基于超级电容器储能的光伏照明控制系统研究与设计
摘要
目前我国已成为世界最大的太阳能光伏产品制造基地,在世界能源短缺,环境污染日益严重的当代,太阳能发电亟待大规模的应用。壹基金于09年夏天在中国农村开始推行“太阳能LED照明千村计划”,并发起“低碳之路,城市同行”的倡议。利用好太阳能这一清洁能源,节能减排,也是世界各国政府可持续发展的能源战略决策。
超级电容是一种新兴的储能器件,其容量可达到上万法拉级。近年来国内外对超级电容器的研究或产品日趋增多。在光伏照明领域它与传统铅酸蓄电池相比,它循环寿命高、不污染环境、使用温度范围大、功率密度高、维护量很小等优点。其产品也曾在奥运村建设光伏照明项目中投入应用。
本文首先对太阳能电池的技术特性、LED的光源原理与特点、超级电容的研究动态及应用进行了介绍。选用超级电容器作为储能器件,设计研制出了一套太阳能路灯照明控制系统。以入门级ARM7芯片LPC2103作为控制器的核心,实现对光源照明的调节、超级电容充放电控制以及其他逻辑功能的控制。并采用MAX16834作为LED的恒流驱动IC,设计了大功率LED驱动电路。控制器采用光控加时控并带有通信接口和市电供电接口。同时它也带有MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)功能,采用固定电压法结合变步长扰动观察法对太阳能电池板进行最大功率跟踪,以获取更高的利用率,并通过计算机仿真进行了验证。通过软件编写的分时段调光照明和逐步点亮关闭光源策略使照明时间获得了延长。文章最后对所做的研究工作进行了总结,同时指出了进一步需要研究和改进的方向。
At present,China has become the world's largest manufacturing base of photovoltaic cells.In the time of energy shortage and enviromental pollution,solar power generation shoud put in to use urgently. In the summer of 2009,One Foundation has began to implement the"Solar LED lighting 1000 Village Plan" in rural China and launch a "low-carbon urban conterparts" initiative.Solar energy is a kind of clean energy.To make good use of it and carry out energy conservation and emission reduction is also an energy strategy of government from all over the word for sustainable development.
Super capacitor is a new energy storage device. Its capacity can reach thousands of Farah level. The research and product of Super capacitor has become more and more in recent years.In the field of photovoltaic lighting,compared with conventional lead-acid batteries. Super capacitor has advantages of high cycle life,larger temperature range,higher power density,little maintenance and has no harm to environment.Meanwhile,it has been used in the project of Olympic village photovoltaic lighting construction.
At first,the article introduce the technical characteristics of solar illumination, and the dynamics and application of super-capacitor.Then we use super-capacitor as the energy storage devices and design a set of solar illumination control system.Entry-level chip LPC2103 was used as the core of controller to implement the regulation of the lighting、super-capacitor charge and discharge control and other logic control.We use MAX16834 constant current IC to design the high power LED driver circuit.The controller uses light control plus time control method.It also contains the communication interface and commercial power interface.Having the function of MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking),the controller can realize the track of the MPP to obtain a higher utilization with fixed voltage method and variable setp-size P&O (Perturb and Observe) method. The algorithm were verified by computer simulation.Through the optimization of the software, the lighting time is much longer.Finally, on the summary of research done at the same time,it pointed out the direction for further research and improvement.
超级电容是一种新兴的储能器件,其容量可达到上万法拉级。近年来国内外对超级电容器的研究或产品日趋增多。在光伏照明领域它与传统铅酸蓄电池相比,它循环寿命高、不污染环境、使用温度范围大、功率密度高、维护量很小等优点。其产品也曾在奥运村建设光伏照明项目中投入应用。
本文首先对太阳能电池的技术特性、LED的光源原理与特点、超级电容的研究动态及应用进行了介绍。选用超级电容器作为储能器件,设计研制出了一套太阳能路灯照明控制系统。以入门级ARM7芯片LPC2103作为控制器的核心,实现对光源照明的调节、超级电容充放电控制以及其他逻辑功能的控制。并采用MAX16834作为LED的恒流驱动IC,设计了大功率LED驱动电路。控制器采用光控加时控并带有通信接口和市电供电接口。同时它也带有MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)功能,采用固定电压法结合变步长扰动观察法对太阳能电池板进行最大功率跟踪,以获取更高的利用率,并通过计算机仿真进行了验证。通过软件编写的分时段调光照明和逐步点亮关闭光源策略使照明时间获得了延长。文章最后对所做的研究工作进行了总结,同时指出了进一步需要研究和改进的方向。
At present,China has become the world's largest manufacturing base of photovoltaic cells.In the time of energy shortage and enviromental pollution,solar power generation shoud put in to use urgently. In the summer of 2009,One Foundation has began to implement the"Solar LED lighting 1000 Village Plan" in rural China and launch a "low-carbon urban conterparts" initiative.Solar energy is a kind of clean energy.To make good use of it and carry out energy conservation and emission reduction is also an energy strategy of government from all over the word for sustainable development.
Super capacitor is a new energy storage device. Its capacity can reach thousands of Farah level. The research and product of Super capacitor has become more and more in recent years.In the field of photovoltaic lighting,compared with conventional lead-acid batteries. Super capacitor has advantages of high cycle life,larger temperature range,higher power density,little maintenance and has no harm to environment.Meanwhile,it has been used in the project of Olympic village photovoltaic lighting construction.
At first,the article introduce the technical characteristics of solar illumination, and the dynamics and application of super-capacitor.Then we use super-capacitor as the energy storage devices and design a set of solar illumination control system.Entry-level chip LPC2103 was used as the core of controller to implement the regulation of the lighting、super-capacitor charge and discharge control and other logic control.We use MAX16834 constant current IC to design the high power LED driver circuit.The controller uses light control plus time control method.It also contains the communication interface and commercial power interface.Having the function of MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking),the controller can realize the track of the MPP to obtain a higher utilization with fixed voltage method and variable setp-size P&O (Perturb and Observe) method. The algorithm were verified by computer simulation.Through the optimization of the software, the lighting time is much longer.Finally, on the summary of research done at the same time,it pointed out the direction for further research and improvement.
引文
[1]滨川圭弘.太阳能光伏电池及其应用.北京：科学出版社,2008,14-15
[2]刘木清,周小丽.照明自动控制技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2008,76-77
[3]Edese, S.A. Martin, Enrique. Aguila, Roberto. Komornicki, Sergio. SOLAR LIGHTING SYSTEM. Electricity Distribution 18th International Conference. Turin,2005,1-5
[4]翟楠松,张东来.超级电容国内外研究及应用现状.仪器仪表学报,2007,28(8)：1-4
[5]周志敏,纪爱华.太阳能LED路灯设计与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2009,28-33
[6]Mario Pagliaro, Giovanni Palmisano, Rosaria Ciriminna.柔性太阳能电池上海：上海交通大学出版社,2010,25-30
[7]钟海云,李荐,代艳阳等.新型能源器件—超级电容器发展最新动态.电源技术,2001,25(5)：367-370
[8]马仁志,魏秉庆,徐才录等.应用于超级电容器的碳纳米管电极的几个特点.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2000,40(8)：7-10
[9]刘业东,王长贵.太阳能光伏电站蓄电池技术要求探讨.太阳能,2002,5：25-26
[10]张瑞宁.基于超级电容器储能的独立光伏发电系统研究：[华北电力大学硕士论文].北京：华北电力大学,2007,12-13
[11]祁新春,李海冬,齐智平.双电层电容器电压均衡技术综述.高电压技术,2008,(34)2：293-297
[12]李海冬,冯之钺,齐智平.一种新颖的串联超级电容器组的电压均衡方法.电源技术,2006,30(6)：499-503
[13]Nakayama, H.Hiraki, E.Tanaka, T.Koda. Stand-alone Photovoltaic Generation System with Combined Storage System using EDLC.Industrial Electronics 35th Annual Conference of IEEE.Porto,2009,3-5
[14]Li Zhang, Jin-Yan Song, Ji-Yan Zou, Ning Wang. High Voltage Super-capacitors for Energy Storage Devices Applications. Electromagnetic Launch Technology, 2008.(24)10:1-4
[15]张步涵,王云玲,曾杰.超级电容器储能技术及应用.水能电源科学,2006,24(5)：50-52
[16]Li Zhongshi, Zhou Wei, Yang Hongxing. One Novel Optimum Sizing Method for Solar Lighting System by Using Genetic Algorithm.Energy and Environment Technology Conference. Guilin,2009,225-228
[17]Xuejun Liu, Luiz A.C.Lopes. An improved perturbation and observation maximum power point tracking algorithm for PV arrays.35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Aachen,2004,2005-2010
[18]广州致远电子有限公司.LPC2103使用指南.Rev.1.01,2006,1-2
[19]Philips Semiconductors.LPC2103 Preliminary data sheet.www.semiconductor. .philips.com. Rev.01,2006.01-18
[20]王心尘,王亚军,杜华夏等.替代蓄电池的超级电容储能模块设计.电源世界,2007,11：40-43
[21]Nan Li, Jiangcheng Zhang, Yun Zhong.A Novel Charging Control Scheme for Super Capacitor Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Generation System. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies Congerence. Nanjuing,2008,2671-2675
[22]Nobuyoshi, Mutoh.Kazuto, Kubota. PV Systems to Charge Electric Energy Acquired through MPPT Control to EDLCs Efficiently and to Handle the Charged Electric Power Effectively.34th Annual Conference of IEEE.Orlando, 2008,2212-2217
[23]刘建斌,易灵芝,王根平等.超级电容器在光伏发电系统中的应用.湖南工业大学学报,2009,23(5)：55-59
[24]Richard A.Cullen. What is MPPT and how does it work.www.blueskyenergyinc. com.2006-03-25
[25]王康模,陈长缨,于志刚等.太阳电池的负载匹配理论与负载变换技术.半导体光电,2009,30(2)：191-193
[26]陈永真,孟丽囡.高效率开关电源设计与制作.北京：中国电力出版社,2008,95-101
[27]李定宣.开关稳定电源设计与应用.北京：中国电力出版社,2006,16-18
[28]路秋生.开关电源技术与典型应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2008,44-49
[29]松井邦彦.OP放大器应用技巧100例.北京：科学出版社,2006,16-20
[30]MAX16834 datasheet.http://china.maxim-ic.com.2009-04-17
[31]MAX16834 Evaluation Kit datasheet.http://china.maxim-ic.com.2009-04-17
[32]王宝归.100kW太阳能并网变流器的研制：[北京交通大学硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学,2009,30-32
[33]徐鹏威,刘飞,刘邦银等.几种光伏系统MPPT方法的分析比较及改进.电力电子技术,2007,41(5)：3-5
[34]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛等.太阳能光伏发电及其应用.北京：科学出版社,2005,128-130
[35]陈进美,陈峦.光伏发电最大功率跟踪方法的研究.科学技术与工程,2009.9(17)：4941-4945
[36]Kazmi Syed Muhammad Raza, Hiroki Goto, Osamu Ichinokura. An Improved and Very Efficient MPPT Controller for PV Systems subjected to Rapidly Varying Atmospheric Conditions and Partial Shading. Power Engineering Conference. Adelaide,2009,1-6
[37]冯冬青,李晓飞.基于光伏电池输出特性的MPPT算法研究.计算机工程与设计,2009.30(17)：3925-3931
[38]Femia, N. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, G. Optimizing Duty-cycle Perturbation of P&O MPPT Technique.IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.Achen,2004, 1939-1944
[39]求是科技.Matlab7.0从入门到精通.北京：人民邮电出版社,2006,1-5
[40]王长江.基于MATLAB的光伏电池通用数学模型.电力科学与工程,2009,25(4)：11-14
[41]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司.EasyARM2103配套教材.www.zlgmcu.com.2008-05-21
[2]刘木清,周小丽.照明自动控制技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2008,76-77
[3]Edese, S.A. Martin, Enrique. Aguila, Roberto. Komornicki, Sergio. SOLAR LIGHTING SYSTEM. Electricity Distribution 18th International Conference. Turin,2005,1-5
[4]翟楠松,张东来.超级电容国内外研究及应用现状.仪器仪表学报,2007,28(8)：1-4
[5]周志敏,纪爱华.太阳能LED路灯设计与应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2009,28-33
[6]Mario Pagliaro, Giovanni Palmisano, Rosaria Ciriminna.柔性太阳能电池上海：上海交通大学出版社,2010,25-30
[7]钟海云,李荐,代艳阳等.新型能源器件—超级电容器发展最新动态.电源技术,2001,25(5)：367-370
[8]马仁志,魏秉庆,徐才录等.应用于超级电容器的碳纳米管电极的几个特点.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2000,40(8)：7-10
[9]刘业东,王长贵.太阳能光伏电站蓄电池技术要求探讨.太阳能,2002,5：25-26
[10]张瑞宁.基于超级电容器储能的独立光伏发电系统研究：[华北电力大学硕士论文].北京：华北电力大学,2007,12-13
[11]祁新春,李海冬,齐智平.双电层电容器电压均衡技术综述.高电压技术,2008,(34)2：293-297
[12]李海冬,冯之钺,齐智平.一种新颖的串联超级电容器组的电压均衡方法.电源技术,2006,30(6)：499-503
[13]Nakayama, H.Hiraki, E.Tanaka, T.Koda. Stand-alone Photovoltaic Generation System with Combined Storage System using EDLC.Industrial Electronics 35th Annual Conference of IEEE.Porto,2009,3-5
[14]Li Zhang, Jin-Yan Song, Ji-Yan Zou, Ning Wang. High Voltage Super-capacitors for Energy Storage Devices Applications. Electromagnetic Launch Technology, 2008.(24)10:1-4
[15]张步涵,王云玲,曾杰.超级电容器储能技术及应用.水能电源科学,2006,24(5)：50-52
[16]Li Zhongshi, Zhou Wei, Yang Hongxing. One Novel Optimum Sizing Method for Solar Lighting System by Using Genetic Algorithm.Energy and Environment Technology Conference. Guilin,2009,225-228
[17]Xuejun Liu, Luiz A.C.Lopes. An improved perturbation and observation maximum power point tracking algorithm for PV arrays.35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Aachen,2004,2005-2010
[18]广州致远电子有限公司.LPC2103使用指南.Rev.1.01,2006,1-2
[19]Philips Semiconductors.LPC2103 Preliminary data sheet.www.semiconductor. .philips.com. Rev.01,2006.01-18
[20]王心尘,王亚军,杜华夏等.替代蓄电池的超级电容储能模块设计.电源世界,2007,11：40-43
[21]Nan Li, Jiangcheng Zhang, Yun Zhong.A Novel Charging Control Scheme for Super Capacitor Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Generation System. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies Congerence. Nanjuing,2008,2671-2675
[22]Nobuyoshi, Mutoh.Kazuto, Kubota. PV Systems to Charge Electric Energy Acquired through MPPT Control to EDLCs Efficiently and to Handle the Charged Electric Power Effectively.34th Annual Conference of IEEE.Orlando, 2008,2212-2217
[23]刘建斌,易灵芝,王根平等.超级电容器在光伏发电系统中的应用.湖南工业大学学报,2009,23(5)：55-59
[24]Richard A.Cullen. What is MPPT and how does it work.www.blueskyenergyinc. com.2006-03-25
[25]王康模,陈长缨,于志刚等.太阳电池的负载匹配理论与负载变换技术.半导体光电,2009,30(2)：191-193
[26]陈永真,孟丽囡.高效率开关电源设计与制作.北京：中国电力出版社,2008,95-101
[27]李定宣.开关稳定电源设计与应用.北京：中国电力出版社,2006,16-18
[28]路秋生.开关电源技术与典型应用.北京：电子工业出版社,2008,44-49
[29]松井邦彦.OP放大器应用技巧100例.北京：科学出版社,2006,16-20
[30]MAX16834 datasheet.http://china.maxim-ic.com.2009-04-17
[31]MAX16834 Evaluation Kit datasheet.http://china.maxim-ic.com.2009-04-17
[32]王宝归.100kW太阳能并网变流器的研制：[北京交通大学硕士学位论文].北京：北京交通大学,2009,30-32
[33]徐鹏威,刘飞,刘邦银等.几种光伏系统MPPT方法的分析比较及改进.电力电子技术,2007,41(5)：3-5
[34]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛等.太阳能光伏发电及其应用.北京：科学出版社,2005,128-130
[35]陈进美,陈峦.光伏发电最大功率跟踪方法的研究.科学技术与工程,2009.9(17)：4941-4945
[36]Kazmi Syed Muhammad Raza, Hiroki Goto, Osamu Ichinokura. An Improved and Very Efficient MPPT Controller for PV Systems subjected to Rapidly Varying Atmospheric Conditions and Partial Shading. Power Engineering Conference. Adelaide,2009,1-6
[37]冯冬青,李晓飞.基于光伏电池输出特性的MPPT算法研究.计算机工程与设计,2009.30(17)：3925-3931
[38]Femia, N. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, G. Optimizing Duty-cycle Perturbation of P&O MPPT Technique.IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.Achen,2004, 1939-1944
[39]求是科技.Matlab7.0从入门到精通.北京：人民邮电出版社,2006,1-5
[40]王长江.基于MATLAB的光伏电池通用数学模型.电力科学与工程,2009,25(4)：11-14
[41]广州周立功单片机发展有限公司.EasyARM2103配套教材.www.zlgmcu.com.2008-05-21