燃气轮机冷热电联供系统性能及运行优化研究
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摘要
冷热电联供系统(CCHP)是一种建立在能量梯级利用概念基础之上,将制冷、供热及发电过程一体化的多联产能源系统,目的在于提高能源利用效率,减少碳化物及有害气体的排放,以天然气为一次能源的冷热电联供系统更是实现建筑节能减排和天然气高效利用的最佳选择。冷热电联供系统被世界广泛认为是解决能源、经济以及环境问题最好的选择之一,各发达国家都在积极推进冷热电联供的应用。目前,基于燃气轮机、内燃机、燃料电池等为发电装置的冷热电联供系统在美国、英国、日本等国广泛应用,起到了良好的示范作用。在此背景下,本文首先介绍冷热电联产系统的基本概念和配置模式,确定本文的研究对象；然后以燃气轮机冷热电联供系统为例,介绍了其组成及主要设备特性,根据燃气轮机冷热电联供系统能流结构,以热力学理论为基础,主要分析了系统回热度、补燃率和电制冷率在能量数量、能量品质及能量节约方面对联供系统的影响。结果表明：从能量的数量方面来看,增大回热度、电制冷率对于能量的利用是不利的,而增大补燃率在一定的条件下对能量的利用是有利的；从能量的品质和节约方面来看,增大回热度对于能量的利用是有利的,增大电制冷率和补燃率对于能量的利用是不利的。
其次本文还根据最优化设计理论,针对“以电定热”、“混合模式”两种不同的冷热电联供系统运行模式,以发电、制冷和供热设备的性能特征作为优化约束条件,以年运行费用最低为优化目标函数建立了联供系统设备配置与运行策略的数学优化模型,并以上海某办公楼为例,在给定的能源价格和冷热电负荷条件下,应用模式搜索法对联供系统数学优化模型进行求解计算,得出了系统优化配置和运行策略,并与分供系统作比较,分析了联供系统在经济、节能和环保方面的优势；最后针对已经得出的系统优化配置,分析了电价、天然气价格变化对联供系统经济性、节能性和环保性的影响。结果表明：联供系统采用“混合模式”策略较“以电定热”策略在经济性、节能性和环保性方面更具有优势。当联供系统建成投入运行后,电价降低,其经济性不受影响,节能性和环保性变差,但仍优于分供系统,而电价上涨,其节能性和环保性均不受影响,经济性更好；天然气价格降低,其节能性和环保性均不受影响,经济性更好,天然气价格上涨,其节能性、经济性和环保性变差。
CCHP is a cogeneration system that can accomplish the production of cooling, heating, and power at the same time by making use of both the electrical and "waste" heat discharged from gas turbine unit. In contrast to the conventional system, it can use energy-resources more efficiently, creating opportunities for reduction both in purchased energy costs and in environmental impact. Using natural gas as primary energy for CCHP system is the best choice to achieve building energy-saving and to efficiently utilize natural gas. The combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system is broadly identified as an alternative for the world to solve energy, economic and environmental problems. Generations systems, driven by gas turbine, gas engine and fuel battery, have been applied to combined cooling, heating and power system (CCHP) in developed countries like USA, UK and Japan.
Just under this background, firstly, this paper introduced the basic concept and configuration models of CCHP system, to determine the research object of this paper. Then based on a gas turbine cogeneration system, the main parts and equipments characteristics of MT-CCHP are summarized and introduced. So based on the energy balance and performance characteristics of cogeneration system, the influence of heat recover ratio, secondary combustion rate and electrical energy use for cooling in the amount, taste and saving of energy is studied in this paper. The results show that: for the amount of energy, increasing heat recover ratio, electrical energy use for cooling is negative, while under certain conditions increasing the secondary combustion rate is beneficial; for the taste and savings of energy, increasing heat recover ratio is beneficial, increasing the electrical energy use for cooling and secondary combustion rate is negative to the use of energy.
Secondly, this article also according to the optimization design theory, in view of two different operation pattern, the "set heat by electric" and the "mixed mode", the performance parameters of the power generation, cooling and heating equipment are used for the constraint of the optimizing. An integrated optimization model of CCHP system on micro gas turbines is established. The optimization model is solving by applying the pattern search method and taking the minimal operation cost meeting the annual load demand of cooling, heating and power as optimizing function. And compared with comparison system, this paper analyzes the advantage of CCHP system in the economy, energy saving and environmental. Finally, according to the optimal system allocation has been obtained, analyzes the influence of the electricity price, natural gas prices change on CCHP system. The results show that: the CCHP system uses "mixed mode" strategy have more advantage in terms of the economy, energy conservation and environmental protection. When a CCHP system is completed, price fell, its economy is not affected, energy conservation and environmental protection become poor, but still better than comparison system. And the electricity price rise, the energy conservation and environmental protection will not be affected, economy is better. Natural gas prices fell, the energy conservation and environmental protection will not be affected, economy is better. Natural gas price rise, the energy conservation, economy and environmental protection become poor.
其次本文还根据最优化设计理论,针对“以电定热”、“混合模式”两种不同的冷热电联供系统运行模式,以发电、制冷和供热设备的性能特征作为优化约束条件,以年运行费用最低为优化目标函数建立了联供系统设备配置与运行策略的数学优化模型,并以上海某办公楼为例,在给定的能源价格和冷热电负荷条件下,应用模式搜索法对联供系统数学优化模型进行求解计算,得出了系统优化配置和运行策略,并与分供系统作比较,分析了联供系统在经济、节能和环保方面的优势；最后针对已经得出的系统优化配置,分析了电价、天然气价格变化对联供系统经济性、节能性和环保性的影响。结果表明：联供系统采用“混合模式”策略较“以电定热”策略在经济性、节能性和环保性方面更具有优势。当联供系统建成投入运行后,电价降低,其经济性不受影响,节能性和环保性变差,但仍优于分供系统,而电价上涨,其节能性和环保性均不受影响,经济性更好；天然气价格降低,其节能性和环保性均不受影响,经济性更好,天然气价格上涨,其节能性、经济性和环保性变差。
CCHP is a cogeneration system that can accomplish the production of cooling, heating, and power at the same time by making use of both the electrical and "waste" heat discharged from gas turbine unit. In contrast to the conventional system, it can use energy-resources more efficiently, creating opportunities for reduction both in purchased energy costs and in environmental impact. Using natural gas as primary energy for CCHP system is the best choice to achieve building energy-saving and to efficiently utilize natural gas. The combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system is broadly identified as an alternative for the world to solve energy, economic and environmental problems. Generations systems, driven by gas turbine, gas engine and fuel battery, have been applied to combined cooling, heating and power system (CCHP) in developed countries like USA, UK and Japan.
Just under this background, firstly, this paper introduced the basic concept and configuration models of CCHP system, to determine the research object of this paper. Then based on a gas turbine cogeneration system, the main parts and equipments characteristics of MT-CCHP are summarized and introduced. So based on the energy balance and performance characteristics of cogeneration system, the influence of heat recover ratio, secondary combustion rate and electrical energy use for cooling in the amount, taste and saving of energy is studied in this paper. The results show that: for the amount of energy, increasing heat recover ratio, electrical energy use for cooling is negative, while under certain conditions increasing the secondary combustion rate is beneficial; for the taste and savings of energy, increasing heat recover ratio is beneficial, increasing the electrical energy use for cooling and secondary combustion rate is negative to the use of energy.
Secondly, this article also according to the optimization design theory, in view of two different operation pattern, the "set heat by electric" and the "mixed mode", the performance parameters of the power generation, cooling and heating equipment are used for the constraint of the optimizing. An integrated optimization model of CCHP system on micro gas turbines is established. The optimization model is solving by applying the pattern search method and taking the minimal operation cost meeting the annual load demand of cooling, heating and power as optimizing function. And compared with comparison system, this paper analyzes the advantage of CCHP system in the economy, energy saving and environmental. Finally, according to the optimal system allocation has been obtained, analyzes the influence of the electricity price, natural gas prices change on CCHP system. The results show that: the CCHP system uses "mixed mode" strategy have more advantage in terms of the economy, energy conservation and environmental protection. When a CCHP system is completed, price fell, its economy is not affected, energy conservation and environmental protection become poor, but still better than comparison system. And the electricity price rise, the energy conservation and environmental protection will not be affected, economy is better. Natural gas prices fell, the energy conservation and environmental protection will not be affected, economy is better. Natural gas price rise, the energy conservation, economy and environmental protection become poor.
引文
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