生物信息技术的知识产权保护研究
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摘要
生物信息技术作为当今生命科学的重大前沿领域之一,为人类在新药发现与开发、疾病治疗、农业、生物进化、基因组学、蛋白质组学等生物学理论和应用领域带来了不可估量的作用,世界各国对生物信息技术的研究均投入了大量的人力、物力和财力。然而,生物信息技术研究成果的知识产权保护存在着保护模式不明确以及产权不清等诸多问题,使得国家和企业的资金投入较难获得应有的回报,成为制约生物信息技术进一步快速发展的瓶颈。
本文通过对生物信息技术自身特点的分析,结合知识产权理论及国内外生物信息技术知识产权研究现状,对生物信息技术知识产权保护做了全面分析和研究。通过理论研究和实证分析,得出以下结论:
首先,通过对作为生物信息技术领域中重要组成部分的生物信息数据库自身特点和现有数据库保护模式的分析,提出了对生物信息一级数据库和二级数据库采取不同的保护策略的观点。即主要对二级生物信息数据库采取知识产权保护,而对一级生物信息数据库则采取以数据共享方式投放到公共领域的策略。并利用冲突分析方法讨论了一级数据库管理者、二级数据库管理者、最终用户、政府在这一利益冲突中可能采取的各种策略。研究结果表明,针对价格敏感用户,主要是科研用户时,在政府财力有限的条件下,仍然需要给予生物信息数据库开发者尤其是一级数据库开发者以一定的补贴。而在针对价格不敏感用户时,政府不给予任何财政补贴,也能使生物信息数据库系统运行良好。本论文通过传染模型分析了生物信息数据扩散的过程,并提出了政府应当针对生物信息数据扩散的不同阶段,采取不同的财政补贴政策的建议。
其次,探讨了适合生物芯片的知识产权保护模式。通过研究发现,目前生物芯片专利纠纷较多的根本原因在于生物芯片专利技术中涉及的基础性专利较多,其较为可行的知识产权保护模式是构建各种不同的行业事实标准生物芯片专利池。为生物芯片构建行业事实标准专利池,不仅可以解决生物芯片领域目前出现的频繁的专利纠纷,而且可以促进生物芯片产业的发展。
再次,本论文探讨了蛋白质组学相关保护客体的知识产权保护模式,对蛋白质三维结构的知识产权保护问题进行了重点研究,并设计了蛋白质三维结构数据的知识产权保护模式。通过研究发现,蛋白质三维结构中重要的蛋白质三维结构数据较难采用专利和版权等知识产权保护模式,笔者根据蛋白质三维结构数据自身的特点并结合数据库特殊权利的保护内容,设计了蛋白质三维结构数据的特殊权利保护机制,在保护内容和权利上给出了相关建议。
最后,本论文还探讨了我国生物信息技术知识产权保护内容。通过对我国目前生物信息技术知识产权保护现状分析,并结合我国生物信息技术发展特点,探讨了适合我国国情的生物信息技术知识产权保护策略。
Bioinformatics is the one of the most important research fields in life science, which plays an inestimable role on the biological theoretical and applied fields of the discovery and application of new medicines, the treatment of diseases, the agriculture, biological evolution, genomics and proteomics and so on. To study Bioinformatics, many countries have been expending much effort including manpower, materials and financial resources. However, the problems of unclear protection pattern and right of the intellectual property on Bioinformatics research result in the national and enterprise funds to be difficultly returned, which constrains the rapid development of Bioinformatics.
Based on the analyzing the characteristics of Bioinformatics, together with the theory of intellectual property and the current situations on intellectual property right (IPR) protection at domestic and abroad, the results of a comprehensive analysis and research on Bioinformatics IPR protection have been reported in this thesis and the following conclusions are drawn out by theoretical and empirical studies.
Firstly, by analyzing characteristics of Bioinformatics database and IPR protection current pattern, the primary and secondary database of Bioinformatics should be protected in two different strategies. The suggestions are proposed that the secondary database should be protected by the IPR and the primary database should be opened to the public. The various strategies taken by the primary and secondary database managers, end-users and the government have been discussed in this thesis, using the model of conflict analysis. The results showed that the governments should give a certain amount of subsidy to the database developers especial for the primary database developers if the users of the database who are the main scientific research customers are price-sensitive. However, if the users of the database are price non-sensitive users, Bioinformatics database can also work well even the governments don’t offer any financial subsidies. The further suggestion has been put forward in the thesis that the government should take different financial subsidies according to the different stages of the data diffusion after the analysis on the process of Bioinformatics data diffusion by transmission model.
Secondly, the mode of IPR protection on the biochip is proposed and the more feasible mode of IPR protection on the biochip is to establish biochip patent pools based on industry de facto standard. Establishing the biochip patent pools can not only solve frequent patent disputes but also promote the development on biochip technology and industry.
Thirdly, the mode of IPR protection on proteomics is discussed in this thesis. IPR protection on three-dimensional structures of proteins is studied mainly and the mode of IPR protection on data of three-dimensional structures of proteins is suggested. According to the research, the data of three-dimensional structure of proteins is more difficult to be patented and also can’t be protected by the copyright law. Based on the characteristic of the protein three-dimensional structure, the special law for the protection on the data of protein three-dimensional structure is suggested and the contents of it are given. The feasibility on it is also analyzed in the thesis.
Finally, China’s IPR protection on Bioinformatics is analyzed in the thesis. According to the current condition of China’s IPR protection and the development on Bioinformatics, the strategy of it is discussed.
本文通过对生物信息技术自身特点的分析,结合知识产权理论及国内外生物信息技术知识产权研究现状,对生物信息技术知识产权保护做了全面分析和研究。通过理论研究和实证分析,得出以下结论:
首先,通过对作为生物信息技术领域中重要组成部分的生物信息数据库自身特点和现有数据库保护模式的分析,提出了对生物信息一级数据库和二级数据库采取不同的保护策略的观点。即主要对二级生物信息数据库采取知识产权保护,而对一级生物信息数据库则采取以数据共享方式投放到公共领域的策略。并利用冲突分析方法讨论了一级数据库管理者、二级数据库管理者、最终用户、政府在这一利益冲突中可能采取的各种策略。研究结果表明,针对价格敏感用户,主要是科研用户时,在政府财力有限的条件下,仍然需要给予生物信息数据库开发者尤其是一级数据库开发者以一定的补贴。而在针对价格不敏感用户时,政府不给予任何财政补贴,也能使生物信息数据库系统运行良好。本论文通过传染模型分析了生物信息数据扩散的过程,并提出了政府应当针对生物信息数据扩散的不同阶段,采取不同的财政补贴政策的建议。
其次,探讨了适合生物芯片的知识产权保护模式。通过研究发现,目前生物芯片专利纠纷较多的根本原因在于生物芯片专利技术中涉及的基础性专利较多,其较为可行的知识产权保护模式是构建各种不同的行业事实标准生物芯片专利池。为生物芯片构建行业事实标准专利池,不仅可以解决生物芯片领域目前出现的频繁的专利纠纷,而且可以促进生物芯片产业的发展。
再次,本论文探讨了蛋白质组学相关保护客体的知识产权保护模式,对蛋白质三维结构的知识产权保护问题进行了重点研究,并设计了蛋白质三维结构数据的知识产权保护模式。通过研究发现,蛋白质三维结构中重要的蛋白质三维结构数据较难采用专利和版权等知识产权保护模式,笔者根据蛋白质三维结构数据自身的特点并结合数据库特殊权利的保护内容,设计了蛋白质三维结构数据的特殊权利保护机制,在保护内容和权利上给出了相关建议。
最后,本论文还探讨了我国生物信息技术知识产权保护内容。通过对我国目前生物信息技术知识产权保护现状分析,并结合我国生物信息技术发展特点,探讨了适合我国国情的生物信息技术知识产权保护策略。
Bioinformatics is the one of the most important research fields in life science, which plays an inestimable role on the biological theoretical and applied fields of the discovery and application of new medicines, the treatment of diseases, the agriculture, biological evolution, genomics and proteomics and so on. To study Bioinformatics, many countries have been expending much effort including manpower, materials and financial resources. However, the problems of unclear protection pattern and right of the intellectual property on Bioinformatics research result in the national and enterprise funds to be difficultly returned, which constrains the rapid development of Bioinformatics.
Based on the analyzing the characteristics of Bioinformatics, together with the theory of intellectual property and the current situations on intellectual property right (IPR) protection at domestic and abroad, the results of a comprehensive analysis and research on Bioinformatics IPR protection have been reported in this thesis and the following conclusions are drawn out by theoretical and empirical studies.
Firstly, by analyzing characteristics of Bioinformatics database and IPR protection current pattern, the primary and secondary database of Bioinformatics should be protected in two different strategies. The suggestions are proposed that the secondary database should be protected by the IPR and the primary database should be opened to the public. The various strategies taken by the primary and secondary database managers, end-users and the government have been discussed in this thesis, using the model of conflict analysis. The results showed that the governments should give a certain amount of subsidy to the database developers especial for the primary database developers if the users of the database who are the main scientific research customers are price-sensitive. However, if the users of the database are price non-sensitive users, Bioinformatics database can also work well even the governments don’t offer any financial subsidies. The further suggestion has been put forward in the thesis that the government should take different financial subsidies according to the different stages of the data diffusion after the analysis on the process of Bioinformatics data diffusion by transmission model.
Secondly, the mode of IPR protection on the biochip is proposed and the more feasible mode of IPR protection on the biochip is to establish biochip patent pools based on industry de facto standard. Establishing the biochip patent pools can not only solve frequent patent disputes but also promote the development on biochip technology and industry.
Thirdly, the mode of IPR protection on proteomics is discussed in this thesis. IPR protection on three-dimensional structures of proteins is studied mainly and the mode of IPR protection on data of three-dimensional structures of proteins is suggested. According to the research, the data of three-dimensional structure of proteins is more difficult to be patented and also can’t be protected by the copyright law. Based on the characteristic of the protein three-dimensional structure, the special law for the protection on the data of protein three-dimensional structure is suggested and the contents of it are given. The feasibility on it is also analyzed in the thesis.
Finally, China’s IPR protection on Bioinformatics is analyzed in the thesis. According to the current condition of China’s IPR protection and the development on Bioinformatics, the strategy of it is discussed.
引文
①资料来源:生物信息学及其在基因组研究中的应用,http://xjtust.com/html/xinxi/2004/04/5494.html
①资料来源:David L Nelson, Michael M Cox. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry. 4th edition. W.H. Freeman and Company (New York, USA), 2005: 145
①资料来源:万跃华,何立民.网上生物信息学数据库资源.情报学报,2002, 21(4):497-511
①资料来源:知识产权权利冲突概念探析,http://www.tangmen.cn/lawyer21/law2726.htm
①资料来源:《生物芯片第一轮专利大战扫描》,中国知识产权报,2006,12,21
①资料来源:《2002年中国生物技术发展报告》,http://www.cncbd.org.cn/nianbao/2002/index.html.
①资料来源:中科院光学多元蛋白质芯片国际领先,http://www.ec.com.cn/pubnews/2005_12_13/100078/1121999.jsp
①资料来源:国家知识产权局专利检索,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/
①资料来源:国家知识产权局专利检索,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/
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