高频隔离型光伏逆变器的研究
摘要
太阳能发电在世界能源危机的背景下飞速发展,已成为新能源的主流之一。逆变器作为主要的能量变换装置器件,其性能的好坏对整个光伏系统的效率造成很大的影响。本文采用电压外环、电流内环的双环控制策略,保证了系统的动态响应速度快,稳态误差小。为此,论文主要对系统的电路拓扑结构、数学模型、控制方法以及基于FPGA的软件实现方法等技术进行了分析研究。
本文首先通过对几种常见的数学模型分析方法的比较,选择适合本文的数学建模方法。文中给出了逆变器的拓扑结构,详细论述了其工作原理,对该逆变器不同工作状态下的等效电路进行分析,并利用状态空间平均法建立了逆变器数学模型,确定主要元件的参数。
随后对当前比较流行的几种逆变电路的控制方法进行了对比分析。本文采用的基于SPWM控制的电压电流双环控制的算法,具有开关频率固定、物理意义清晰、实现方便的优点,保证系统的稳态误差小,动态响应速度快。通过分析几种最大功率跟踪算法各自的优缺点,最后给出了改进的最大功率跟踪算法,保证系统输出最大功率。
最后用FPGA实现了系统控制方案的设计。整机测试结果表明:该逆变器的性能指标基本达到了设计要求,验证了数学模型和控制策略的有效性和理论分析的正确性和可行性。
With the increasingly aggravated energy crisis in the world, solar "photovoltaic" power has been greatly developed and become one of the cleanest and most effective renewable energy. The inverter, as the major power converter in the PV generator system, its performance will directly influence the efficiency of the solar power. This paper focuses on the control method of virtual value outer loop and instantaneous value inner loop, which can eliminate the static error, as well as make the output wave function normally, therefore, this paper analyzed the topology of the system, the mathematical model, control strategy and the key technology of realization based on FPGA.
First of all, this paper chooses the suitable method of mathematical modeling by comparing it with several other relative methods. Then this paper gives the structure of the inverter and makes a detailed analysis on the operation principle, equivalent circuit under the different states. The mathematical model is based on the state-space average method and it deduce the input-output characters of the system so as to ensure the parameters of the main components.
Several relatively popular control methods of inverter are simply introduced by using block diagram. Voltage and current dual-loop control algorithm based on SPWM has some advantages, such as invariable switching frequency, simplified signification and easy realization. In order to enable the maximum power output of solar cells, the dissertation introduces some usually maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods and analyzes respective advantages, disadvantages and appropriateness of using the occasion.
Finally, the author designs the system control plan by implementing FPGA technology. The experimental results show that the performance indicators can satisfy the design requirements, which can be used in verifing the correctness and feasibility of mathematical modeling and SPWM control method.
本文首先通过对几种常见的数学模型分析方法的比较,选择适合本文的数学建模方法。文中给出了逆变器的拓扑结构,详细论述了其工作原理,对该逆变器不同工作状态下的等效电路进行分析,并利用状态空间平均法建立了逆变器数学模型,确定主要元件的参数。
随后对当前比较流行的几种逆变电路的控制方法进行了对比分析。本文采用的基于SPWM控制的电压电流双环控制的算法,具有开关频率固定、物理意义清晰、实现方便的优点,保证系统的稳态误差小,动态响应速度快。通过分析几种最大功率跟踪算法各自的优缺点,最后给出了改进的最大功率跟踪算法,保证系统输出最大功率。
最后用FPGA实现了系统控制方案的设计。整机测试结果表明:该逆变器的性能指标基本达到了设计要求,验证了数学模型和控制策略的有效性和理论分析的正确性和可行性。
With the increasingly aggravated energy crisis in the world, solar "photovoltaic" power has been greatly developed and become one of the cleanest and most effective renewable energy. The inverter, as the major power converter in the PV generator system, its performance will directly influence the efficiency of the solar power. This paper focuses on the control method of virtual value outer loop and instantaneous value inner loop, which can eliminate the static error, as well as make the output wave function normally, therefore, this paper analyzed the topology of the system, the mathematical model, control strategy and the key technology of realization based on FPGA.
First of all, this paper chooses the suitable method of mathematical modeling by comparing it with several other relative methods. Then this paper gives the structure of the inverter and makes a detailed analysis on the operation principle, equivalent circuit under the different states. The mathematical model is based on the state-space average method and it deduce the input-output characters of the system so as to ensure the parameters of the main components.
Several relatively popular control methods of inverter are simply introduced by using block diagram. Voltage and current dual-loop control algorithm based on SPWM has some advantages, such as invariable switching frequency, simplified signification and easy realization. In order to enable the maximum power output of solar cells, the dissertation introduces some usually maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods and analyzes respective advantages, disadvantages and appropriateness of using the occasion.
Finally, the author designs the system control plan by implementing FPGA technology. The experimental results show that the performance indicators can satisfy the design requirements, which can be used in verifing the correctness and feasibility of mathematical modeling and SPWM control method.
引文
[1]王长贵,王淳,董路影等.小型新能源和可再生能源发电系统建设与管理[M].北京:中国电力出版社.2004.
[2]郑诗程.光伏发电系统及其控制的研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2004.
[3]孔娟.太阳能光伏发电系统的研究[D].青岛大学:硕士学位论文.2006.
[4]刘莫尘.独立光伏发电的自动跟踪系统[D].山东大学:硕士学位论文.2005.
[5]许洪华.风光互补混合发电系统优化设计[D].中国科学院:硕士学位论文.2001.
[6]赵为.太阳能光伏并网发电系统得研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2003.
[7]定世攀.独立运行风/光互补电站控制检测系统的研究[D].中国科学院研究生院:硕士学位论文.2002.
[8]王培珍.光伏阵列故障状态的识别研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2005.
[9]王飞.单相光伏并网系统的分析与研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2005.
[10] Lehan B.Extensions of averaging theory for power electronic systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1996,11(4):524-533.
[11]薛任芝,张力.太阳能光伏技术的研究与发展.大连铁道学院,2003. 24(4):71-74.
[12] Roger Messenger, Jerry Ventre[J].PHOTOVALTAIC SYSTEMS ENGINEERING,2000 pp237-280.
[13] Martina Calais ,Johanna Myrzik,Ted Spooner and Vassilios G.Agelidis“Inverters for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems-An Overview”[J].IEEE PESO 2002,pp1995-2000.
[14] Zhang K, Kang Y, Xiong J, Chen J. Direct repetitive control of SPWM inverters for UPS purpose[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2003, 18(3): 784-792.
[15]蔡宣三,龚绍文.高频功率电子学——直流-直流变换部分[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[16] Brand L,Bass R M.Extension of averaging theory for power electronic systems[J].IEEE Trans on PE,1996,11(4):542-553.
[17]高潮.准谐振及PWM型变流器开关波平均法[J].电工技术学报,1996,11(1):38-42.
[18]林渡涛,丘水生.PWM开关变换器的符号分析法[J].电子学报,1996,24(9):83-87.
[19]丘水生.开关功率变换器的符号分析方法原理[J],电子学报,1997,25(1):5-10.
[20] Krein PT,Bass RM.Geometric formulation,Classification and methods for power electronic systems[J].IEEE PESC Rec.2000,499-505.
[21] Jose M.A unified discrete-time state-space model for switching converter[J].IEEE Trans on PE,2005,10(6):694-707.
[22] Hni S Y R . Modeling non-linear power electronic circuits with the transmission-line technique[J].IEEE Trans on Pe,2005,10(1):48-54.
[23]刘飞云,韦忠朝,吴建华.一种新型推挽正激DC/DC变换器研究[J].通信电源技术,2003(6):17-19,28 .
[24] Heng D, Ramesh O, Dipti S. PWM methods to handle time delay in digital control of a UPS inverter[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2005,3(1):1-6.
[25] Zhou Xunwei,Yang Bo,Amorosol Lee,FC,Pit-Leong Wong. A novel high-input-voltage,high efficiency and fast transient voltage regulator module:the push-pull forward converter[C].In:IEEE APEC’99,1999,pp.279-283.
[26]张方华,王慧贞,严仰光.新颖正激推挽电路的研究及工程实现[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2002,34(5):451-455.
[27]黄俊、王兆安.电力电子变流技术[M].机械工业出版社,2002.
[28]熊腊森,徐饮松.逆变式弧焊电源高频变压器的设计[J].电焊机,1995,(5):10-12.
[29]杨旭,裴云庆,王兆安.开关电源技术[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[30]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].电子工业出版社,1999.
[31] Dixon.L,High Power Factor Pre-.regular Using the SEPIC Converter[J].Unitrode Seminar,1995,SEM900,Topic 6.
[32] John G.Kassakian,et al.Principles of Power Electronics[J].Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc.,1991.
[33] Milan M.Jovanovic.Resonant,Quasi-Resonant & Telecomunications Power Supplies[J].Vol.1,Delta,Electronics,INC.:3-20.
[34]伍家驹,章义国,任吉林,等.单相PWM逆变器的滤波器的一种设计方法[J].电气传动,2003,33(3):12-15.
[35]谢运祥,蒋麟征.消谐控制逆变器的输出滤波器参数分析及设计[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(5):1-4.
[36]林渭勋.现代电力电子电路[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.
[37]宋强,刘文华,严平贵,等.大容量PWM电压源逆变器的LC滤波器设计[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2003,43(3):345-348.
[38] Tai T.L, Chen J. UPS inverter design using discrete-time sliding-mode control scheme[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2002, 49(1): 6775..
[39]何冠英.电子逆变技术及交流电动机调速系统[M].机械工业出版社,1985:103-104.
[40] Marian P.Kazmierkowski,Luigi Malesani,Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-Bourse PWM converters[J].A Surrey IEEE Trans In Electronics,1998,45(5):691-703.
[41] Bakari Mwinyiwiwa,Zbigniew Wolanski, Member.[J]IEEE,and Boon-Teck Ooi.Microprocessor implemented SPWM for multi-converters Applications,2003,34(3):487-494.
[42]赵庚申,王庆章.最大功率跟踪控制在光伏系统中的应用[J].光电子·激光.2003,14(8):813-816.
[43]赵宏,潘俊民.基于MPPT电路的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪系统[J].电力电子技术.2004,38(3):55-57.
[44]孙佩石,何庆领.具有最大功率跟踪功能的光伏户用逆变电源[J].合肥工业大学学报.2001,24(6):1115-1118.
[45] Nobuyuki Kasa, Takahiko Iida Hideo Iwamoto. Maximum power point tracking with capacitor identificator for photovoltaic power systems[J].IEEE. Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives.
[46] Eftichios Koutroulis, Kostas Kalaitzakis, Nicholas C.Voulgaris. Development of a microcontroller-based,Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system[J].IEEE. Transactions on Power Electronics,2001,16(1):46-54.
[47] Xilinx Spartan-II 2.5V FPGA Family Complete Data Sheet.www.xilinx.com.
[48]王城,薛小刚,钱信潮.FPGA/CPLD设计工具-Xilinx ISE 5.X使用详解[M].人民邮电出版社.2003,6
[49]张新成.基于混合7电平逆变器的6kV变频器的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2003.55-62.
[50]边计年,薛宏熙.VHDL设计电子线路[M].清华大学出版社.2000.8.
[2]郑诗程.光伏发电系统及其控制的研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2004.
[3]孔娟.太阳能光伏发电系统的研究[D].青岛大学:硕士学位论文.2006.
[4]刘莫尘.独立光伏发电的自动跟踪系统[D].山东大学:硕士学位论文.2005.
[5]许洪华.风光互补混合发电系统优化设计[D].中国科学院:硕士学位论文.2001.
[6]赵为.太阳能光伏并网发电系统得研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2003.
[7]定世攀.独立运行风/光互补电站控制检测系统的研究[D].中国科学院研究生院:硕士学位论文.2002.
[8]王培珍.光伏阵列故障状态的识别研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2005.
[9]王飞.单相光伏并网系统的分析与研究[D].合肥工业大学:博士学位论文.2005.
[10] Lehan B.Extensions of averaging theory for power electronic systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,1996,11(4):524-533.
[11]薛任芝,张力.太阳能光伏技术的研究与发展.大连铁道学院,2003. 24(4):71-74.
[12] Roger Messenger, Jerry Ventre[J].PHOTOVALTAIC SYSTEMS ENGINEERING,2000 pp237-280.
[13] Martina Calais ,Johanna Myrzik,Ted Spooner and Vassilios G.Agelidis“Inverters for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems-An Overview”[J].IEEE PESO 2002,pp1995-2000.
[14] Zhang K, Kang Y, Xiong J, Chen J. Direct repetitive control of SPWM inverters for UPS purpose[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2003, 18(3): 784-792.
[15]蔡宣三,龚绍文.高频功率电子学——直流-直流变换部分[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[16] Brand L,Bass R M.Extension of averaging theory for power electronic systems[J].IEEE Trans on PE,1996,11(4):542-553.
[17]高潮.准谐振及PWM型变流器开关波平均法[J].电工技术学报,1996,11(1):38-42.
[18]林渡涛,丘水生.PWM开关变换器的符号分析法[J].电子学报,1996,24(9):83-87.
[19]丘水生.开关功率变换器的符号分析方法原理[J],电子学报,1997,25(1):5-10.
[20] Krein PT,Bass RM.Geometric formulation,Classification and methods for power electronic systems[J].IEEE PESC Rec.2000,499-505.
[21] Jose M.A unified discrete-time state-space model for switching converter[J].IEEE Trans on PE,2005,10(6):694-707.
[22] Hni S Y R . Modeling non-linear power electronic circuits with the transmission-line technique[J].IEEE Trans on Pe,2005,10(1):48-54.
[23]刘飞云,韦忠朝,吴建华.一种新型推挽正激DC/DC变换器研究[J].通信电源技术,2003(6):17-19,28 .
[24] Heng D, Ramesh O, Dipti S. PWM methods to handle time delay in digital control of a UPS inverter[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2005,3(1):1-6.
[25] Zhou Xunwei,Yang Bo,Amorosol Lee,FC,Pit-Leong Wong. A novel high-input-voltage,high efficiency and fast transient voltage regulator module:the push-pull forward converter[C].In:IEEE APEC’99,1999,pp.279-283.
[26]张方华,王慧贞,严仰光.新颖正激推挽电路的研究及工程实现[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2002,34(5):451-455.
[27]黄俊、王兆安.电力电子变流技术[M].机械工业出版社,2002.
[28]熊腊森,徐饮松.逆变式弧焊电源高频变压器的设计[J].电焊机,1995,(5):10-12.
[29]杨旭,裴云庆,王兆安.开关电源技术[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[30]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].电子工业出版社,1999.
[31] Dixon.L,High Power Factor Pre-.regular Using the SEPIC Converter[J].Unitrode Seminar,1995,SEM900,Topic 6.
[32] John G.Kassakian,et al.Principles of Power Electronics[J].Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc.,1991.
[33] Milan M.Jovanovic.Resonant,Quasi-Resonant & Telecomunications Power Supplies[J].Vol.1,Delta,Electronics,INC.:3-20.
[34]伍家驹,章义国,任吉林,等.单相PWM逆变器的滤波器的一种设计方法[J].电气传动,2003,33(3):12-15.
[35]谢运祥,蒋麟征.消谐控制逆变器的输出滤波器参数分析及设计[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(5):1-4.
[36]林渭勋.现代电力电子电路[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.
[37]宋强,刘文华,严平贵,等.大容量PWM电压源逆变器的LC滤波器设计[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2003,43(3):345-348.
[38] Tai T.L, Chen J. UPS inverter design using discrete-time sliding-mode control scheme[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2002, 49(1): 6775..
[39]何冠英.电子逆变技术及交流电动机调速系统[M].机械工业出版社,1985:103-104.
[40] Marian P.Kazmierkowski,Luigi Malesani,Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-Bourse PWM converters[J].A Surrey IEEE Trans In Electronics,1998,45(5):691-703.
[41] Bakari Mwinyiwiwa,Zbigniew Wolanski, Member.[J]IEEE,and Boon-Teck Ooi.Microprocessor implemented SPWM for multi-converters Applications,2003,34(3):487-494.
[42]赵庚申,王庆章.最大功率跟踪控制在光伏系统中的应用[J].光电子·激光.2003,14(8):813-816.
[43]赵宏,潘俊民.基于MPPT电路的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪系统[J].电力电子技术.2004,38(3):55-57.
[44]孙佩石,何庆领.具有最大功率跟踪功能的光伏户用逆变电源[J].合肥工业大学学报.2001,24(6):1115-1118.
[45] Nobuyuki Kasa, Takahiko Iida Hideo Iwamoto. Maximum power point tracking with capacitor identificator for photovoltaic power systems[J].IEEE. Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives.
[46] Eftichios Koutroulis, Kostas Kalaitzakis, Nicholas C.Voulgaris. Development of a microcontroller-based,Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system[J].IEEE. Transactions on Power Electronics,2001,16(1):46-54.
[47] Xilinx Spartan-II 2.5V FPGA Family Complete Data Sheet.www.xilinx.com.
[48]王城,薛小刚,钱信潮.FPGA/CPLD设计工具-Xilinx ISE 5.X使用详解[M].人民邮电出版社.2003,6
[49]张新成.基于混合7电平逆变器的6kV变频器的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2003.55-62.
[50]边计年,薛宏熙.VHDL设计电子线路[M].清华大学出版社.2000.8.