中国东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性、动态能力与企业成长关系研究
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摘要
中小企业在各国的国民经济中扮演重要角色，改革开放以来，促进中小企业和民营经济发展的环境不断优化，中小企业和民营经济的发展呈现出良好的态势，中小企业和民营经济发展迅速，推动了地方和国家经济增长。中小企业是推动各个国家和地区经济发展、促进创新和解决就业的主要力量。但是近年来我国中小企业在发展过程中面临着严重的生存困境，特别是2008年国际金融危机之后，生产要素成本提高、融资困难、利润下滑等问题尤为突出。经济全球化发展、技术的创新变革，使企业面临更加复杂动荡的环境和更加激烈的市场竞争。中小企业的生存和成长遇到了前所未有的机遇和挑战。如何适应当前的经营环境，获取和持续保持竞争优势以实现生存和发展，对中小企业而言显得更加紧迫和必要。
伴随着企业网络组织形式和网络理论的兴起，企业自身嵌入在网络中的观点得到了广泛关注。研究认为企业网络嵌入性对于企业经营有重要影响。网络嵌入性的视角为中小企业的研究提供了新的范式。网络嵌入性可以反映出企业在网络中的位置、企业利益相关者之间关系的深度和广度。网络嵌入性伴随于企业生命周期的整个过程，在经营活动中，不同的嵌入性会导致不同的绩效和结果，对企业的生存和发展有着重要影响。
动态能力理论关注的是企业如何在动荡的外部环境中进行资源整合以获得竞争优势，该理论从独特的视角对企业绩效和外部环境的关系进行了解释，得到了学者的广泛关注。从本质来看，动态能力是在战略角度对企业的资源和能力进行分析，强调企业常规能力的整合与重构，从而适应外部动荡的经营环境。其重要性在于从战略角度指出了企业持续发展的动力。研究表明，动态能力对企业的生存和发展均有重要影响。中小企业动态能力和企业成长之间的关系值得深入研究。
不论是网络嵌入性还是动态能力，都会对企业成长产生影响。并且二者对企业成长的影响并不是孤立的。通过影响企业在网络中的资源获取与整合活动，网络嵌入性能够影响企业能力的构建与更新，因此网络嵌入性还会通过对动态能力来影响企业的成长（王庆喜和宝贡敏，2007）。
对于我国东北老工业基地来说，由于计划经济体制所遗留的各种问题仍然存在，中小企业在东北地区新型工业化道路中的意义更为深远。因此，本文选择我国东北地区的中小企业作为调研对象，希望深入了解我国东北老工业基地地区中小企业的发展现状，分析网络嵌入性、动态能力和中小企业成长之间的关系，为丰富相关的理论研究和实证研究提供一定的参考依据。在回顾了企业成长、嵌入性和动态能力理论的基础上，本文对我国东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长之间的关系进行分析；另外，由于外部环境对企业生产经营活动以及经营绩效都有十分重要的影响，并且在不同环境下，变量的影响作用也会发生改变，因此在引入了环境动态性作为调节变量的基础上，构建了网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长关系的理论模型，并提出了研究假设。利用调查问卷收集了东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长相关的数据资料，以此为依据对本文提出的研究假设进行检验，通过实证分析得出研究结论。
首先，验证了我国东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性对企业成长的作用。数据分析结果显示我国东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性对企业成长产生直接影响，网络嵌入性的二个维度，结构嵌入性和关系嵌入性均对企业成长产生了显著的影响。
其次，动态能力对企业成长的正向影响作用得到了证实。动态能力的三个维度中，环境洞察能力和技术研发能力这两个维度均能够对企业的成长产生积极的作用。但是组织柔性维度对企业成长的作用并未通过检验。
再次，验证了我国东北地区中小企业的动态能力在网络嵌入性和企业成长之间具有中介作用。
最后，对环境动态性的调节作用进行了检验。本研究结果表明，环境动态性对我国东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性与动态能力之间关系具有调节作用，环境动态性越高，网络嵌入性对动态能力的影响越显著。但是，环境动态性对动态能力与企业成长之间关系的调节作用并不显著。
通过对东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长之间关系的分析，一方面，揭示了网络嵌入性通过动态能力对企业成长作用的机理，丰富了相关的理论和实证研究，有助于进一步明确网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长的本质。另一方面，为东北地区民营经济和中小企业的发展提供相关的对策和建议，为东北地区产业结构的转型升级提供相应的参考依据。在中小企业发展的过程中，要重视网络嵌入性和动态能力的作用，以更好的了解经营环境，识别市场机遇，不断提高自身的环境适应能力和抗风险能力，在市场竞争中获取优势，构建可持续成长的发展模式，从而带动经济社会各个部门协调发展，实现东北地区经济社会又好又快的发展。
SMEs play an important role in the national economy. In recent years, theenvironment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and theprivate economy has been improved greatly, and the policy system for the promotionof small and medium-sized enterprises and private economic is maturing, so that thesmall and medium-sized enterprises and the private economy develop rapidly, whichpromote the development of local and national economy. SMEs are the main force topromote the local and national economic growth among various countries, as well asto promote innovation and employment. But in recent years Chinese SMEs arefacing serious survival crisis in development, especially after the internationalfinancial crisis in2008, they face many predicaments such as the fast rising of inputcosts, difficulties in financing, the dropping of sales and profits and so on. With thedevelopment of economic globalization, technology innovation, enterprises arefacing more complex environment, therefore SMEs face much fiercer marketcompetition. The survival and growth of SMEs will be affected by the unprecedentedopportunities and challenges. How to adapt to the current business environment,obtain and maintain competitive advantages becomes an urgent question for thesurvival and existence of SMEs.
With the emerging of network organization and the network theory, the viewthat the enterprise is embedded in the social network has received more and moreattention. And previous studies suggest that the embeddedness of a enterprise playsan important role in business. Network embeddedness provides a new approach for the researches on SMEs. Network embeddedness reflects the position of theenterprise in the social network, the depth and width of the relationship between thecorporate and its stakeholders. Network embeddedness exists in the whole process ofthe corporate lifecycle, and the different embeddedness leads to differentperformance and results that have an important impact on the survival anddevelopment of enterprises.
Dynamic capabilities theory focuses on how the enterprise integrates resourcesin order to gain competitive advantages in a turbulent external environment. Itanalyzes the relationship between business performance and the externalenvironment in a specific perspective and has aroused attention among scholars.Dynamic capabilities is essentially emphasizing the integration and reconstruction ofthe ordinary capabilities based on the analysis of the enterprise’s resources andcapabilities in order to adapt to the external turbulent business environment. It isimportant because it points out the driving force of sustainable development ofenterprises from a strategic perspective. Studies have shown that dynamiccapabilities have an important impact on the survival and development of theenterprise. The relationship between dynamic capabilities and growth of SMEs isworthy of further study.
Thus both network embeddedness and dynamic capabilities will influence thefirm growth. And the two processes are not separately. Network embeddedness hasan important influence on the dynamic capabilities by influencing the resourcesacquisition and integration activities in the network, so network embeddedness mayaffect the growth of the enterprise though the dynamic capabilities.
For the northeast old industrial base of China, due to some problems caused bythe traditional planned economic system has greatly effected the development of theeconomy, SMEs play an significant role in the new industrialization path in theNortheast China. Therefore, this paper chooses the SMEs in the Northeast China asthe research sample and analyze the the relationship among network embeddedness,dynamic capabilities and the growth of SMEs in order to have a better understanding the current situation of SMEs, as well as provide reference basis for the relevanttheorical and empirical studies. Based on the related literature, we proposed atheoretical model of network embeddedness, dynamic capabilities and the growth ofSMEs by entering environmental dynamics as a moderator as the externalenvironment has great impact on the business performance and it may change the theeffect of several variables. Through162valid questionnaires of the SMEs innortheast China, we analyze the data with the help of SPSS and AMOS. The resultsshow that:
Firstly, network embeddedness has a significant positive impact on the growthof SMEs; the two dimensions of network embeddedness, structural and relationalembeddedness has direct positive impact on the growth of SMEs.
Secondly, dynamic capabilities have a direct positive impact on the growth ofSMEs; the two dimensions of dynamic capabilities, environmental awarenesscapabilities and RandD capabilities have significant positive impact on the growth ofSMEs. However, organizational flexibility has no effect on the growth of SMEs.
Thirdly, dynamic capabilities play an intermediate role between networkembeddedness and the growth of SMEs.
Fourthly, we test the moderate effect of environmental dynamic. The resultsshow that the environmental dynamic plays a significant moderate role betweennetwork embeddedness and dynamic capabilities, the more environmental dynamic,the stronger impact that the network embeddedness on dynamic capabilities. But themoderate role of the environmental dynamic between dynamic capabilities and thegrowth of SMEs is not confirmed.
The theoretical significance of this study are as follows: by analyzing therelationship among the network embeddedness, dynamic capabilities and the growthof SMEs of NortheastChina, this paper reveals the mechanism that how networkembeddedness affect the growth of SMEs through dynamic capabilities, andrevealing the conditioning factor of the relationship between network embeddedness and dynamic capabilities which enrich the theory and empirical research, and clarifythe nature of the variables.
The practical significance of this study is providing the the developmentstrategies and recommendations of the development of private economy and SMEs,as well as the structure of industry upgrading for the northeast China. The SMEsshould pay attention to the role of network embeddedness and dynamic capabilitiesto gain better understanding on the business environment, identify marketopportunities and continuously improve their environmental adaptability and theability to resist risks. Thus they can obtain sustainable competitive advantage andestablish a sustainable growth model in order to promoting the coordinateddevelopment of economy and society for the rapid and sound development of theNortheast China.
伴随着企业网络组织形式和网络理论的兴起，企业自身嵌入在网络中的观点得到了广泛关注。研究认为企业网络嵌入性对于企业经营有重要影响。网络嵌入性的视角为中小企业的研究提供了新的范式。网络嵌入性可以反映出企业在网络中的位置、企业利益相关者之间关系的深度和广度。网络嵌入性伴随于企业生命周期的整个过程，在经营活动中，不同的嵌入性会导致不同的绩效和结果，对企业的生存和发展有着重要影响。
动态能力理论关注的是企业如何在动荡的外部环境中进行资源整合以获得竞争优势，该理论从独特的视角对企业绩效和外部环境的关系进行了解释，得到了学者的广泛关注。从本质来看，动态能力是在战略角度对企业的资源和能力进行分析，强调企业常规能力的整合与重构，从而适应外部动荡的经营环境。其重要性在于从战略角度指出了企业持续发展的动力。研究表明，动态能力对企业的生存和发展均有重要影响。中小企业动态能力和企业成长之间的关系值得深入研究。
不论是网络嵌入性还是动态能力，都会对企业成长产生影响。并且二者对企业成长的影响并不是孤立的。通过影响企业在网络中的资源获取与整合活动，网络嵌入性能够影响企业能力的构建与更新，因此网络嵌入性还会通过对动态能力来影响企业的成长（王庆喜和宝贡敏，2007）。
对于我国东北老工业基地来说，由于计划经济体制所遗留的各种问题仍然存在，中小企业在东北地区新型工业化道路中的意义更为深远。因此，本文选择我国东北地区的中小企业作为调研对象，希望深入了解我国东北老工业基地地区中小企业的发展现状，分析网络嵌入性、动态能力和中小企业成长之间的关系，为丰富相关的理论研究和实证研究提供一定的参考依据。在回顾了企业成长、嵌入性和动态能力理论的基础上，本文对我国东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长之间的关系进行分析；另外，由于外部环境对企业生产经营活动以及经营绩效都有十分重要的影响，并且在不同环境下，变量的影响作用也会发生改变，因此在引入了环境动态性作为调节变量的基础上，构建了网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长关系的理论模型，并提出了研究假设。利用调查问卷收集了东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长相关的数据资料，以此为依据对本文提出的研究假设进行检验，通过实证分析得出研究结论。
首先，验证了我国东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性对企业成长的作用。数据分析结果显示我国东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性对企业成长产生直接影响，网络嵌入性的二个维度，结构嵌入性和关系嵌入性均对企业成长产生了显著的影响。
其次，动态能力对企业成长的正向影响作用得到了证实。动态能力的三个维度中，环境洞察能力和技术研发能力这两个维度均能够对企业的成长产生积极的作用。但是组织柔性维度对企业成长的作用并未通过检验。
再次，验证了我国东北地区中小企业的动态能力在网络嵌入性和企业成长之间具有中介作用。
最后，对环境动态性的调节作用进行了检验。本研究结果表明，环境动态性对我国东北地区中小企业的网络嵌入性与动态能力之间关系具有调节作用，环境动态性越高，网络嵌入性对动态能力的影响越显著。但是，环境动态性对动态能力与企业成长之间关系的调节作用并不显著。
通过对东北地区中小企业网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长之间关系的分析，一方面，揭示了网络嵌入性通过动态能力对企业成长作用的机理，丰富了相关的理论和实证研究，有助于进一步明确网络嵌入性、动态能力和企业成长的本质。另一方面，为东北地区民营经济和中小企业的发展提供相关的对策和建议，为东北地区产业结构的转型升级提供相应的参考依据。在中小企业发展的过程中，要重视网络嵌入性和动态能力的作用，以更好的了解经营环境，识别市场机遇，不断提高自身的环境适应能力和抗风险能力，在市场竞争中获取优势，构建可持续成长的发展模式，从而带动经济社会各个部门协调发展，实现东北地区经济社会又好又快的发展。
SMEs play an important role in the national economy. In recent years, theenvironment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and theprivate economy has been improved greatly, and the policy system for the promotionof small and medium-sized enterprises and private economic is maturing, so that thesmall and medium-sized enterprises and the private economy develop rapidly, whichpromote the development of local and national economy. SMEs are the main force topromote the local and national economic growth among various countries, as well asto promote innovation and employment. But in recent years Chinese SMEs arefacing serious survival crisis in development, especially after the internationalfinancial crisis in2008, they face many predicaments such as the fast rising of inputcosts, difficulties in financing, the dropping of sales and profits and so on. With thedevelopment of economic globalization, technology innovation, enterprises arefacing more complex environment, therefore SMEs face much fiercer marketcompetition. The survival and growth of SMEs will be affected by the unprecedentedopportunities and challenges. How to adapt to the current business environment,obtain and maintain competitive advantages becomes an urgent question for thesurvival and existence of SMEs.
With the emerging of network organization and the network theory, the viewthat the enterprise is embedded in the social network has received more and moreattention. And previous studies suggest that the embeddedness of a enterprise playsan important role in business. Network embeddedness provides a new approach for the researches on SMEs. Network embeddedness reflects the position of theenterprise in the social network, the depth and width of the relationship between thecorporate and its stakeholders. Network embeddedness exists in the whole process ofthe corporate lifecycle, and the different embeddedness leads to differentperformance and results that have an important impact on the survival anddevelopment of enterprises.
Dynamic capabilities theory focuses on how the enterprise integrates resourcesin order to gain competitive advantages in a turbulent external environment. Itanalyzes the relationship between business performance and the externalenvironment in a specific perspective and has aroused attention among scholars.Dynamic capabilities is essentially emphasizing the integration and reconstruction ofthe ordinary capabilities based on the analysis of the enterprise’s resources andcapabilities in order to adapt to the external turbulent business environment. It isimportant because it points out the driving force of sustainable development ofenterprises from a strategic perspective. Studies have shown that dynamiccapabilities have an important impact on the survival and development of theenterprise. The relationship between dynamic capabilities and growth of SMEs isworthy of further study.
Thus both network embeddedness and dynamic capabilities will influence thefirm growth. And the two processes are not separately. Network embeddedness hasan important influence on the dynamic capabilities by influencing the resourcesacquisition and integration activities in the network, so network embeddedness mayaffect the growth of the enterprise though the dynamic capabilities.
For the northeast old industrial base of China, due to some problems caused bythe traditional planned economic system has greatly effected the development of theeconomy, SMEs play an significant role in the new industrialization path in theNortheast China. Therefore, this paper chooses the SMEs in the Northeast China asthe research sample and analyze the the relationship among network embeddedness,dynamic capabilities and the growth of SMEs in order to have a better understanding the current situation of SMEs, as well as provide reference basis for the relevanttheorical and empirical studies. Based on the related literature, we proposed atheoretical model of network embeddedness, dynamic capabilities and the growth ofSMEs by entering environmental dynamics as a moderator as the externalenvironment has great impact on the business performance and it may change the theeffect of several variables. Through162valid questionnaires of the SMEs innortheast China, we analyze the data with the help of SPSS and AMOS. The resultsshow that:
Firstly, network embeddedness has a significant positive impact on the growthof SMEs; the two dimensions of network embeddedness, structural and relationalembeddedness has direct positive impact on the growth of SMEs.
Secondly, dynamic capabilities have a direct positive impact on the growth ofSMEs; the two dimensions of dynamic capabilities, environmental awarenesscapabilities and RandD capabilities have significant positive impact on the growth ofSMEs. However, organizational flexibility has no effect on the growth of SMEs.
Thirdly, dynamic capabilities play an intermediate role between networkembeddedness and the growth of SMEs.
Fourthly, we test the moderate effect of environmental dynamic. The resultsshow that the environmental dynamic plays a significant moderate role betweennetwork embeddedness and dynamic capabilities, the more environmental dynamic,the stronger impact that the network embeddedness on dynamic capabilities. But themoderate role of the environmental dynamic between dynamic capabilities and thegrowth of SMEs is not confirmed.
The theoretical significance of this study are as follows: by analyzing therelationship among the network embeddedness, dynamic capabilities and the growthof SMEs of NortheastChina, this paper reveals the mechanism that how networkembeddedness affect the growth of SMEs through dynamic capabilities, andrevealing the conditioning factor of the relationship between network embeddedness and dynamic capabilities which enrich the theory and empirical research, and clarifythe nature of the variables.
The practical significance of this study is providing the the developmentstrategies and recommendations of the development of private economy and SMEs,as well as the structure of industry upgrading for the northeast China. The SMEsshould pay attention to the role of network embeddedness and dynamic capabilitiesto gain better understanding on the business environment, identify marketopportunities and continuously improve their environmental adaptability and theability to resist risks. Thus they can obtain sustainable competitive advantage andestablish a sustainable growth model in order to promoting the coordinateddevelopment of economy and society for the rapid and sound development of theNortheast China.
引文
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