基于多目标组合的项目执行度研究
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摘要
本文通过介绍项目执行力与项目执行度的概念与特征，详细论述了项目执行力与项目执行度的六个影响因素，构建项目执行度的评价体系。项目执行的六个影响因素包括：项目计划的可操作性、项目管理人员的执行意识、项目管理人员执行素质和能力、有效的执行机制、项目经理素质和项目执行团队。项目执行的评价包括执行要素的评价和执行效果的评价。项目执行度的影响因素包括工期的控制、费用的控制、质量的控制、资源因素组合的控制、项目执行团队的控制和项目组织结构的控制。在给各因素的影响程度分配权重之后，得出项目执行度的四个主要影响因素为：项目的工期、项目的费用、项目的质量指数和项目资源组合优化指数。同时应用多目标组合理论对资源组合优化指数进行定量的计算，最后代入补偿模糊神经网络模型，得出项目执行度的评价值，与项目执行度的评价标准进行衡量，得出项目执行力的定量数值。项目执行度是对项目执行团队执行力的整体评价，也是对以项目经理为核心的项目团队的评价。由于现代项目管理逐步向单位资质和个人资质相结合的方法过渡，逐步推行项目经理制度，因此对项目经理的团队评价便显得尤为重要。
The dissertation sets out Project Executive Ability and Project Executive Degree and institutes the system of appraisal. Project Executive has six influential factors: feasibility of project plan, consciousness of project manager, executive character of project management, effective execution mechanism, project manager's character and project executive team. Appraisal of project executive includes appraisal of executive element and appraisal of executive effect. Project Executive Degree studies six factors of Project Executive Degree in detail including control of duration, control of cost, control of quality, control of resource combination, control of project executive team and control of project structure. Subsequently we distribute weigh on every factor and we could get the main factors of Project Executive Degree, which is project duration, project cost, project quality and project resource combination. By means of multiple combination theory we could gain the output of project resource combination. Eventually we input the four figures into model of compensative fuzzy neural network to obtain the index of Project Executive Degree. According to the appraisal standard of Project Executive Degree, the project team's executive ability is assessed in the model. Project Executive Degree is the whole assessment on executive ability of project team, and also is the assessment on project team whose core is project manager. Thanks to modern project management actually comes to the transition of combination of company aptitude and personal aptitude, and eventually exerts project manager system. Therefore it is important that appraises project team.
The dissertation sets out Project Executive Ability and Project Executive Degree and institutes the system of appraisal. Project Executive has six influential factors: feasibility of project plan, consciousness of project manager, executive character of project management, effective execution mechanism, project manager's character and project executive team. Appraisal of project executive includes appraisal of executive element and appraisal of executive effect. Project Executive Degree studies six factors of Project Executive Degree in detail including control of duration, control of cost, control of quality, control of resource combination, control of project executive team and control of project structure. Subsequently we distribute weigh on every factor and we could get the main factors of Project Executive Degree, which is project duration, project cost, project quality and project resource combination. By means of multiple combination theory we could gain the output of project resource combination. Eventually we input the four figures into model of compensative fuzzy neural network to obtain the index of Project Executive Degree. According to the appraisal standard of Project Executive Degree, the project team's executive ability is assessed in the model. Project Executive Degree is the whole assessment on executive ability of project team, and also is the assessment on project team whose core is project manager. Thanks to modern project management actually comes to the transition of combination of company aptitude and personal aptitude, and eventually exerts project manager system. Therefore it is important that appraises project team.
引文
[1] 蔚林巍．项目管理的最新进展[J]．管理工程学报，2000，3(14)：65-69
[2] Lynn Crawford, Julien Pollack, David England. Uncovering the trends in project management: Journal emphases over the last 10 years[J]. International Journal of Project Management 2006, 4:175-184
[3] Shenhar A. Project Management Theory: The road to better practice [C]. Project Management Institute 27th Annual Seminar/Symposium, 1996
[4] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part one: the 1950s and 60s [J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(1):36-37
[5] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part two: the 1970s [J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(2):48-51
[6] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part three: the 1970s[J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(3):65-67
[7] Udi B, Urli D. Project Management in North America, stability of the concepts[J]. Project manage J 2000, 31(3):33-43
[8] Morris PWG, Patel MB, Wearne SH. Research into revising the APM project management body of knowledge[J]. Int J Project Manage 2000, 18(3):155-164
[9] 陈守龙，张锐．项目管理能力评价体系框架研究[J]．社会科学家，2005，2：71-74
[10] 吕国荣，决定执行力的49个细节[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，2004：13-17
[11] 谢文辉．赢在执行力：如何快速完成任务[M]．北京：科学技术出版社，2005：21-25
[12] 纪建悦，韩广智．执行力组织[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，2003：16-18
[13] [美]哈拉里．提高执行力24原则[M]．北京：中信出版社．2003：35-36
[14] [美]布里克利．执行力：组织设计的核心[M]．汕头：汕头大学出版社．2005：28-31
[15] 李慧波．团队执行：打造企业卓越执行力[M]．北京：中国城市出版社．2007：22-25
[16] 姜汝祥．真正的执行——箭洞穿执行力[M]．北京：新华出版社．2005：26-29
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[47]Riggs J, Goodman M, Finley R. Miller T. A decision support system for predicting project success[J]. Project Management Journal 1992, 23:37-43
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[2] Lynn Crawford, Julien Pollack, David England. Uncovering the trends in project management: Journal emphases over the last 10 years[J]. International Journal of Project Management 2006, 4:175-184
[3] Shenhar A. Project Management Theory: The road to better practice [C]. Project Management Institute 27th Annual Seminar/Symposium, 1996
[4] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part one: the 1950s and 60s [J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(1):36-37
[5] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part two: the 1970s [J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(2):48-51
[6] Stretton A. A short history of project management: part three: the 1970s[J]. Aust Project Manager 1994, 14(3):65-67
[7] Udi B, Urli D. Project Management in North America, stability of the concepts[J]. Project manage J 2000, 31(3):33-43
[8] Morris PWG, Patel MB, Wearne SH. Research into revising the APM project management body of knowledge[J]. Int J Project Manage 2000, 18(3):155-164
[9] 陈守龙，张锐．项目管理能力评价体系框架研究[J]．社会科学家，2005，2：71-74
[10] 吕国荣，决定执行力的49个细节[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，2004：13-17
[11] 谢文辉．赢在执行力：如何快速完成任务[M]．北京：科学技术出版社，2005：21-25
[12] 纪建悦，韩广智．执行力组织[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，2003：16-18
[13] [美]哈拉里．提高执行力24原则[M]．北京：中信出版社．2003：35-36
[14] [美]布里克利．执行力：组织设计的核心[M]．汕头：汕头大学出版社．2005：28-31
[15] 李慧波．团队执行：打造企业卓越执行力[M]．北京：中国城市出版社．2007：22-25
[16] 姜汝祥．真正的执行——箭洞穿执行力[M]．北京：新华出版社．2005：26-29
[17] 国家质量技术监督局．GB／T 19016——2000 idt ISO 10006：1997质量管理——项目管理质量指南[S]．北京：中国标准出版社，2000：15-16
[18] 中国项目管理研究委员会．中国项目管理知识体系与国际项目管理专业资质认证标准[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002：54-61
[19] Czyzak P, Jaszkie wicz A Pareto simulated annealing-a metaheuristic technique for multiple objective combinatorial optimization [J]. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 1998, 7:34-47
[20] Gandibleux X, Mezdaoui N, Freville A. A tabu search procedure to solve multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems[J]. In: Caballero R, Ruiz F, Steuer R (eds) Advances in multiple objective and goal programming, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1997,455: 291-300.
[21] Safer HM, Odin JB, Fast approximation schemes for multi-criteria ow, knapsack, and scheduling problems[J]. Technical report, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, working paper, (1995) 37:57-95
[22] Ben Abdelaziz F, Chaouachi J, Kdchen S. A hybrid heuristic for multi-objective knapsack problems[J]. In: Voss S, Martello S, Osman I, Roucairol C(eds) Meta-heuristics. Advances and trends in local search paradigms for optimization, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 1999: 205-212.
[23] Eben-Chaime M, Parametric solution for linear bi-criteria knapsack models[J]. Management Science 1996, 42(11):1565-1575
[24] Ulungu EL, Teghem J. Application of the two phases method to solve the bi-objective knapsack problem[J]. Technical report, Faculte Polytechnique de Mons, Belgium. 1994
[25] Ulungu EL, T eghem J. Solving multi-objective knapsack problem by a branchand-bound procedure[J]. In: Climaco J Multicriteria analysis, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York. 1997: 269-278.
[26] Visee M, Teghem J, Pirlot M, Ulungu EL. Two-phases method and branch and bound procedures to solve the bi-obective knapsack problem[J]. Journal of Global Optimization. 1998, 12:139-155
[27] Czyzak P, Jaszkie wicz A. Pareto simulated annealing-a metaheuristic technique for multiple objective combinatorial optimization[J]. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. 1998, 7:34-47
[28] Gandibleux X, Morita H, Katoh N. A genetic algorithm for 0-1 multi-objective knapsack problem[J]. Technical report, University of Valenciennes, France. Paper presented at NACA98, Niigata, Japan. 1998
[29]Hansen MP. Tabu search for multi-objective optimization: MOTS[J]. Technical report, Technical University of Denmark, Paper presented at MCDM 13, Cape Town, South Africa. 1997
[30]Hansen MP. Solving multi-objective knapsack problems using MOTS[J]. Technical report, Institute of Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark. Paper presented at MIC 97, Sophia Antipolis, France(1997)
[31]Ulungu EL,Teghem J. Multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems: A survey[J]. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. 1994,3: 83-104
[32]Serani P. Simulated annealing for multiobjective optimization problems[J]. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Taipei-Taiwan. 1992,1: 87-96
[33]Ulungu EL, Teghem J, Fortemps P. Heuristics for multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem by simulated annealing[J]. In: Wei Q, Gu J, Chen G, Wang S(eds) MCDM: Theory and applications, SCI-TECH Information services. 1995: 228-238.
[34]Hapke M, Jaszkiewicz A, Slowinski R. Interactive analysis of multiple-criteria project scheduling problems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 1998,107: 315-324
[35]Ulungu B, Teghem J, Ost C. Effciency of interactive multi-objective simulated annealing through a case study[J]. Journal of the Operational Research Society. 1998, 49: 1044-1050
[36]Hertz A, Jaumard B, Ribeiro C, Formosinho FilhoW. A multi-criteria tabu search approach to cell formation problems in group technology with multiple objectives[J]. Operations Research. 1994, 28(3):303-328
[37]Dahl G, Jornsten K, Lokketangen A. A tabu search approach to the channel minimization problem[J]. Paper presented at ICOTA'95, Chengdu, China. 1995,7:5-8
[38]Fonseca CM, Fleming PJ. Genetic algorithms for multi-objective optimization: Formulation, discussion and generalization[J]. In: Forrest S (ed) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, San Mateo, California, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Morgan Kauffman, San Francisco, CA. 1993: 416-423
[39]Srinivas N, Kalyanmoy D. Multiobjective optimization using non-dominated sorting in genetic algorithms[J]. Evolutionary Computation. 1994, 2(3):221-248
[40]Murata T, Ishibuchi H. MOGA: Multi- objective genetic algorithms[J]. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computing, Perth, Australia. 1995: 289-294
[41]Coello CA, Christiansen AD. Two new GA-based methods for multi-objective Optimization[J]. Civil Engineering Systems. 1998,15(3):207-243
[42]Koksalan M, Azizoglu M, Kondakci SK. Heuristics to minimize downtime andmaximum earliness on a single machine[J]. Technical report, Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, CMME working paper Series. 1995,10(1):65-69
[43]Sysoev V, Dolgui A. A Pareto optimization approach for manufacturing system design[J]. In: Proceedings of the IEPM99 International Conference, Glasgo w, Scotland. 1999, 2: 116-125
[44]Malakooti B, Wang J, Tandler EC. A sensor-based accelerated approach formulti-attribute machinability and tool life evaluation[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 1990, 28: 23-73
[45]Sun M, Stam A, Steuer R. Solving multiple objective programming problems using feed-forward arterial neural networks: The interactive FFANN procedure[J]. Management Science. 1996,42(6): 835-849
[46]Ali A, Kalwani M, Kovenock D. Selecting product development projects: pioneering versus incremental innovation strategies [J]. Management Science. 1993, 39: 255-274
[47]Riggs J, Goodman M, Finley R. Miller T. A decision support system for predicting project success[J]. Project Management Journal 1992, 23:37-43
[48]Iyigun M. A decision support system for R&D project selection and resource allocation under uncertainty[J]. Project Management Journal 1993, 24:5-13
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