摘要
为了分析考察气固两相流动中流体与颗粒相互作用,本文对三维平面混合层流动进行了直接数值模拟。混合层流动所涉及的传质问题在理论研究和生产实践中都比较常见。但因为受制于计算条件,关于气固两相混合层流动中两相相互作用的研究,尤其是直接数值模拟研究收效甚微。
在上述背景下,笔者对时间、空间两种模式的混合层模型进行了直接数值模拟,研究的重点在于流体与颗粒之间的相互作用。其中颗粒与流体之间可实现单向耦合、双向耦合不同工况。颗粒之间的碰撞采用硬球碰撞描述。对于空间模式模型的混合层模拟在并行计算条件下完成。
在时间模式气固两相三维平面混合层直接数值模拟的单向耦合模拟过程中,笔者展示了混合层流动中发生的St=3中等颗粒间的碰撞现象,结合混合层流场大涡演化结构分析颗粒碰撞发生的时间、位置,以及论述颗粒碰撞对颗粒扩散产生的影响。通过分析发现颗粒碰撞的发生与颗粒在混合层流动的聚集情况密切相关,因为颗粒碰撞的发生,颗粒的扩散有所增强。
在时间模式气固两相三维平面混合层直接数值模拟双向耦合工况下,因颗粒碰撞导致的扩散开的颗粒会在更广的范围内影响其他颗粒,并通过颗粒对流体的耦合作用影响流体。本章展示了如下的影响结果:考虑了颗粒间的碰撞后,流体相相互混合程度有所提高,雷诺应力会被增大。在流场发展末期,颗粒相、流体相平均流向速度降低,湍动能增强。
在并行条件下的空间模式气相三维平面混合层流场发展初期,笔者定量分析了流场中出现的多涡合并现象,并将统计模拟结果与经典实验数据作对比,取得了比较好的吻合效果,证明该模型的正确性。本章还展示了不同初始扰动幅值工况下流场涡结构的演化规律,由此发现在空间模式混合层流动中添加有效的扰动,在相同计算区域内有助于使涡卷起的位置更靠近上游,同时使涡的形态也更加复杂,于是可以捕捉到更多的流场信息。
硬球颗粒碰撞算法在空间模式气固两相三维平面混合层直接数值模拟过程中实现了并行。空间模式的气固两相混合层流动在考虑了颗粒与流体间的双向耦合和颗粒与颗粒间的相互碰撞后,颗粒相、流体相统计量模拟结果与经典实验数据吻合较好。因为颗粒碰撞的发生,颗粒相的分布更加均匀。不同St数的颗粒在空间模式混合层流动中展示了不同的扩散特性。在St=100工况下随着颗粒相质量携带率的有效提高,流场的涡结构被逐渐破坏,流体混合程度提高,流体相湍流增强。
With regard to the fluid-particle interaction and inter-particle collision in gas-solid turbulence, the direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase plane mixing layer is conducted. Researches on the plane mixing layer include the theories of heat transfer, mass transfer and flow dynamics of two parallel streams with different velocities. These researches are important both for scientists and engineers, but numerical studies of inter-phase coupling interaction between fluid and particles are few, especially for numerical researches using direct numerical simulation for the enormous calculated amount.
Under the above background, the present paper uses direct numerical simulation to investigate three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase plane mixing layer, focusing on the inter-phase interactions. The two flow models: temporally evolving mixing layer and spatially evolving mixing layer are both conducted. The particle motion is based on the one-way and two-way coupling method respectively, and inter-particle collision is simulated by using the hard-sphere model. Additionally, a large scale parallel computing is presented to simulate spatially evolving mixing layer for the requirement of calculated amount.
Calculations are performed for a bunch of particles Stokes numbers of3when investigating temporally evolving mixing layer under one-way coupling method. The results show that the preferential concentration phenomenon of particles is found after the beginning of the rolling up of the large-scale vortex structures due to the influence of the vortex. It is also found that the inter-particle collision occurs frequently in the local regions with higher particle concentration of the flow field. The evolution of inter-particle collision can be divided into3stages under the influence of the growth of the vortex and the particle dispersion. The results under the two-way coupling show that the particle distribution is more uniform.
In the two-way coupling case of temporally evolving mixing layer, the results show that the inter-particle collision influence on the mixing process of fluid positively, and the Reynolds stresses and turbulence kinetic energy of the flow field and particles are strengthened, but the mean stream-wise velocity of fluid phase and particle phase decrease due to the inter-particle collision. We reveal the rolling-up of span-wise vortexes, the mixing progress of vortexes, and the fully developed status in the gas-phase spatially evolving mixing layer without forcing, in the parallel computing environment. The flow field statistical results, include the stream-wise velocity and the Reynolds stress are compared match well with the experimental data. The inflow forcing is exert on three-dimensional plane mixing layer. Because of inflow forcing on the mixing layer, the positions of rolling-up vortexes is shifted upward.
Two-way interactions are considered in parallel computing, and the particles collisions are solved by the hard-sphere model in the parallel computing when simulating gas-solid two-phase spatially evolving mixing layer. The particle distribution is more uniform after considering collision. Particles in different sizes exhibit diverse dispersion behaviors and the statistics of the stream-wise velocity are matched well with the experimental data. Particles Stokes numbers of100under different mass loading is injected into fluid field.Particle phase breaks the large-scale vortex strucrures and strengthen the mixing of fluid and the turbilence kinetic energy of the flow field.
引文
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