。诗歌语言特征具有散文化特征,他以小说家的笔触创作诗歌,诗句自然质朴,很少使用华丽的辞藻,于淡雅中蕴含深重的韵味,而是杂糅了自造词、普通词汇、口语,甚至是地方方言入诗；在诗歌语言音乐性方面,音律不和谐,被一些学者看做“没有歌喉”的诗人；对于大多数诗歌而言,隐喻和象征是诗人的武器,而哈代却很少在诗歌中使用隐喻与象征,但他更擅长在叙事诗中通过情节的戏剧性变化、人物的内心跌宕来体现诗歌的张力。在对日常形象的描绘中,哈代善于在毫无诗意的地方发掘让人意想不到的诗意,以朴素、具体的叙事展现普通人的日常生活。19世纪英国的小说创作潮流为现实主义,在哈代看来,作家的主要任务应该按照生活的本来面目表现生活。由于社会生活的剧烈动荡,诗人关注事变,时事人生直接入诗,诗歌不仅是哈代写作的文体,而且也是他对现实和历史的反思,有助于他更好地关注普通人的生活和多灾多难的人类。小说元素合理地介入诗歌,成为诗歌的有机组成部分,有利于扩大诗歌的包容性,拓宽诗歌的题材和加强诗歌的艺术表现手法。
文学类型有一定的秩序系统特征,以一定体裁上的结构方式为标准。然而,哈代本身兼具诗人的气质和小说家意识,他没有受制于文体的分类,在这个秩序系统中,他融入自己个性化的结构和技巧,呈现出一种文体为主,融入其他文体的跨文体特征。创作时,他同时利用和吸收了两种体裁的优势成分：把诗歌的元素应用到小说中,使威塞克斯小说散发着迷人的田园诗情；小说的元素调和在诗歌里,有助于增加诗歌的叙事性、客观性和普遍性,从而丰富自己的艺术表现手法,扩宽题材,突破小说和诗歌固有的表现方式,从而使作品具有一种不可替代的审美特征。
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) spanned two centuries, having been prolific for over sixty years during his lifetime. Overall, he published fourteen long novels, four short story collections, eight poetry anthologies as well as two verse dramas. Distinguished from other literary writers, Hardy excelled both in fiction and in poetry, shifting from poetry to fiction in his early years and back to poetry again towards the end of his writing career.
Hardy's poetry was scathingly criticized and frustrated in his early years as a poet. With the novel gradually becoming the most popular genre, Hardy had no choice but to turn to writing fiction under immense financial pressure. Yet, even in his fictions, poetry overflows and reverberates in his writing. His "novels of environment and character" are like pastoral poems of Wessex which witness the cycling life and death of native people generation after generation for whom time blurs and stagnates, flowing in and out, the pastoral poems being well matched by protagonists whose professions range from teachers, to peasants, local priests, and stonemasons, etc. Firstly, the language of the novel, exquisitely carved into the important moments of being, dances with musicality, approaching poetry. Secondly, Hardy embeds an abundance of poetic stanzas into his novels as well that rhyme and blend perfectly with the novel and, yet, defamiliarized, transcend their original meanings, challenging readers to reinterpret them with much experience, hence the establishment of intertextual tension and flavor. Thirdly, the narrative images in the novel not only unfold wondrous scrolls of paintings but also shroud the whole novel with poetic sentiment, charting new seas and lands in narrative fictions with exceptional charm. Hardy's novel writing career commenced in1867and lasted for nearly thirty years, which had won for him great national acclaim.
Hardy's poetic disposition has been casting a subtle influence on his novels, and, likewise, his poems are stamped with influences of his decades of immersion in novel writing. When writing poetry, he commands various techniques drawn from his novel writings with much ease that successfully nourish his poems. Different from others, most of his poems, marked by their narrative strength, develop insights and themes through plotlines and characterizations instead of images and symbols. The narrative elements of his poems realize themselves mainly through ballads and dramatization. The language of poetry is characterized by its prose style, simple and unadorned, in a genuine and overflowing undercurrent, mingled with his coinages, simple diction, oral expressions, and even local dialects; in terms of musicality, the rhythms and rhymes of his poems do not strictly adhere to verse conventionalities, contributing to cacophony, so much so that he is regarded by some scholars as "a poet without having a singing voice"; Unlike most of other poets who regard metaphors and symbols as their weapons in composing verse, Hardy makes fewer use of them but excels in building tension and achieving poetic value instead through dramatization and a character's inward ups and downs. In depicting life, Hardy excels in salvaging poetry out of things which seem to be the least poetic, presenting the ordinary life of common people by means of unadorned and concrete narratives. Realist novels were prevalent in19th century Britain, and Hardy was convinced that the major task of the novels should present life as the way it is. Amid the social upheavals, poets began to attach more importance to current events, and, therefore, poetry is not only a genre for Hardy, but also a reflection on reality and fiction, so that his work becomes increasingly centered on life of ordinary people and a history beset with miseries and disasters. The incorporation of novelistic elements into his poems which become an essential component for his poetry has achieved inclusiveness, broadened the views as well as strengthened the artistic expressions for his poems.
Literature is featured by an order upon which certain genres are conventionally structured. Hardy, however, endowed with both a poetic disposition and a novelistic consciousness, does not strictly adhere to literary conventional genres but integrates his own unique structures and techniques, relying on one major genre, while blending some other genre features. He makes use of as well as absorbs the elements from both genres to his advantage:blending poetry into his novels which become imbued with idyllic charm; integrating some of the novelistic elements into his poetry which contribute to enhancement of its narrative, objective as well as universal attributes, hence the enrichment of his artistic device, expansion of his topics, which transcend the conventional novelistic and poetic expressions and endow the work with irreplaceable aesthetic values.
在哈代创作初期,他的诗歌不被社会接受,倍受打击。那时,小说渐渐成为最引人注目的文体,迫于生计等压力,哈代无奈转向了小说创作。然而,就是在小说中,别样的诗情在哈代作品的字里行间中暗涌回旋。“性格与环境小说”是哈代精心打造的威塞克斯的田园诗,他的人物祖祖辈辈在这一地区成长生活、繁衍生息,时间在他们身边模糊而停滞,流走又流回,回环反复,主人公也是那些与田园诗相匹配的乡村教师、农民、乡村牧师、石匠等。小说中的语言精雕细琢,趋于诗化,在语音修辞上飞翔着诗歌的音韵美,在瞬间描写上藏匿着短小的诗篇；他在小说中还大量引用诗歌镶入文中,形成卷首语与文中诗与小说的交相辉映,水乳交融,引入的诗歌为小说所容纳,又超然其上,给读者造成陌生感,也对读者提出挑战,需要读者更多的阅读经验才能理解,打开了文体相间成文的别样审美张力和情趣；小说中的意象叙事,不仅从视觉上展现了画面的美感,而且为小说营造了内在的诗情意蕴,也为小说的叙事别开洞天。从1867年他撰写第一部小说开始,哈代在小说的世界里徜徉了近三十年。小说创作为他赢得了巨大的声誉。
正如哈代的诗人气质一直影响他小说的创作,这么多年小说创作的浸染在他的诗歌上也深深打上小说家的烙印。他会随时在诗歌创作中释放小说百宝囊中的因素,使诗歌汲取小说元素的营养。与其他大多数诗人不同,他诗歌的思想与主题不是主要通过意象与象征,而是通过故事性、人物刻画展现出来,有很强的叙事性。他诗歌中的叙事元素主要包括民谣体和戏剧性。诗歌语言特征具有散文化特征,他以小说家的笔触创作诗歌,诗句自然质朴,很少使用华丽的辞藻,于淡雅中蕴含深重的韵味,而是杂糅了自造词、普通词汇、口语,甚至是地方方言入诗；在诗歌语言音乐性方面,音律不和谐,被一些学者看做“没有歌喉”的诗人；对于大多数诗歌而言,隐喻和象征是诗人的武器,而哈代却很少在诗歌中使用隐喻与象征,但他更擅长在叙事诗中通过情节的戏剧性变化、人物的内心跌宕来体现诗歌的张力。在对日常形象的描绘中,哈代善于在毫无诗意的地方发掘让人意想不到的诗意,以朴素、具体的叙事展现普通人的日常生活。19世纪英国的小说创作潮流为现实主义,在哈代看来,作家的主要任务应该按照生活的本来面目表现生活。由于社会生活的剧烈动荡,诗人关注事变,时事人生直接入诗,诗歌不仅是哈代写作的文体,而且也是他对现实和历史的反思,有助于他更好地关注普通人的生活和多灾多难的人类。小说元素合理地介入诗歌,成为诗歌的有机组成部分,有利于扩大诗歌的包容性,拓宽诗歌的题材和加强诗歌的艺术表现手法。
文学类型有一定的秩序系统特征,以一定体裁上的结构方式为标准。然而,哈代本身兼具诗人的气质和小说家意识,他没有受制于文体的分类,在这个秩序系统中,他融入自己个性化的结构和技巧,呈现出一种文体为主,融入其他文体的跨文体特征。创作时,他同时利用和吸收了两种体裁的优势成分：把诗歌的元素应用到小说中,使威塞克斯小说散发着迷人的田园诗情；小说的元素调和在诗歌里,有助于增加诗歌的叙事性、客观性和普遍性,从而丰富自己的艺术表现手法,扩宽题材,突破小说和诗歌固有的表现方式,从而使作品具有一种不可替代的审美特征。
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) spanned two centuries, having been prolific for over sixty years during his lifetime. Overall, he published fourteen long novels, four short story collections, eight poetry anthologies as well as two verse dramas. Distinguished from other literary writers, Hardy excelled both in fiction and in poetry, shifting from poetry to fiction in his early years and back to poetry again towards the end of his writing career.
Hardy's poetry was scathingly criticized and frustrated in his early years as a poet. With the novel gradually becoming the most popular genre, Hardy had no choice but to turn to writing fiction under immense financial pressure. Yet, even in his fictions, poetry overflows and reverberates in his writing. His "novels of environment and character" are like pastoral poems of Wessex which witness the cycling life and death of native people generation after generation for whom time blurs and stagnates, flowing in and out, the pastoral poems being well matched by protagonists whose professions range from teachers, to peasants, local priests, and stonemasons, etc. Firstly, the language of the novel, exquisitely carved into the important moments of being, dances with musicality, approaching poetry. Secondly, Hardy embeds an abundance of poetic stanzas into his novels as well that rhyme and blend perfectly with the novel and, yet, defamiliarized, transcend their original meanings, challenging readers to reinterpret them with much experience, hence the establishment of intertextual tension and flavor. Thirdly, the narrative images in the novel not only unfold wondrous scrolls of paintings but also shroud the whole novel with poetic sentiment, charting new seas and lands in narrative fictions with exceptional charm. Hardy's novel writing career commenced in1867and lasted for nearly thirty years, which had won for him great national acclaim.
Hardy's poetic disposition has been casting a subtle influence on his novels, and, likewise, his poems are stamped with influences of his decades of immersion in novel writing. When writing poetry, he commands various techniques drawn from his novel writings with much ease that successfully nourish his poems. Different from others, most of his poems, marked by their narrative strength, develop insights and themes through plotlines and characterizations instead of images and symbols. The narrative elements of his poems realize themselves mainly through ballads and dramatization. The language of poetry is characterized by its prose style, simple and unadorned, in a genuine and overflowing undercurrent, mingled with his coinages, simple diction, oral expressions, and even local dialects; in terms of musicality, the rhythms and rhymes of his poems do not strictly adhere to verse conventionalities, contributing to cacophony, so much so that he is regarded by some scholars as "a poet without having a singing voice"; Unlike most of other poets who regard metaphors and symbols as their weapons in composing verse, Hardy makes fewer use of them but excels in building tension and achieving poetic value instead through dramatization and a character's inward ups and downs. In depicting life, Hardy excels in salvaging poetry out of things which seem to be the least poetic, presenting the ordinary life of common people by means of unadorned and concrete narratives. Realist novels were prevalent in19th century Britain, and Hardy was convinced that the major task of the novels should present life as the way it is. Amid the social upheavals, poets began to attach more importance to current events, and, therefore, poetry is not only a genre for Hardy, but also a reflection on reality and fiction, so that his work becomes increasingly centered on life of ordinary people and a history beset with miseries and disasters. The incorporation of novelistic elements into his poems which become an essential component for his poetry has achieved inclusiveness, broadened the views as well as strengthened the artistic expressions for his poems.
Literature is featured by an order upon which certain genres are conventionally structured. Hardy, however, endowed with both a poetic disposition and a novelistic consciousness, does not strictly adhere to literary conventional genres but integrates his own unique structures and techniques, relying on one major genre, while blending some other genre features. He makes use of as well as absorbs the elements from both genres to his advantage:blending poetry into his novels which become imbued with idyllic charm; integrating some of the novelistic elements into his poetry which contribute to enhancement of its narrative, objective as well as universal attributes, hence the enrichment of his artistic device, expansion of his topics, which transcend the conventional novelistic and poetic expressions and endow the work with irreplaceable aesthetic values.
引文
1 Florence Emily Hardy.The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.56.
2 R. G. Cox, Thomas Hardy The Critical Heritage, R.G.Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1978, p. xvii.
1Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.446.
2 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生：《丁尼生诗选》,黄杲炘译,上海：上海译文出版社,1995年,第166页
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57.
2 Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson, ed., New York:Macmillan,1978, p.13.
3 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.452.
4 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961,p.98.
6 George Macbeth, Poetry,1900 to 1975, Longman:Faber and Faber,1979, p.1.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.301.
1 Alfred Tennyson, "In Memoriam," The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1990, p.1952.
1 John Sutherland, The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction, John Sutherland, ed., Stanford:Stanford UP,1989. p.1.
2 John Feather,A History of British Publishing, London:Croom Helm,1988, p.154.
1 Stephen Colclough,"'Purifying the Sources of Amusement and Information':The Railway Bookstalls of W. H. Smith & Son,1855-1860." Publishing History 56(2004):27.
2 R·奥尔丁顿：诗人及其时代,《英国作家论文学》,王春元、钱中文主编,汪培基等译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版,1985年,第523页。
3 Alexis Weedon, Victorian Publishing:The Economics of Book Production for a Mass Market,1836-1916, Aldershot: Ashgate,2003, p.157.
1 thony Trollope, An Autobiography, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980, p.219.
2 Joshua L. Rosenbloom, "Economics and the Emergence of Modern Publishing in the United States." Publishing History29(1991):60.
1 Harold Orel ed., Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings, Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,1996, p.72.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.56.
1 Desmond MacCarthy, Memories, pp.108-9.转引自 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud: History Press,2011, p.32.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.57.
3Ibid, p.57.
4 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011. p.48.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.86.
2 Ibid, p.137.
3 Edmund Blunden, Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan and co., limited,1942, p.38.
4 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p.60.
5 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume. New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.270.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.84.
2 何宁：《哈代研究史》,南京：译林出版社,2011年,第19页。
3 Saturday Review,16 January 1892,73-4, Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge, 1979. p.188-91.
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.246.
Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p.130.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.246.
1 Ibid, p.270.
2 Ibid, p.279.
3 Mrs. Oliphant, "The Anti-Marriage League," Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London: Routledge,1979, pp.256-62.
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.277.
5 哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996,第2页
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.286.
2 特罗洛普：论小说和小说的写作艺术,汪培基译,《英国作家论文学》,王春元,钱中文主编,北京：三联书店,1985年,第173-183页。
1 刘文荣：《19世纪英国小说史》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年,第264页。
2 Miriam Allott, Novelists on the Novel, London:Routledge and Paul,1959, p.244.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.363.
Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
Edmund Gosse,'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.447.
3 黑格尔：《美学》(第三卷下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第54页。
Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.301.
Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.98.
6 "Unsigned Review, Saturday Review," Thomas Hardy, the Critical Heritage, R·G·Cox, ed., London:Routledge & K. Paul; New York:Barnes & Noble,1970, p.319.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.299.
2 Ibid, p.106.
3 黑格尔：《美学》第三卷(下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第188页。
4 Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.3.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.378.
2 David A. Ross, Critical Companion to William Butler Yeats, New York:Facts On File,2009, p.72.
1 安妮特.T·鲁宾斯坦：《英国文学的伟大传统：从司各特到萧伯纳》,陈安全、高逾等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1998年,第107页。
Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.46.
1 James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate eds., Lion in the Garden; Interviews with William Faulkner,1926-1962. New York:Random House,1968, p.225.
1 Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.45.
2 Ibid,p.8.
3 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia University Press,1940, p.55.
4 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第417-418页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004,第170-171页。
Michael Millgate, Thomas Hardy, A Biography, New York:Oxford University Press,1985, p.248.
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第229页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第9页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第435页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第339页。
4 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第418页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第19负。
2 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第232页。
3 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第423-424负。
4 D.戴维森：托马斯·哈代的小说的传统摧础,《哈代创作论集》：陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第133页。
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.34-35.
2 Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
3 Plutarch:The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, Trans. Sir Thomas North, London:T. Vautroullier and J Wight,1579, p.981.
1 (因诗歌格式需要,略作改动。)莎上比亚,《莎士比亚全集·第六卷》,朱生豪译,北京：人民文学出版社,1994年,第35页。
2 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第81页。
3 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.15.
3 詹姆斯·乔伊斯：《都伯林人》,王逢振译,上海：上海译文出版社,2010年,第32页。
1 Geoffrey N. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001,p.l00.
2 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.3.
3 Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.21.
4 Ibid,p.44.
5 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988年,第66页。
6 Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native, London:Penguin Books,1985, p.53.
1 Ibid, p.46.
2 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,1995, p.13.
3 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.91.
4 Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2000, p.113.
5 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
1 Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.21.
2 Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2000, p.113.
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
2 瓦莱里：《文艺杂谈》,段映虹译,天津：百花文艺出版社,2002年,第283页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988年,第52页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第150页。
1 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272.
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第2页。
3 同上,第83页。
1 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.269.
2 Ibid, p.270.
3 勒内·韦勒克,奥斯汀·沃伦：《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,南京：江苏教育出版社,2005年,第75页。
1 Virgil, The Aeneid, Trans. Robert Fagles, New York:Viking,2006, p.61.
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第216页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第211页。
4 同上,第168页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第2页。
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The 'Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.272.
5 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第3页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第242页。
2 同上,第252页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第275页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第300页。
2 Leon Wwaldoff, "Psychological Detenninism in Tess of the d'Urbervilles," Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy, Dale Kramer, ed., London:Macmillan,1979, p.152.
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第133页
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第239-240页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第475页。
2 Dale Kramer, Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan,1979, p.5.
3 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第235页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第236-237页。
2 《唐宋词选》,中国社会科学院文学研究所编,北京：人民文学出版社,1981年,第1页。
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第268页。
2 同上,第275页。
3 E.M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel, London:Edward Anold & Co.,1928, p.125.
4 Cleanth Brooks,& R. P.Warren, Understanding Poetry, Peking:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004, p.196.
3 陈植锷：《诗歌意象论》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第13页。
6 Merryn Williams, A Preface to Hardy, Beijing:Peking University Press,2005, p.181.
1 张中载：《托马斯·哈代——思想和创造》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1987年,第18页。
2 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volu.New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.277.
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第410页。
3 莎士比亚：《莎士比亚全集》,朱生豪译,北京：人民文学出版社,1994年,第527页。
4 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第339页。
6 W. L. Phelps, "Essays on Modern Novelists." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.21.
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第315页。
2 Carl J. Weber, Hardy of Wessex:His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia University Press,1940, p.74.
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第204页
1 Charles Whibley,"'Thomas Hardy', Blackwood's Magazine:June 1913, cxciii,823-31." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.413.
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
3 同上,第82页。
4 同上,第83页。
5 R. H. Hutton, "Unsigned review, Spectator:8 February 1879,181-2," Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.55.
5 吴笛：《哈代新论》,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2009年,第36页。
7 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan Press,1972, p.215.
6 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第17-18页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第76页。
2 聂珍钊：《悲戚而刚毅的艺术家：托马斯·哈代小说研究》,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,1992年,第248页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第129页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第18页。
4 J·希利斯·米勒：《小说与重复——七部英国小说》,王宏图译,天津：天津人民出版社,2008年,第147页。
5 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第90页。
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第279页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
3 同上,第21页。
4 艾略特：《艾略特诗选》,赵萝蕤等译,济南：山东大学出版社,1999年,第77页。
5 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第109页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第490页。
2 Robert Frost, Collected Poems of Robert Frost, New York:Henry Holt and Company,1942, p.268.
3 哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第69页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第116页。
3 同上,第129页。
4 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第334页。
1 吴笛：《哈代研究》,杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1994年,第128页。
2 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.444.
3 Ibid, p.447.
1 克劳斯·黑尔德：《世界现象学》,倪梁康译,北京：三联书店出版社,2003年,第243页。
2 伊恩.P·瓦特：《小说的兴起》,高原、董红钧译,北京：三联书店出版社,1992年,第76页。
3 戈德曼：《论小说的社会学》,吴岳添译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年,第11页。
1 夏尔·波德莱尔：《恶之花》,郭宏安译,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第236-237页。
1 耿占春：《失去象征的世界》,北京：北京大学出版社,2008年,第122页。
2 钱钟书：《钱钟书论学文选·第二卷》,广州：花城出版社1990年,第305页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.40.
1 Edmund Gosse, "'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.451.
2 Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.6.
1Lance St. John Butler, Thomas Hardy, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978. p.162.
1 Robert Langbaum, Thomas Hardy in Our Time, New York:St. Martin's Press,1995, p.27.
2 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.48.
3 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.50.
4 Ibid, p.138.
1 Deborah Horvitz, Literature Trauma:Sadism, Memory, and Sexual Violence in American Women's Fiction, Albany: State University of New York Press,2000, p.5.
2 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第154-155页。
1 Robert Gittings, The Older Hardy, London:Heinemann,1978,p.171.
2 Kali Tal, Worlds of Hurt:Reading the Literatures of Trauma, New York:Cambridge University Press,1966, p.16.
3 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.178.
4 George MacBeth, Poetry 1900 to 1975, George Macbeth, ed., London:Longman:Faber and Faber,1979, p.1.
1 吴笛：《哈代研究》,杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1994年,第186页。
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.56.
2 Lytton Strachey, "Mr. Hardy's New Poems," New Statesman, IV (Dec.19,1914),170 reprinted in Strachey, Characters and Commentaries, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1933, p.182.
Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.112.
Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson. ed., New York:Macmillan,1978, p.6.
3 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.302.
4 Paul Valery, The Art of Poetry, Cambridge University Press,1961, p.53.
2 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.58.
1 James Granville Southworth, The Poetry of Thomas Hardy, New York:Columbia University' Press,1947. p.135.
2 William Carlos Williams, The Collected Earlier Poems of William Carlos Williams,1951, p.354.
1 Bowra, Sir Cecil Maurice, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.6.
2 B.W. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, New York:Macmillan,1961. p.159.
3 Henri Bergson, Time and Free Will. New York:Harper & Brothers,1960, p.14.
4 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57
5 Ibid, p.60.
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.40.
2 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57
3 W. Somerset Maugham, Cakes and Ale, Garden City:Doubleday, Doran Co.,1930, pp.134-35.
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.40.
William Wordsworth, "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York, London:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1990, p.1343.
3 Morse Peckham, Beyond the Tragic Vision:The Quest for Identity in the Nineteenth Century, New York:Literary Licensing,1962, p.84.
4 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第12页。
5 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.73.
6 Florence Emily Hardy, The later Years of Thomas Hardy 1892-1928, London:Macmillan,1930, p.90-91.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.65.
2 转引自R. Rogers, Metaphor, A Psychoanalytic View, Berkeley:University of California Press,1974, p.6.
3 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1892, p.44.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.66.
2 William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, London:Chatto and Windus,1949, p.2.
3 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.66.
1 Donald Davie, Thomas Hardy and British Poetry, New York:Oxford University Press,1972, p.61-62.
1 Ibid, p.62.
2 亚里斯多德：《诗学》,罗念生译,北京：人民文学出版社,2000年,第82页。
1 同上,第82-83页。
2 黑格尔：《美学》第三卷(下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第167页。
3 转引自蓝仁哲译《托马斯·哈代诗选》,成都：四川文艺出版社,1987年,第5-6页。
4 《英国文学名篇选注》王佐良,李赋宁,周珏良,刘承沛主编,北京：商务印书馆出版,1995年,第16页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.106.
2 D-戴维森,托马斯·哈代的小说的传统基础,《哈代创作论集》,1992年,第126-127页。
3 它是在一张纸上一面印上歌谣,另一面是装饰性的木刻,十八世纪以前就有这种形式。
4 Edmund Gosse, "'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.447.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.312.
6 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(8)诗选》,刘新民译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第122页。
1 Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Understanding Poetry, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004, p.48.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.33.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.68.
2 Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson, ed., New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1979, p.6.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.68.
1 勒内·韦勒克,奥斯汀·沃伦：《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,南京：江苏教育出版社,2005年,第75页。
2 E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novels, London:Edward Arnold & Co.1927, p.14.
3 Malcolm Bradbury, Possibilities, London:Oxford University Press,1973, p.279.
1 梁宗岱：《象征主义》,《梁宗岱文集》(Ⅱ),中央编译出版社,2003年,第78页。
2 雪莱：《为诗辩护》,《十九世纪英国诗人论诗》,刘若端编,北京：人民文学出版社,1984年,第119页,第123页。
3 厄尔·迈纳：《比较诗学：文学理论的跨文化研究札记》,王宇根,宋伟杰等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年,第142页。
4 什克洛夫斯基：《作为技巧的艺术》,转引自张隆溪,《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版社,1987年,第75-76页。
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.141.
2 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272-273.
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第299页。
2 J. Holloway, "Hardy's major fiction", From Jane Austen to Joseph Conrad:Essays Collected In Memory of James T. Hillhouse, Robert C. Rathburn and Martin Steinmann, eds., Jr., Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1958,p.237.
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第4页。
2 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集-小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第427页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第119页。
4 Thomas Hardy, The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, Michael Millgate ed., Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1985, p.369.
1 Ralph Freedman, The Lyrical Novel; Studies in Hermann Hesse, Andre Gide, and Virginia Woolf, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,1966, p.76.
2 格·尼·波斯彼洛夫：《文学原理》王忠琪等译,北京：三联书店,1985年,第153页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第351页。
1 托马斯·哈代《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第109页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第445页。
3 弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙：《伍尔芙随笔全集》,王义国等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001年,第1559页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.392.
2 亚里斯多德：《诗学》,罗念生译,北京：人民文学出版社,2000年,第86-87负。
1 托马斯·哈代：《一双蓝蓝的眼睛》,严维明,祁寿华译,译林出版社,1994年,第225页。
1 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第47页。
1 E·M·Forster, Aspects of the Novel, London:Edward Anold & Co.,1928, p.125.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.157.
3 Ibid,p.56.
4 D.戴维森:托马斯·哈代的小说的传统基础,《哈代创作论集》,陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第126页。
5 同上,第129页。
C. M. Jackson - Houlston, "Thomas Hardy's Use of Traditional Song." Nineteeth-Century Literature, Vol.44, No.3, Dec.1989:305.
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第399页。
1 同上,第445页。
2 英语原文是now I have killed him,张谷若先生在这里把最后一句“我现在已经把他杀了”,译为“现在我已经把他打发了”。
3 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第11页。
4 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.3.
1 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p. 55.
2Edmund Blunden, Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan and co., limited,1942, p.38.
3D. H. Lawrence, Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, Bruce Steele, ed., Cambridge; New York:Cambridge University Press,1985, p.25.
4Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscenc, Harold Orel ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
5Robert Gittings, Young Thomas Hardy, London:Heinemann Educational,1975, p.169.
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第296页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第158页。
3 同上,第199页。
4 J. Holloway, "Hardy's Major Fiction", From Jane Austen to Joseph Conrad:Essays Collected in Memory of James T. Hillhouse,. Robert C. Rathburn and Martin Steinmann, Jr., eds., Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1958,p.292.
5 Peter J. Casagrande, Hardy's Influence on the Modern Novel, Basingstoke:Macmillan,1987, p.211.
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第336页。
2 W. P. Trent, "'The Novels of Thomas Hardy', Sewanee Review:November 1892, i, I." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, eds., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.235.
1 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.450.
1 Albert J. Guerard, Thomas Hardy:The Novel and Stories, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1949, p.139.
2 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,‘张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第71页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第135页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第12页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第337页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《一双蓝蓝的眼睛》,严维明,祁寿华译,译林出版社,1994年,第298页。
1Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume,New York; Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272.
2Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.153.
1 Charles Whibley, "'Thomas Hardy', Blackwood's Magazine:June 1913, cxciii,823-31." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, eds., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.414.
1 Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The common reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.267.
2 H·詹姆士：远离尘器,’《哈代创作论集》,陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第295页。
3 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第275页。
1 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第55-56页。
2 Thomas Hardy, Hardy's Love Poems, Carl J. Weber, ed., London and Basingstoke:Papermac,1989, p.ⅴ—ⅶ.
1 Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The common reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.279.
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[德]克劳斯·黑尔德：《世界现象学》。倪梁康译。北京：三联书店出版社,2003年。
李田意：《哈代评传》。上海：商务印书馆,1937年。
梁宗岱：《梁宗岱文集》(Ⅱ)。中央编译出版社,2003年。
刘文荣：《19世纪英国小说史》。北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年。
[英]哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》。张谷若译。北京：人民文学出版社,2005年。
[英]哈代：《哈代文集(8)·诗选》。刘新民译。北京：人民文学出版社,2004年。
[英]哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》。张谷若译。北京：人民文学出版社,2004年。
[英]哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》。张玲,张扬译。北京：人民文学出版社,2004年。
[英]哈代：《林地居民》。邹海仑译。贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988年。
[英]哈代：《梦幻时刻：哈代抒情诗选》。飞白,吴笛译。北京：中国文联出版公司出版,1992年。
[英]哈代：《无名的裘德》。张谷若译。北京：人民文学出版社,1996年。
[英]哈代：《一双蓝蓝的眼睛》。严维明,祁寿华译。南京：译林出版社,1994年。
[英]哈代：《远离尘嚣》。傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译。北京：人民文学出版社,2004年。
[德]黑格尔：《美学》(第三卷下)。北京：商务印书馆,2011年。
何宁：《哈代研究史》。南京：译林出版社,2011年。
[美]J·希利斯·米勒：《小说与重复——七部英国小说》。王宏图译。天津：天津人民出版社,2008年。
聂珍钊：《悲戚而刚毅的艺术家：托马斯·哈代小说研究》。武汉：华中师范大学出版社,1992年。
[英]莎士比亚：《莎士比亚全集》。朱生豪译。北京：人民文学出版社,1994年。
钱钟书：《钱钟书论学文选·第二卷》。广州：花城出版社1990。
[英]乔伊斯：《都伯林人》。王逢振译。上海：上海译文出版社,2010年。
[法]瓦莱里：《文艺杂谈》。段映虹译。天津：百花文艺出版社,2002年。
王春元,钱中文主编：《英国作家论文学》。汪培基等译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版,1985年。
王佐良,李赋宁,周珏良,刘承沛主编：《英国文学名篇选注》。北京：商务印书馆出版,1995年。
[美]韦勒克,沃伦：《文学理论》。刘象愚等译。南京：江苏教育出版社,2005年。
吴笛：《哈代新论》。杭州：浙江大学出版社,2009年。
吴笛：《哈代研究》。杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1994年。
徐志摩：《徐志摩全集》。南宁：广西民族出版社,1991年。
[英]雪莱：《为诗辩护》,《十九世纪英国诗人论诗》。刘若端编。北京：人民文学出版社,1984年。
[希腊]亚里斯多德：《诗学》。罗念生,杨周翰译。北京：人民文学出版社,1962年。
颜学军：《哈代诗歌研究》。北京：人民文学出版社,2006年。
杨义：《中国叙事学》。北京：人民文学出版社,1997年。
[美]伊恩·P·瓦特：《小说的兴起》。高原,董红钧译。北京：三联书店出版社,1992年。
张玲：《哈代》。北京：华夏出版社,2002年。
张隆溪：《二十世纪西方文论述评》。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版社,1987年。
张中载：《托马斯·哈代——思想和创造》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1987年。
朱炯强：《哈代——跨世纪的巨人》。杭州：杭州大学出版社,1994年。
2 R. G. Cox, Thomas Hardy The Critical Heritage, R.G.Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1978, p. xvii.
1Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.446.
2 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生：《丁尼生诗选》,黄杲炘译,上海：上海译文出版社,1995年,第166页
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57.
2 Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson, ed., New York:Macmillan,1978, p.13.
3 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.452.
4 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961,p.98.
6 George Macbeth, Poetry,1900 to 1975, Longman:Faber and Faber,1979, p.1.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.301.
1 Alfred Tennyson, "In Memoriam," The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1990, p.1952.
1 John Sutherland, The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction, John Sutherland, ed., Stanford:Stanford UP,1989. p.1.
2 John Feather,A History of British Publishing, London:Croom Helm,1988, p.154.
1 Stephen Colclough,"'Purifying the Sources of Amusement and Information':The Railway Bookstalls of W. H. Smith & Son,1855-1860." Publishing History 56(2004):27.
2 R·奥尔丁顿：诗人及其时代,《英国作家论文学》,王春元、钱中文主编,汪培基等译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版,1985年,第523页。
3 Alexis Weedon, Victorian Publishing:The Economics of Book Production for a Mass Market,1836-1916, Aldershot: Ashgate,2003, p.157.
1 thony Trollope, An Autobiography, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980, p.219.
2 Joshua L. Rosenbloom, "Economics and the Emergence of Modern Publishing in the United States." Publishing History29(1991):60.
1 Harold Orel ed., Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings, Lawrence:University of Kansas Press,1996, p.72.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.56.
1 Desmond MacCarthy, Memories, pp.108-9.转引自 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud: History Press,2011, p.32.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.57.
3Ibid, p.57.
4 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011. p.48.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.86.
2 Ibid, p.137.
3 Edmund Blunden, Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan and co., limited,1942, p.38.
4 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p.60.
5 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume. New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.270.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.84.
2 何宁：《哈代研究史》,南京：译林出版社,2011年,第19页。
3 Saturday Review,16 January 1892,73-4, Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge, 1979. p.188-91.
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.246.
Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p.130.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.246.
1 Ibid, p.270.
2 Ibid, p.279.
3 Mrs. Oliphant, "The Anti-Marriage League," Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London: Routledge,1979, pp.256-62.
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.277.
5 哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996,第2页
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.286.
2 特罗洛普：论小说和小说的写作艺术,汪培基译,《英国作家论文学》,王春元,钱中文主编,北京：三联书店,1985年,第173-183页。
1 刘文荣：《19世纪英国小说史》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002年,第264页。
2 Miriam Allott, Novelists on the Novel, London:Routledge and Paul,1959, p.244.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.363.
Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
Edmund Gosse,'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.447.
3 黑格尔：《美学》(第三卷下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第54页。
Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.301.
Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.98.
6 "Unsigned Review, Saturday Review," Thomas Hardy, the Critical Heritage, R·G·Cox, ed., London:Routledge & K. Paul; New York:Barnes & Noble,1970, p.319.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.299.
2 Ibid, p.106.
3 黑格尔：《美学》第三卷(下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第188页。
4 Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.3.
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.378.
2 David A. Ross, Critical Companion to William Butler Yeats, New York:Facts On File,2009, p.72.
1 安妮特.T·鲁宾斯坦：《英国文学的伟大传统：从司各特到萧伯纳》,陈安全、高逾等译,上海：上海译文出版社,1998年,第107页。
Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.46.
1 James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate eds., Lion in the Garden; Interviews with William Faulkner,1926-1962. New York:Random House,1968, p.225.
1 Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.45.
2 Ibid,p.8.
3 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia University Press,1940, p.55.
4 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第417-418页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004,第170-171页。
Michael Millgate, Thomas Hardy, A Biography, New York:Oxford University Press,1985, p.248.
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第229页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第9页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第435页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第339页。
4 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第418页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第19负。
2 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第232页。
3 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集·小说理论》,白春仁、晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第423-424负。
4 D.戴维森：托马斯·哈代的小说的传统摧础,《哈代创作论集》：陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第133页。
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.34-35.
2 Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscences, Harold Orel, ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
3 Plutarch:The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, Trans. Sir Thomas North, London:T. Vautroullier and J Wight,1579, p.981.
1 (因诗歌格式需要,略作改动。)莎上比亚,《莎士比亚全集·第六卷》,朱生豪译,北京：人民文学出版社,1994年,第35页。
2 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第81页。
3 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.15.
3 詹姆斯·乔伊斯：《都伯林人》,王逢振译,上海：上海译文出版社,2010年,第32页。
1 Geoffrey N. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001,p.l00.
2 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.3.
3 Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.21.
4 Ibid,p.44.
5 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988年,第66页。
6 Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native, London:Penguin Books,1985, p.53.
1 Ibid, p.46.
2 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,1995, p.13.
3 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.91.
4 Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2000, p.113.
5 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
1 Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.21.
2 Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2000, p.113.
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
2 瓦莱里：《文艺杂谈》,段映虹译,天津：百花文艺出版社,2002年,第283页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988年,第52页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第150页。
1 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272.
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第2页。
3 同上,第83页。
1 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.269.
2 Ibid, p.270.
3 勒内·韦勒克,奥斯汀·沃伦：《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,南京：江苏教育出版社,2005年,第75页。
1 Virgil, The Aeneid, Trans. Robert Fagles, New York:Viking,2006, p.61.
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第216页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第211页。
4 同上,第168页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第2页。
4 Florence Emily Hardy, The 'Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.272.
5 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第3页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第242页。
2 同上,第252页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第275页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第300页。
2 Leon Wwaldoff, "Psychological Detenninism in Tess of the d'Urbervilles," Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy, Dale Kramer, ed., London:Macmillan,1979, p.152.
3 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第133页
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第239-240页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第475页。
2 Dale Kramer, Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan,1979, p.5.
3 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第235页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第236-237页。
2 《唐宋词选》,中国社会科学院文学研究所编,北京：人民文学出版社,1981年,第1页。
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第268页。
2 同上,第275页。
3 E.M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel, London:Edward Anold & Co.,1928, p.125.
4 Cleanth Brooks,& R. P.Warren, Understanding Poetry, Peking:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004, p.196.
3 陈植锷：《诗歌意象论》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第13页。
6 Merryn Williams, A Preface to Hardy, Beijing:Peking University Press,2005, p.181.
1 张中载：《托马斯·哈代——思想和创造》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1987年,第18页。
2 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volu.New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.277.
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第410页。
3 莎士比亚：《莎士比亚全集》,朱生豪译,北京：人民文学出版社,1994年,第527页。
4 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第339页。
6 W. L. Phelps, "Essays on Modern Novelists." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.21.
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第315页。
2 Carl J. Weber, Hardy of Wessex:His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia University Press,1940, p.74.
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第204页
1 Charles Whibley,"'Thomas Hardy', Blackwood's Magazine:June 1913, cxciii,823-31." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.413.
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
3 同上,第82页。
4 同上,第83页。
5 R. H. Hutton, "Unsigned review, Spectator:8 February 1879,181-2," Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.55.
5 吴笛：《哈代新论》,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2009年,第36页。
7 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan Press,1972, p.215.
6 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第17-18页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第76页。
2 聂珍钊：《悲戚而刚毅的艺术家：托马斯·哈代小说研究》,武汉：华中师范大学出版社,1992年,第248页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第129页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第18页。
4 J·希利斯·米勒：《小说与重复——七部英国小说》,王宏图译,天津：天津人民出版社,2008年,第147页。
5 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第90页。
1 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第279页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第3页。
3 同上,第21页。
4 艾略特：《艾略特诗选》,赵萝蕤等译,济南：山东大学出版社,1999年,第77页。
5 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第109页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第490页。
2 Robert Frost, Collected Poems of Robert Frost, New York:Henry Holt and Company,1942, p.268.
3 哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第69页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第116页。
3 同上,第129页。
4 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1996年,第334页。
1 吴笛：《哈代研究》,杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1994年,第128页。
2 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.444.
3 Ibid, p.447.
1 克劳斯·黑尔德：《世界现象学》,倪梁康译,北京：三联书店出版社,2003年,第243页。
2 伊恩.P·瓦特：《小说的兴起》,高原、董红钧译,北京：三联书店出版社,1992年,第76页。
3 戈德曼：《论小说的社会学》,吴岳添译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年,第11页。
1 夏尔·波德莱尔：《恶之花》,郭宏安译,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第236-237页。
1 耿占春：《失去象征的世界》,北京：北京大学出版社,2008年,第122页。
2 钱钟书：《钱钟书论学文选·第二卷》,广州：花城出版社1990年,第305页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.40.
1 Edmund Gosse, "'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,'Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.451.
2 Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.6.
1Lance St. John Butler, Thomas Hardy, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978. p.162.
1 Robert Langbaum, Thomas Hardy in Our Time, New York:St. Martin's Press,1995, p.27.
2 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.48.
3 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.50.
4 Ibid, p.138.
1 Deborah Horvitz, Literature Trauma:Sadism, Memory, and Sexual Violence in American Women's Fiction, Albany: State University of New York Press,2000, p.5.
2 托马斯·哈代：《林地居民》,邹海崙译,北京：人民文学出版社,1988年,第154-155页。
1 Robert Gittings, The Older Hardy, London:Heinemann,1978,p.171.
2 Kali Tal, Worlds of Hurt:Reading the Literatures of Trauma, New York:Cambridge University Press,1966, p.16.
3 Andrew Norman, Thomas Hardy:Behind the Mask, Stroud:History Press,2011, p.178.
4 George MacBeth, Poetry 1900 to 1975, George Macbeth, ed., London:Longman:Faber and Faber,1979, p.1.
1 吴笛：《哈代研究》,杭州：浙江文艺出版社,1994年,第186页。
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.56.
2 Lytton Strachey, "Mr. Hardy's New Poems," New Statesman, IV (Dec.19,1914),170 reprinted in Strachey, Characters and Commentaries, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1933, p.182.
Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.112.
Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson. ed., New York:Macmillan,1978, p.6.
3 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.302.
4 Paul Valery, The Art of Poetry, Cambridge University Press,1961, p.53.
2 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.58.
1 James Granville Southworth, The Poetry of Thomas Hardy, New York:Columbia University' Press,1947. p.135.
2 William Carlos Williams, The Collected Earlier Poems of William Carlos Williams,1951, p.354.
1 Bowra, Sir Cecil Maurice, The Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, Nottingham, England:Nottingham University Press, 1946, p.6.
2 B.W. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, New York:Macmillan,1961. p.159.
3 Henri Bergson, Time and Free Will. New York:Harper & Brothers,1960, p.14.
4 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57
5 Ibid, p.60.
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.40.
2 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.57
3 W. Somerset Maugham, Cakes and Ale, Garden City:Doubleday, Doran Co.,1930, pp.134-35.
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.40.
William Wordsworth, "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," The Norton Anthology of English Literature, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York, London:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1990, p.1343.
3 Morse Peckham, Beyond the Tragic Vision:The Quest for Identity in the Nineteenth Century, New York:Literary Licensing,1962, p.84.
4 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第12页。
5 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.73.
6 Florence Emily Hardy, The later Years of Thomas Hardy 1892-1928, London:Macmillan,1930, p.90-91.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.65.
2 转引自R. Rogers, Metaphor, A Psychoanalytic View, Berkeley:University of California Press,1974, p.6.
3 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1892, p.44.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.66.
2 William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, London:Chatto and Windus,1949, p.2.
3 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.66.
1 Donald Davie, Thomas Hardy and British Poetry, New York:Oxford University Press,1972, p.61-62.
1 Ibid, p.62.
2 亚里斯多德：《诗学》,罗念生译,北京：人民文学出版社,2000年,第82页。
1 同上,第82-83页。
2 黑格尔：《美学》第三卷(下),北京：商务印书馆,2011年,第167页。
3 转引自蓝仁哲译《托马斯·哈代诗选》,成都：四川文艺出版社,1987年,第5-6页。
4 《英国文学名篇选注》王佐良,李赋宁,周珏良,刘承沛主编,北京：商务印书馆出版,1995年,第16页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.106.
2 D-戴维森,托马斯·哈代的小说的传统基础,《哈代创作论集》,1992年,第126-127页。
3 它是在一张纸上一面印上歌谣,另一面是装饰性的木刻,十八世纪以前就有这种形式。
4 Edmund Gosse, "'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox. ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.447.
5 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.312.
6 托马斯·哈代：《哈代文集(8)诗选》,刘新民译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第122页。
1 Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Understanding Poetry, Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004, p.48.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.33.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.68.
2 Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy, James Gibson, ed., New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1979, p.6.
1 Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Pattern of Hardy's Poetry, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1961, p.68.
1 勒内·韦勒克,奥斯汀·沃伦：《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,南京：江苏教育出版社,2005年,第75页。
2 E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novels, London:Edward Arnold & Co.1927, p.14.
3 Malcolm Bradbury, Possibilities, London:Oxford University Press,1973, p.279.
1 梁宗岱：《象征主义》,《梁宗岱文集》(Ⅱ),中央编译出版社,2003年,第78页。
2 雪莱：《为诗辩护》,《十九世纪英国诗人论诗》,刘若端编,北京：人民文学出版社,1984年,第119页,第123页。
3 厄尔·迈纳：《比较诗学：文学理论的跨文化研究札记》,王宇根,宋伟杰等译,北京：中央编译出版社,1998年,第142页。
4 什克洛夫斯基：《作为技巧的艺术》,转引自张隆溪,《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版社,1987年,第75-76页。
1 Raymond Chapman, The Language of Thomas Hardy, New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.141.
2 Virginia Woolf, The Common Reader. First and Second Series combined in one volume, New York:Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272-273.
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第299页。
2 J. Holloway, "Hardy's major fiction", From Jane Austen to Joseph Conrad:Essays Collected In Memory of James T. Hillhouse, Robert C. Rathburn and Martin Steinmann, eds., Jr., Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1958,p.237.
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第4页。
2 巴赫金：《巴赫金全集-小说理论》,白春仁,晓河译,石家庄：河北教育出版社,2009年,第427页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第119页。
4 Thomas Hardy, The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, Michael Millgate ed., Athens, Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1985, p.369.
1 Ralph Freedman, The Lyrical Novel; Studies in Hermann Hesse, Andre Gide, and Virginia Woolf, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,1966, p.76.
2 格·尼·波斯彼洛夫：《文学原理》王忠琪等译,北京：三联书店,1985年,第153页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第351页。
1 托马斯·哈代《哈代文集(3)还乡》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第109页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第445页。
3 弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙：《伍尔芙随笔全集》,王义国等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001年,第1559页。
1 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.392.
2 亚里斯多德：《诗学》,罗念生译,北京：人民文学出版社,2000年,第86-87负。
1 托马斯·哈代：《一双蓝蓝的眼睛》,严维明,祁寿华译,译林出版社,1994年,第225页。
1 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第47页。
1 E·M·Forster, Aspects of the Novel, London:Edward Anold & Co.,1928, p.125.
2 Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.157.
3 Ibid,p.56.
4 D.戴维森:托马斯·哈代的小说的传统基础,《哈代创作论集》,陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第126页。
5 同上,第129页。
C. M. Jackson - Houlston, "Thomas Hardy's Use of Traditional Song." Nineteeth-Century Literature, Vol.44, No.3, Dec.1989:305.
1 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第157页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第399页。
1 同上,第445页。
2 英语原文是now I have killed him,张谷若先生在这里把最后一句“我现在已经把他杀了”,译为“现在我已经把他打发了”。
3 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第11页。
4 Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Limited,2004, p.3.
1 Carl Jefferson Weber, Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career, New York:Columbia university press,1940, p. 55.
2Edmund Blunden, Thomas Hardy, London:Macmillan and co., limited,1942, p.38.
3D. H. Lawrence, Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, Bruce Steele, ed., Cambridge; New York:Cambridge University Press,1985, p.25.
4Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings:Prefaces, Literary Opinions, Reminiscenc, Harold Orel ed., New York:St. Martin's Press,1990, p.147.
5Robert Gittings, Young Thomas Hardy, London:Heinemann Educational,1975, p.169.
1 托马斯·哈代：《远离尘嚣》,傅踉寰,傅绚宁,佟天翎译,北京：人民文学出版社,2004年,第296页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第158页。
3 同上,第199页。
4 J. Holloway, "Hardy's Major Fiction", From Jane Austen to Joseph Conrad:Essays Collected in Memory of James T. Hillhouse,. Robert C. Rathburn and Martin Steinmann, Jr., eds., Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1958,p.292.
5 Peter J. Casagrande, Hardy's Influence on the Modern Novel, Basingstoke:Macmillan,1987, p.211.
1 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第336页。
2 W. P. Trent, "'The Novels of Thomas Hardy', Sewanee Review:November 1892, i, I." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, eds., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.235.
1 Edmund Gosse,"'Mr. Hardy's Lyrical Poems,' Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.450.
1 Albert J. Guerard, Thomas Hardy:The Novel and Stories, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1949, p.139.
2 托马斯·哈代：《卡斯特桥市长》,张玲,‘张扬译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第71页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,2005年,第135页。
1 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第12页。
2 托马斯·哈代：《无名的裘德》,张谷若译,北京：人民文学出版社,1989年,第337页。
3 托马斯·哈代：《一双蓝蓝的眼睛》,严维明,祁寿华译,译林出版社,1994年,第298页。
1Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The Common Reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume,New York; Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.272.
2Florence Emily Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy 1840—1928, London:Macmillan,1962, p.153.
1 Charles Whibley, "'Thomas Hardy', Blackwood's Magazine:June 1913, cxciii,823-31." Thomas Hardy:The Critical Heritage, R. G. Cox, eds., London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1978, p.414.
1 Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The common reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.267.
2 H·詹姆士：远离尘器,’《哈代创作论集》,陈焘宇编选,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第295页。
3 杨义：《中国叙事学》,北京：人民文学出版社,1997年,第275页。
1 豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯：《博尔赫斯谈诗论艺》,陈重仁译,上海：上海译文出版社,2008年,第55-56页。
2 Thomas Hardy, Hardy's Love Poems, Carl J. Weber, ed., London and Basingstoke:Papermac,1989, p.ⅴ—ⅶ.
1 Virginia Woolf, Second Series, The common reader. First and Second Series, combined in one volume, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,1948, p.279.
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