基于虚拟样机技术的高速柴油机轴系振动机理研究
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摘要
内燃机轴系振动是内燃机各种振动中的主要振动之一。曲轴的振动包括扭转振动、弯曲振动和纵向振动,都是内燃机轴系振动中的重要表现形式。长久以来,对内燃机轴系振动的研究主要集中于扭转振动,如振动计算与试验、减振避振等,都已取得了较大的进步。但是对弯曲振动和纵向振动作用机理研究不多。本文以高速V6柴油机为研究对象,通过理论分析、仿真计算和试验研究,对柴油机三维振动机理及其抑制进行了较全面的分析研究。
从发动机轴系振动激励源出发,利用传统动力学分析方法对高速V6发动机曲轴连杆机构动力学以及发动机平衡性进行了较全面的分析与评价,特别是对影响主轴颈载荷的因素如发火顺序和平衡重平衡量进行了对比分析。研究表明,V690°两种发火顺序的发动机平衡性均较好,V6发动机曲轴平衡重平衡量选择70%较适宜。
其次,基于离散化集总参数模型,采用传递矩阵法,进行了高速V6发动机扭振自由振动和强迫振动研究。结合现代设计方法,利用Pro/E对轴系各集中质量的惯量进行了较精确的计算,利用Hyperworks软件较精确地计算了轴系扭转刚度,采用Matlab编程计算得出了研究机型在高速下的扭振特性。V6高速柴油机曲轴系自振频率较高,单结自振频率为600Hz左右,在4.5和7.5谐次时单双结相对振幅矢量和较高。
围绕轴系三维振动,本文一是开展了内燃机轴系振动及其与机体等耦合问题的理论研究,推导和阐述了基于有限元子结构法的混合多体动力学理论,对内燃机轴系三维振动问题进行了机理性理论研究。二是基于虚拟样机技术对V6发动机轴系扭振/弯振/纵振三维振动进行较全面的仿真研究。建立了包括柔性曲轴、柔性轴承座以及柔性连杆在内的精确的轴系混合多体动力学仿真模型,对高速柴油机轴系自由端和飞轮端扭振、弯振、纵振进行了较深入的分析,得到了V6高速发动机轴系三维振动机理的初步结论。在理论分析和仿真研究的基础上,利用三维振动测试装置进行了V6柴油机轴系三维振动的测试和分析研究,从试验分析角度阐述了V6发动机轴系三维振动特性。以上模拟和试验研究结果表明,V6发动机轴系4.5谐次扭振、弯振和纵振较大,轴系纵振与扭振和弯振存在同频耦合,V6发动机轴系振动仿真研究与试验研究规律基本相一致。
从轴系振动抑制研究出发,一是进行了V6高速柴油机在改变发火顺序下轴系振动特性变化规律研究,通过将V6发动机发火顺序由左右缸交替发火改为缸排发火,轴系4.5谐次扭转振动、弯曲振动和纵向振动得到较大降低,其他谐次有所改变,个别谐次有所增大;二是开展了V6发动机阻尼式扭振减振器的优化设计,设计了包括硅油、橡胶减振器在内的扭转振动减振器,理论计算研究表明具有良好的减振效果,从理论计算分析角度阐明了轴系振动的抑制机理。
The vibration of shafting is one of the main vibrations of internal combustion engine. The crankshaft vibrations include torsional vibration, bending and axial vibration. For a long period, much of past work has been devoted to study on the torsional vibration of crankshaft and has been made significant advances, such as calculation and experiment, vibration absorber, etc. Until recently, many researches are only focus on one or two kinds of vibrations. There is less research on engine's bending and axial vibration. In this thesis, a comprehensive analysis is given which is devoted to the three-dimensional vibration and the vibration control of V6 high-speed diesel engine through theory analysis, simulation and experiment.
Firstly, based on the engine crankshaft excitation, the status of dynamics and the balance of the high-speed V6 diesel’s crankshaft system are estimated by using conventional method, especially the influence of the firing order and the balance mass.
The result indicates that the V690°diesel engine in two different firing order is better balanced and 70% crankshaft balance weight is appropriate for the V690°diesel engine.
Secondly, free and foeced torsional vibration of the high-speed V690°diesel engine are studied by a discrete system model and Transfer Matrix Method(TMM). Coupled with modern design method, the inertia moment and the flexibility of the crankshaft and the torsional vibration characteristic of the high-speed diesel engine are calculated. The results show that the natural frequcy of V6 diesel engine crankshaft is about 600 Hz and the non-main harmonious resonance have a great effect on torsional vibration, such as the 4.5th and the 7.5th order.
The key point of this thesis is the analysis of the three-dimensional vibration. Firstly the theory of Hybrid Multi Body Dynamics (HMBD) based on a two-level dynamic substructure technique is expatiated. The three-dimensional vibration coupling with the engine block is analyzed by using HMBD including a flexible crankshaft, flexible main bearing wall and flexible connecting-rod. Then the status of the torsional vibration, bending and longitudinal vibration of the V6 diesel engine is studied based on the mechanism of the three-dimensional vibration. At last, the characteristic of the three-dimensional crankshaft vibration is analysed by measuring the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel engine crankshaft system. The results show that the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel engine crankshaft is large in the 4.5th order and the axial vibration is excited by the same frequency tosional and bending vibration, which is validated by test results.
In order to control the vibrations of crankshaft, the dissertation investigate the three-dimensional vibration of V6 engine crankshaft in different firing order in detail by simulation. The results indicate that the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel crankshaft in the 4.5th order can be reduced by changing engine firing order. Then the design method of the damper and dynamic-damper absorbers is given. The rubber torsional absorber and silicone fluid torsional absorber of V6 diesel is designed. The theoretical calculations indicate that the torsional vibration could be decreased effectively by these two methods.
从发动机轴系振动激励源出发,利用传统动力学分析方法对高速V6发动机曲轴连杆机构动力学以及发动机平衡性进行了较全面的分析与评价,特别是对影响主轴颈载荷的因素如发火顺序和平衡重平衡量进行了对比分析。研究表明,V690°两种发火顺序的发动机平衡性均较好,V6发动机曲轴平衡重平衡量选择70%较适宜。
其次,基于离散化集总参数模型,采用传递矩阵法,进行了高速V6发动机扭振自由振动和强迫振动研究。结合现代设计方法,利用Pro/E对轴系各集中质量的惯量进行了较精确的计算,利用Hyperworks软件较精确地计算了轴系扭转刚度,采用Matlab编程计算得出了研究机型在高速下的扭振特性。V6高速柴油机曲轴系自振频率较高,单结自振频率为600Hz左右,在4.5和7.5谐次时单双结相对振幅矢量和较高。
围绕轴系三维振动,本文一是开展了内燃机轴系振动及其与机体等耦合问题的理论研究,推导和阐述了基于有限元子结构法的混合多体动力学理论,对内燃机轴系三维振动问题进行了机理性理论研究。二是基于虚拟样机技术对V6发动机轴系扭振/弯振/纵振三维振动进行较全面的仿真研究。建立了包括柔性曲轴、柔性轴承座以及柔性连杆在内的精确的轴系混合多体动力学仿真模型,对高速柴油机轴系自由端和飞轮端扭振、弯振、纵振进行了较深入的分析,得到了V6高速发动机轴系三维振动机理的初步结论。在理论分析和仿真研究的基础上,利用三维振动测试装置进行了V6柴油机轴系三维振动的测试和分析研究,从试验分析角度阐述了V6发动机轴系三维振动特性。以上模拟和试验研究结果表明,V6发动机轴系4.5谐次扭振、弯振和纵振较大,轴系纵振与扭振和弯振存在同频耦合,V6发动机轴系振动仿真研究与试验研究规律基本相一致。
从轴系振动抑制研究出发,一是进行了V6高速柴油机在改变发火顺序下轴系振动特性变化规律研究,通过将V6发动机发火顺序由左右缸交替发火改为缸排发火,轴系4.5谐次扭转振动、弯曲振动和纵向振动得到较大降低,其他谐次有所改变,个别谐次有所增大;二是开展了V6发动机阻尼式扭振减振器的优化设计,设计了包括硅油、橡胶减振器在内的扭转振动减振器,理论计算研究表明具有良好的减振效果,从理论计算分析角度阐明了轴系振动的抑制机理。
The vibration of shafting is one of the main vibrations of internal combustion engine. The crankshaft vibrations include torsional vibration, bending and axial vibration. For a long period, much of past work has been devoted to study on the torsional vibration of crankshaft and has been made significant advances, such as calculation and experiment, vibration absorber, etc. Until recently, many researches are only focus on one or two kinds of vibrations. There is less research on engine's bending and axial vibration. In this thesis, a comprehensive analysis is given which is devoted to the three-dimensional vibration and the vibration control of V6 high-speed diesel engine through theory analysis, simulation and experiment.
Firstly, based on the engine crankshaft excitation, the status of dynamics and the balance of the high-speed V6 diesel’s crankshaft system are estimated by using conventional method, especially the influence of the firing order and the balance mass.
The result indicates that the V690°diesel engine in two different firing order is better balanced and 70% crankshaft balance weight is appropriate for the V690°diesel engine.
Secondly, free and foeced torsional vibration of the high-speed V690°diesel engine are studied by a discrete system model and Transfer Matrix Method(TMM). Coupled with modern design method, the inertia moment and the flexibility of the crankshaft and the torsional vibration characteristic of the high-speed diesel engine are calculated. The results show that the natural frequcy of V6 diesel engine crankshaft is about 600 Hz and the non-main harmonious resonance have a great effect on torsional vibration, such as the 4.5th and the 7.5th order.
The key point of this thesis is the analysis of the three-dimensional vibration. Firstly the theory of Hybrid Multi Body Dynamics (HMBD) based on a two-level dynamic substructure technique is expatiated. The three-dimensional vibration coupling with the engine block is analyzed by using HMBD including a flexible crankshaft, flexible main bearing wall and flexible connecting-rod. Then the status of the torsional vibration, bending and longitudinal vibration of the V6 diesel engine is studied based on the mechanism of the three-dimensional vibration. At last, the characteristic of the three-dimensional crankshaft vibration is analysed by measuring the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel engine crankshaft system. The results show that the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel engine crankshaft is large in the 4.5th order and the axial vibration is excited by the same frequency tosional and bending vibration, which is validated by test results.
In order to control the vibrations of crankshaft, the dissertation investigate the three-dimensional vibration of V6 engine crankshaft in different firing order in detail by simulation. The results indicate that the torsional/bending/axial vibration of V6 diesel crankshaft in the 4.5th order can be reduced by changing engine firing order. Then the design method of the damper and dynamic-damper absorbers is given. The rubber torsional absorber and silicone fluid torsional absorber of V6 diesel is designed. The theoretical calculations indicate that the torsional vibration could be decreased effectively by these two methods.
引文
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