斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动机制研究
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摘要
斜倾厚层岩质斜坡指滑移面倾角大于地形坡度的缓、内倾斜切厚层状单斜岩质斜坡,在中国重庆、湖北、贵州、云南、四川等西南山区分布较广,在各种自然和人为等因素作用下,滑坡崩塌等地质灾害频发,存在大量的安全隐患。由于斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的失稳模式主要以侧向崩塌为主,国内外对于斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向崩滑的研究较少,且主要集中在地质成因分析研究方面,同时在进行评价分析时也往往简化为平面应变问题。
本论文选择典型斜倾厚层岩质滑坡-鸡尾山滑坡为例,在滑坡的详细工程地质调查基础上,结合岩体结构力学特征的综合研究,获取宏观和细观地质现象,分析了斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的成因。建立了斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的数值计算模型,根据室内试验及经验参数取值,分长期重力蠕滑、岩溶及地下水软化作用、采矿影响三种工况,利用离散元软件3DEC模拟斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的初始变形破坏特征。开展了土工离心模型试验,模拟武隆鸡尾山大型山体滑坡的产生和破坏过程,揭示滑坡的形成机理,分析和验证斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳”的失稳模式。根据“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳”的失稳机制和滑坡特征,建立斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的三维极限平衡分析力学模型,采用矢量法表示,提出了基于关键块体理论的安全系数计算方法,对鸡尾山滑坡和土工离心模型试验进行了稳定性分析。在对大型岩质斜坡失稳模式分类方法的统计对比分析基础上,综合归纳了岩质斜坡失稳模式识别和判断的方法,提出斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的识别特征。
通过对斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动机制的研究,本文通过对斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动机制的研究,从数值模拟、离心模拟及三维极限平衡稳定性分析三方面入手,探讨了斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的失稳破坏机理,丰富了大型岩质斜坡失稳的研究手段,为西南厚层岩质山区地质灾害风险评估和应急救灾提供技术支撑。本论文通过研究,取得了以下主要结论和成果：
1.受地质结构及地形地貌的影响,斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的失稳模式具有复合性。一般而言,在重力作用下,山体初始顺岩层真倾角方向倾向变形蠕动。真倾向方向的蠕滑受阻,由于卸荷作用,破坏形式主要表现为侧向崩塌,崩塌体堆积在次级平台或坡脚,后续可能发展为堆积体滑坡。当斜坡前缘潜在滑面出露,斜坡变形或瞬时启动时由于局部受限,则可能呈现平面旋转滑动破坏。斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的视向滑动破坏则是由于前缘岩体发生瞬时破坏,后部岩体顺层滑动在前缘发生偏转、产生视向滑动的破坏模式。
2.斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动受地形地貌、岩性组合、岩溶发育、工程扰动、岩体结构等方面因素控制：斜坡单斜构造为滑体视向剪出提供了临空条件；厚层灰岩夹软弱夹层是“上硬下软”的易滑结构；滑坡前缘原始地形为冲沟,岩溶发育强烈,形成强度相对脆弱的视向岩溶发育带；地下采空诱发山体应力调整,加速山体变形,对滑坡边界、平行于陡崖走向的侧向裂缝的形成具有一定的效应；斜坡岩体为层状块裂结构,节理切割,岩溶发育,岩体离散型好,滑动过程中易于解体。
3.土工离心模型试验结果显示,随着离心加速的增大,裂缝应变片由由后缘向前缘顺序破坏,后部驱动块体首先失稳并挤压前缘关键块体,随后关键块体位移出现陡增,发生视向滑动破坏,引起斜坡整体滑动失稳。表明软弱夹层抗剪强度的持续软化和前缘关键块体的瞬时失稳,是斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的主要原因。斜坡的破坏是由后部向前缘发展的,滑坡的初始破坏过程是一个从稳定到失稳渐进发展的过程,斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动破坏具有后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳的特征。
4.三维离散元数值模拟显示,蠕滑阶段斜坡坡顶顺层不断增大,前缘关键块体位移较小。随着软弱夹层强度降低,关键块体沿岩溶发育带视向剪切破坏,关键块体位移明显增大,滑体发生整体滑动。表明关键块体控制和阻滑作用明显,斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的初始变形破坏过程,具有后部驱动块体顺层滑移、前缘关键块体脆性剪断的特征,软弱夹层强度降低和关键块体的瞬时破坏是滑坡发生的关键因素。
5.根据“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体阻滑”的力学机制,对比整体稳定性计算方法,并对土工离心模型试验进行分析,认为基于关键块体控制理论的三维极限平衡分析方法更加合理可靠。关键块体受岩溶发育带及软弱夹层的控制,驱动块体受侧向裂缝和软弱夹层控制,驱动块体和关键块体均为双面滑动,计算中采用不平衡推理传递法,以关键块体的安全系数代表滑体的稳定安全系数。
6.根据地质成因调查、数值模拟、物理模型试验及工程统计类比分析,从地质结构、地形地貌、滑动机制等方面出发,认为斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动具有五个识别特征,即层状块裂结构条件、山体倾向阻挡条件、临空视向剪出条件、驱动块体下滑条件、关键块体阻滑条件。
Oblique inclined thick layered rock slope is a monoclonal slope dipping slightly opposite to monoclina scarp in a small intersection angle and it covers well in Southwestern China which is known as a mountainous area including Chongqing, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, et al. Under influence of natural and human activities, geological hazards from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure, such as landsldes, occur frequently and potential hazards exist extensively. The most common failure mechanism is collpes, so that there are rare literatures on apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure. Even if there are, they are also about casuses research basing on geological survey and reduce it to plane-strain problems.
This paper takes Jiweishan Landslide as example and reveals casuses of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure via detailed geological investigation and comprehensive research on rock mass strcutre mechanics, interms of understanding of macroscopic and microscopic geological phenomena. A3D computational model has been built and3DEC is brought in to simulate initial failure process involving gravitational creep, karstification and weak layer soften, mining goaf. Values of parameters adopted in numerical simulation refer to laboratory tests and empirical values. Centrifuge modeling tests have been carried out to investigate intiation and instantaneous failure processes and characteristics of Jiweishan Landslide and validate the unique rear-blocks-driving-key-block-fail-instantaneously failure mechanism of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure. According the unique failure mechanism and landslide characteristics, a mechanical model for3D limited equilibrium analysis is established. An analytical method for safety factor based on a key block theory is put forward and applied to stability analysis of Jiweishan Landslide and centrifuge model. In the end, statistic and contrastive analysis of classification methods for massive rock slope failure are conducted, so as synthesis and generalization of identification methoeds of rock slope failure mechanism. Then several recongnition characteristics for apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure are proposed. During the research on mechanism of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure, methods of atablility analysis including numerical simulation, centrifuge modeling and limited equibrilium have been discussed. The research and results are meant to provide technical support for risk assessment and emergenct relief, so as to deepen and expand reaearch on massive rock slope failure. Several results and conclusions from the research are assembaled as follows:
1. Confined by geologic structure and topography, failure mode of oblique inclined thick layered rock slope has the character of compound. The slope creeps to the dip initially as usually and is most likely to collapse because of unloading effect. Formed deposits may transform into landslides due to earthquake or rainfall. If the potential slide plane is reveal in the front, a planar rotational could occour when local resistance exists. Apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure is in consequence of key block in the front failure which casuses slide in the rear and then apparent dip slide in the front.
2. The reasons of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure are revealed in terms of topography, lithology, karst, mining activity and geological structure as follows:monocline provides free face for apparent dip slide; thick layered limestone sandwiching weak layers is a susceptible lithology; favorable original terrain for catchment developes into a relative weak belt in apparent dip due to karst; mining goafs generate cantilever effect which accelerates slope deformation and promotes the formation of lateral deep crack ending up to landslide boundary; fissured rock slope with joints and karst is discrete and easy to disintegrate during run-out.
3. Centrifuge modeling tests shows that the crack strain gauges are damaged in consequence from back to front as centrifuge acceleration ascends. During the process, the driving blocks in the rear lose stability and crush on the key block in the front, then sudden displacement rise happens to the key block which indicates instantaneous apparent slip failure and triggers entire landslide. The results state that the initial failure is a progressive failure process from the rear to the front of the slope and from stable to instable. Apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure has a character of blocks in the rear driving and the key block destabilized instantaneously.
5. During creep process of numerical modeling, displacement of slope in the rear increases gradually while displacement of the key block is small. As strength of weak layer reduces, the key block has a sudden displacement rise and occurs apparent shear failure and triggers the entire landslide. It demonstrates that during the initial failure of apparent dip slide of oblique inclined thick layered rock slope, the key block palys a obvious role of control and resistance. In initial failure process, the blocks in the rear creep to the dip and drive on the key block which ends up with instantaneous apparent sheat failure. The strength reduction of weak layer and instantaneous failure of the key block are main reasons for landslide.
5. According to failure mechanism of "blocks in the rear driving and the key block in the front resisting" and comparison with stability analysis in a whole, it is believed that the3D limited equilibrium analysis method based on the key block theory is reasonable and available after being applied toanalysis of centrfigue tests. During this method, the key block is confined by karst belt and weak layer while the drving blocks by lateral crack and weak layer. The concept is imbalance thrust force method and the safety factor of the key block represents the stability of the slope.
6. Basing on geological investigation, numerical modeling, physical modeling and statistic analogic analysis, five reconginition chacteristics have been pointed out in terms with geologic structure, topographic and failure behavior which are thick layered fissured rock, stable resistance in the dip, free face for apparent dip slide, driving blocks in the rear, the key block instantaneous failure.
本论文选择典型斜倾厚层岩质滑坡-鸡尾山滑坡为例,在滑坡的详细工程地质调查基础上,结合岩体结构力学特征的综合研究,获取宏观和细观地质现象,分析了斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的成因。建立了斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的数值计算模型,根据室内试验及经验参数取值,分长期重力蠕滑、岩溶及地下水软化作用、采矿影响三种工况,利用离散元软件3DEC模拟斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的初始变形破坏特征。开展了土工离心模型试验,模拟武隆鸡尾山大型山体滑坡的产生和破坏过程,揭示滑坡的形成机理,分析和验证斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳”的失稳模式。根据“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳”的失稳机制和滑坡特征,建立斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的三维极限平衡分析力学模型,采用矢量法表示,提出了基于关键块体理论的安全系数计算方法,对鸡尾山滑坡和土工离心模型试验进行了稳定性分析。在对大型岩质斜坡失稳模式分类方法的统计对比分析基础上,综合归纳了岩质斜坡失稳模式识别和判断的方法,提出斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的识别特征。
通过对斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动机制的研究,本文通过对斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动机制的研究,从数值模拟、离心模拟及三维极限平衡稳定性分析三方面入手,探讨了斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的失稳破坏机理,丰富了大型岩质斜坡失稳的研究手段,为西南厚层岩质山区地质灾害风险评估和应急救灾提供技术支撑。本论文通过研究,取得了以下主要结论和成果：
1.受地质结构及地形地貌的影响,斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的失稳模式具有复合性。一般而言,在重力作用下,山体初始顺岩层真倾角方向倾向变形蠕动。真倾向方向的蠕滑受阻,由于卸荷作用,破坏形式主要表现为侧向崩塌,崩塌体堆积在次级平台或坡脚,后续可能发展为堆积体滑坡。当斜坡前缘潜在滑面出露,斜坡变形或瞬时启动时由于局部受限,则可能呈现平面旋转滑动破坏。斜倾厚层岩质斜坡的视向滑动破坏则是由于前缘岩体发生瞬时破坏,后部岩体顺层滑动在前缘发生偏转、产生视向滑动的破坏模式。
2.斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动受地形地貌、岩性组合、岩溶发育、工程扰动、岩体结构等方面因素控制：斜坡单斜构造为滑体视向剪出提供了临空条件；厚层灰岩夹软弱夹层是“上硬下软”的易滑结构；滑坡前缘原始地形为冲沟,岩溶发育强烈,形成强度相对脆弱的视向岩溶发育带；地下采空诱发山体应力调整,加速山体变形,对滑坡边界、平行于陡崖走向的侧向裂缝的形成具有一定的效应；斜坡岩体为层状块裂结构,节理切割,岩溶发育,岩体离散型好,滑动过程中易于解体。
3.土工离心模型试验结果显示,随着离心加速的增大,裂缝应变片由由后缘向前缘顺序破坏,后部驱动块体首先失稳并挤压前缘关键块体,随后关键块体位移出现陡增,发生视向滑动破坏,引起斜坡整体滑动失稳。表明软弱夹层抗剪强度的持续软化和前缘关键块体的瞬时失稳,是斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的主要原因。斜坡的破坏是由后部向前缘发展的,滑坡的初始破坏过程是一个从稳定到失稳渐进发展的过程,斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动破坏具有后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳的特征。
4.三维离散元数值模拟显示,蠕滑阶段斜坡坡顶顺层不断增大,前缘关键块体位移较小。随着软弱夹层强度降低,关键块体沿岩溶发育带视向剪切破坏,关键块体位移明显增大,滑体发生整体滑动。表明关键块体控制和阻滑作用明显,斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动的初始变形破坏过程,具有后部驱动块体顺层滑移、前缘关键块体脆性剪断的特征,软弱夹层强度降低和关键块体的瞬时破坏是滑坡发生的关键因素。
5.根据“后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体阻滑”的力学机制,对比整体稳定性计算方法,并对土工离心模型试验进行分析,认为基于关键块体控制理论的三维极限平衡分析方法更加合理可靠。关键块体受岩溶发育带及软弱夹层的控制,驱动块体受侧向裂缝和软弱夹层控制,驱动块体和关键块体均为双面滑动,计算中采用不平衡推理传递法,以关键块体的安全系数代表滑体的稳定安全系数。
6.根据地质成因调查、数值模拟、物理模型试验及工程统计类比分析,从地质结构、地形地貌、滑动机制等方面出发,认为斜倾厚层岩质滑坡视向滑动具有五个识别特征,即层状块裂结构条件、山体倾向阻挡条件、临空视向剪出条件、驱动块体下滑条件、关键块体阻滑条件。
Oblique inclined thick layered rock slope is a monoclonal slope dipping slightly opposite to monoclina scarp in a small intersection angle and it covers well in Southwestern China which is known as a mountainous area including Chongqing, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, et al. Under influence of natural and human activities, geological hazards from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure, such as landsldes, occur frequently and potential hazards exist extensively. The most common failure mechanism is collpes, so that there are rare literatures on apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure. Even if there are, they are also about casuses research basing on geological survey and reduce it to plane-strain problems.
This paper takes Jiweishan Landslide as example and reveals casuses of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure via detailed geological investigation and comprehensive research on rock mass strcutre mechanics, interms of understanding of macroscopic and microscopic geological phenomena. A3D computational model has been built and3DEC is brought in to simulate initial failure process involving gravitational creep, karstification and weak layer soften, mining goaf. Values of parameters adopted in numerical simulation refer to laboratory tests and empirical values. Centrifuge modeling tests have been carried out to investigate intiation and instantaneous failure processes and characteristics of Jiweishan Landslide and validate the unique rear-blocks-driving-key-block-fail-instantaneously failure mechanism of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure. According the unique failure mechanism and landslide characteristics, a mechanical model for3D limited equilibrium analysis is established. An analytical method for safety factor based on a key block theory is put forward and applied to stability analysis of Jiweishan Landslide and centrifuge model. In the end, statistic and contrastive analysis of classification methods for massive rock slope failure are conducted, so as synthesis and generalization of identification methoeds of rock slope failure mechanism. Then several recongnition characteristics for apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure are proposed. During the research on mechanism of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure, methods of atablility analysis including numerical simulation, centrifuge modeling and limited equibrilium have been discussed. The research and results are meant to provide technical support for risk assessment and emergenct relief, so as to deepen and expand reaearch on massive rock slope failure. Several results and conclusions from the research are assembaled as follows:
1. Confined by geologic structure and topography, failure mode of oblique inclined thick layered rock slope has the character of compound. The slope creeps to the dip initially as usually and is most likely to collapse because of unloading effect. Formed deposits may transform into landslides due to earthquake or rainfall. If the potential slide plane is reveal in the front, a planar rotational could occour when local resistance exists. Apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure is in consequence of key block in the front failure which casuses slide in the rear and then apparent dip slide in the front.
2. The reasons of apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure are revealed in terms of topography, lithology, karst, mining activity and geological structure as follows:monocline provides free face for apparent dip slide; thick layered limestone sandwiching weak layers is a susceptible lithology; favorable original terrain for catchment developes into a relative weak belt in apparent dip due to karst; mining goafs generate cantilever effect which accelerates slope deformation and promotes the formation of lateral deep crack ending up to landslide boundary; fissured rock slope with joints and karst is discrete and easy to disintegrate during run-out.
3. Centrifuge modeling tests shows that the crack strain gauges are damaged in consequence from back to front as centrifuge acceleration ascends. During the process, the driving blocks in the rear lose stability and crush on the key block in the front, then sudden displacement rise happens to the key block which indicates instantaneous apparent slip failure and triggers entire landslide. The results state that the initial failure is a progressive failure process from the rear to the front of the slope and from stable to instable. Apparent dip slide from oblique inclined thick layered rock slope failure has a character of blocks in the rear driving and the key block destabilized instantaneously.
5. During creep process of numerical modeling, displacement of slope in the rear increases gradually while displacement of the key block is small. As strength of weak layer reduces, the key block has a sudden displacement rise and occurs apparent shear failure and triggers the entire landslide. It demonstrates that during the initial failure of apparent dip slide of oblique inclined thick layered rock slope, the key block palys a obvious role of control and resistance. In initial failure process, the blocks in the rear creep to the dip and drive on the key block which ends up with instantaneous apparent sheat failure. The strength reduction of weak layer and instantaneous failure of the key block are main reasons for landslide.
5. According to failure mechanism of "blocks in the rear driving and the key block in the front resisting" and comparison with stability analysis in a whole, it is believed that the3D limited equilibrium analysis method based on the key block theory is reasonable and available after being applied toanalysis of centrfigue tests. During this method, the key block is confined by karst belt and weak layer while the drving blocks by lateral crack and weak layer. The concept is imbalance thrust force method and the safety factor of the key block represents the stability of the slope.
6. Basing on geological investigation, numerical modeling, physical modeling and statistic analogic analysis, five reconginition chacteristics have been pointed out in terms with geologic structure, topographic and failure behavior which are thick layered fissured rock, stable resistance in the dip, free face for apparent dip slide, driving blocks in the rear, the key block instantaneous failure.
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