江汉航道网桥梁评估与升级改造研究
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摘要
桥梁是线路的咽喉要道。由于结构自然老化、车辆荷载增加、不利环境影响以及养护维修欠缺，一部分桥梁不可避免地要暴露出各种结构损伤和既有桥梁不满足规定功能要求的问题越来越普遍。如果这些技术状况不佳的桥梁得不到及时的维修和加固，不仅会造成整条线路的局部瓶颈，而且还会对通行的车辆造成极大的隐患。因此，桥梁评估作为桥梁维修和加固的依据就显得尤为重要；此外出现了技术状况不佳的桥梁应根据实际情况采取相应的措施，而不能仅仅采取拆除重建的方法，因此加固和其他升级方法是目前比较符合中国国情的桥梁改造措施。
本文分为桥梁静、动力检测、评估及升级改造两个部分。桥梁静力检测分为表观检测和荷载检测。在表观检测中将多层次模糊评价模型和桥梁使用性能等级隶属函数引入《公路技术养护规范》中的桥梁技术状况等级评定中，并对此规范中的桥梁部件缺损状况评定状况进行修正；通过建立因素论域、等级论域以及根据王光远教授提出的利用典型函数形式来建立桥梁使用性能等级隶属函数，通过权重和因素评判矩阵的关系来运算，逐级评判，最终求出桥梁综合评判等级。把模糊评估与现行的桥梁评估规范有机的结合起来。
在静力检测中引入了超安全度γ的概念对桥梁技术状况进行分级，通过桥梁的表观检测和静力检测的γ值比较确定出超安全度γ和相应的技术状况等级。
在动力检测中主要探讨了脉动测试和振型评估。其中脉动测试主要阐述了脉动试验、跑车试验、跳车试验、刹车试验。振型评估是通过划分单元的单元损伤指数来判断所划分单元是否受损。
在升级改造中主要探讨了承载力升级、通航升级、交通流量升级三个因素。其中承载力升级主要针对航道网上的简支梁桥和拱桥(桁架拱桥和双曲拱桥)。简支梁桥做了粘钢法和碳纤维法的加固试验，其他的加固方法供荆州市交通局选择参考；通航升级主要考虑通航等级所要求的净空高度，并结合顶升技术和经济分析。主要研究对象是简支梁桥和单跨拱桥；
The bridges are pivotal stronghold of the whole road.It becomes more and more popluar that some existing bridges betray multifarious structure damage and the limitations below the anticipative functions inevitably by reason of structure aging or vehicle load increasing or adverse environment or maintenance deficiency.lt results in not only the local bottleneck of the line and hidden trouble to the passing vehicle if the defective bridges are not duly maintained and reinforced.As a result,the bridge evaluation is specially important to the maintenance and strengthening.Futhermore,we can not demolish and rebuild only but adop corresponding measures according ad temporal condition when the bridges are deemed to have defectiveness.So it accords with the situation of a country that the reinforcement and other upgrade measures aim at the bridge attention.
The paper contains two segments:static and dynamic detection,evaluation and alteration.Static monitoring contains apparent and load detection.The model of multi-layer fuzzy evaluation and the bridge using capability grade membership function are used in the appraisal of the bridge technical condition of the highroad criterion technic and maintenance ,and then the data and excel of the bridge compontents.The bridge grade membership function can be deduced from the factor theory domain.grade theory domain and the bridge using capacity grade membership function,then by baseding the connection of weigh and factor judgement matrix and judging gradually,finally the bridge comprehensive evaluation synthetical judging grade will be figured out. The actual bridge evaluation criterion are combined with fuzzy evaluation organically.
The technical condition of breges are classified by carving up super safety degree in static detection.The super safety degree and relevant technical condition grade are ascertained by compareing the numerical value of static detection with that of apparent detection.
Pulsant test and vibration models dvaluation are discussed in dynamic detection.Pulsant test mainly expounds pulsant experiment,transitting test,bounce test,braking examination.lt is judged by the cell damage index whether carving up cell comes to harm.
Three factors of carrying capacity,shippmg,traffic flux are considered among alteration and upgrade.Carrying capacity upgrade aims at simply-supported girder bridge and arc bridge(truss bridge and double arch bridge)of sea-route nets.To navigation,headroom chiefly is required,secondlythe jacking-up technique and economical analysis are given attention to two or morethings.The simply-supported grider bridge and mono-arch bridge are touched upon in navigation upgrade.
本文分为桥梁静、动力检测、评估及升级改造两个部分。桥梁静力检测分为表观检测和荷载检测。在表观检测中将多层次模糊评价模型和桥梁使用性能等级隶属函数引入《公路技术养护规范》中的桥梁技术状况等级评定中，并对此规范中的桥梁部件缺损状况评定状况进行修正；通过建立因素论域、等级论域以及根据王光远教授提出的利用典型函数形式来建立桥梁使用性能等级隶属函数，通过权重和因素评判矩阵的关系来运算，逐级评判，最终求出桥梁综合评判等级。把模糊评估与现行的桥梁评估规范有机的结合起来。
在静力检测中引入了超安全度γ的概念对桥梁技术状况进行分级，通过桥梁的表观检测和静力检测的γ值比较确定出超安全度γ和相应的技术状况等级。
在动力检测中主要探讨了脉动测试和振型评估。其中脉动测试主要阐述了脉动试验、跑车试验、跳车试验、刹车试验。振型评估是通过划分单元的单元损伤指数来判断所划分单元是否受损。
在升级改造中主要探讨了承载力升级、通航升级、交通流量升级三个因素。其中承载力升级主要针对航道网上的简支梁桥和拱桥(桁架拱桥和双曲拱桥)。简支梁桥做了粘钢法和碳纤维法的加固试验，其他的加固方法供荆州市交通局选择参考；通航升级主要考虑通航等级所要求的净空高度，并结合顶升技术和经济分析。主要研究对象是简支梁桥和单跨拱桥；
The bridges are pivotal stronghold of the whole road.It becomes more and more popluar that some existing bridges betray multifarious structure damage and the limitations below the anticipative functions inevitably by reason of structure aging or vehicle load increasing or adverse environment or maintenance deficiency.lt results in not only the local bottleneck of the line and hidden trouble to the passing vehicle if the defective bridges are not duly maintained and reinforced.As a result,the bridge evaluation is specially important to the maintenance and strengthening.Futhermore,we can not demolish and rebuild only but adop corresponding measures according ad temporal condition when the bridges are deemed to have defectiveness.So it accords with the situation of a country that the reinforcement and other upgrade measures aim at the bridge attention.
The paper contains two segments:static and dynamic detection,evaluation and alteration.Static monitoring contains apparent and load detection.The model of multi-layer fuzzy evaluation and the bridge using capability grade membership function are used in the appraisal of the bridge technical condition of the highroad criterion technic and maintenance ,and then the data and excel of the bridge compontents.The bridge grade membership function can be deduced from the factor theory domain.grade theory domain and the bridge using capacity grade membership function,then by baseding the connection of weigh and factor judgement matrix and judging gradually,finally the bridge comprehensive evaluation synthetical judging grade will be figured out. The actual bridge evaluation criterion are combined with fuzzy evaluation organically.
The technical condition of breges are classified by carving up super safety degree in static detection.The super safety degree and relevant technical condition grade are ascertained by compareing the numerical value of static detection with that of apparent detection.
Pulsant test and vibration models dvaluation are discussed in dynamic detection.Pulsant test mainly expounds pulsant experiment,transitting test,bounce test,braking examination.lt is judged by the cell damage index whether carving up cell comes to harm.
Three factors of carrying capacity,shippmg,traffic flux are considered among alteration and upgrade.Carrying capacity upgrade aims at simply-supported girder bridge and arc bridge(truss bridge and double arch bridge)of sea-route nets.To navigation,headroom chiefly is required,secondlythe jacking-up technique and economical analysis are given attention to two or morethings.The simply-supported grider bridge and mono-arch bridge are touched upon in navigation upgrade.
引文
[1] 李亚东 既有桥梁评估初探 桥梁建设 1997 03
[2] 刘自明，王邦楣 既有桥检测评估的若干要点 桥梁建设 2002 03
[3] 艾军，史丽远等 现有公路桥梁承载力的分析与评定 苏州城建环保学院学报 2000 03
[4] 高怀志，王君杰 桥梁检测和状态评估研究与应用 世界地震工程 2000 02
[5] 王文俊 山西省干线公路桥梁现状调查与分析 山西交通科技 2001 S1
[6] ISE,Appraisal of Existing Structures, Institution of structural engineers. London, 1980
[7] DoT, The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures, Departement Standard D21/93, Department of Transport, London, 1993
[8] AASHTO,Guide Specification for Strength Evaluation of Evaluation of Existing Bridges, American Association of State Highway and Transportatiom Officials, WashingtonD.C, 1989
[9] CSA, Supplement No. 1(Existing Bridge Evaluation)to CSA Standard CAN/CSAS6-88: Design of Highway Bridges, Canadian Stadards Association, Rexdale, 1990
[10] Mallett, G. P., Repair of Concrete Bridges, TRL, Thomas Telford, London, 1994
[11] Li Yadong, Research on Reliability-based Assessment of Existing Bridge Structure, Imperial College, London, 1995
[12] 王永平，张宝银等 桥梁使用性能模糊评估专家系统 中国公路学报 1996 02
[13] 中华人民共和国交通部 《公路养护技术规范》北京 人民交通出版社，1996
[14] 交通部第二公路勘测设计院《公路旧桥承载能力鉴定方法》(试行) 北京人民交通出版社，1996
[15] 中华人民共和国交通部 《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》北京人民交通出版社，1985
[16] 中华人民共和国交通部《砖石和混凝土桥》 北京 人民交通出版社，1985
[17] 徐达 《一座缺资料大桥的承载力评定方案及研究》中南公路工程 2002 12
[18] 李国豪 《桥梁结构稳定与振动》，北京：中国铁道出版社，1992
[19] 张士铎 《城市桥梁设计荷载标准的编制》江西科学 2000 06
[20] 王定文 赵人达等《运用振型评定既有钢筋混凝土桥梁承载能力》 中国铁道科学 2000
[21] Peter.K.K.Lee,DuenHo, Hung-wan Chung. Static and Dynamic Tests of Concrete Bridge. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1987, 113(1).
[22] Patrick Paultre, JeanProulx, Martin Talbot. Dynamic Testing Procedures for Highway Bridges Using Traffic Loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1995, 121(2)
[23] 谢剑 赵彤等 碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁受弯承载力设计方法的研究 建筑结构 2002 6
[24] 徐家云 袁海庆 王吉 双曲拱桥加固新措施 武汉城市建设学院学报，2001，Vol．18．No．3～4
[25] 周益云，赵人达等 大跨度双曲拱桥的静力分析及加固措施 四川建筑科学研究，2001，Vol．27，No．3
[2] 刘自明，王邦楣 既有桥检测评估的若干要点 桥梁建设 2002 03
[3] 艾军，史丽远等 现有公路桥梁承载力的分析与评定 苏州城建环保学院学报 2000 03
[4] 高怀志，王君杰 桥梁检测和状态评估研究与应用 世界地震工程 2000 02
[5] 王文俊 山西省干线公路桥梁现状调查与分析 山西交通科技 2001 S1
[6] ISE,Appraisal of Existing Structures, Institution of structural engineers. London, 1980
[7] DoT, The Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures, Departement Standard D21/93, Department of Transport, London, 1993
[8] AASHTO,Guide Specification for Strength Evaluation of Evaluation of Existing Bridges, American Association of State Highway and Transportatiom Officials, WashingtonD.C, 1989
[9] CSA, Supplement No. 1(Existing Bridge Evaluation)to CSA Standard CAN/CSAS6-88: Design of Highway Bridges, Canadian Stadards Association, Rexdale, 1990
[10] Mallett, G. P., Repair of Concrete Bridges, TRL, Thomas Telford, London, 1994
[11] Li Yadong, Research on Reliability-based Assessment of Existing Bridge Structure, Imperial College, London, 1995
[12] 王永平，张宝银等 桥梁使用性能模糊评估专家系统 中国公路学报 1996 02
[13] 中华人民共和国交通部 《公路养护技术规范》北京 人民交通出版社，1996
[14] 交通部第二公路勘测设计院《公路旧桥承载能力鉴定方法》(试行) 北京人民交通出版社，1996
[15] 中华人民共和国交通部 《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》北京人民交通出版社，1985
[16] 中华人民共和国交通部《砖石和混凝土桥》 北京 人民交通出版社，1985
[17] 徐达 《一座缺资料大桥的承载力评定方案及研究》中南公路工程 2002 12
[18] 李国豪 《桥梁结构稳定与振动》，北京：中国铁道出版社，1992
[19] 张士铎 《城市桥梁设计荷载标准的编制》江西科学 2000 06
[20] 王定文 赵人达等《运用振型评定既有钢筋混凝土桥梁承载能力》 中国铁道科学 2000
[21] Peter.K.K.Lee,DuenHo, Hung-wan Chung. Static and Dynamic Tests of Concrete Bridge. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1987, 113(1).
[22] Patrick Paultre, JeanProulx, Martin Talbot. Dynamic Testing Procedures for Highway Bridges Using Traffic Loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1995, 121(2)
[23] 谢剑 赵彤等 碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁受弯承载力设计方法的研究 建筑结构 2002 6
[24] 徐家云 袁海庆 王吉 双曲拱桥加固新措施 武汉城市建设学院学报，2001，Vol．18．No．3～4
[25] 周益云，赵人达等 大跨度双曲拱桥的静力分析及加固措施 四川建筑科学研究，2001，Vol．27，No．3