我国制造企业面向产品的技术集成机理研究
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摘要
经济的全球化意味着没有哪一个单个公司或行业能拥有技术创新所需的全部资源。面对飞速发展的技术和日益动荡的竞争环境,如何选择合适技术并进行有效集成,以快速响应市场,已成为企业能否掌握竞争优势的关键所在。改革开放以来,通过技术引进在一定程度上提高了我国企业的技术创新水平,但为何仍有不少企业未能走出“引进——落后——再引进——再落后”的怪圈?
Iansiti对技术集成研究做出了开创性的贡献。随后国外许多学者从技术集成的重要性、有效实施和模式等角度进行了广泛研究。我国的社会制度、工业发展基础、人员素质、文化背景等与西方国家不同,直接将其研究结果进行应用可能存在局限性。国内现有关于技术集成的研究,主要集中在国外技术集成理论的讨论和概念描述,更多地讨论技术集成的必要性和重要性,关于技术集成在企业层面的系统性研究尚需深入,尤其是关于企业如何持续有效技术集成问题等尚需进行深层次分析和实证研究,以便为我国制造企业的技术集成实践提供理论指导。
本研究在综合国内外已有技术集成研究成果的基础上,运用创新管理理论、集成理论、系统理论、知识管理理论、学习理论和能力理论等,在界定企业技术集成的概念和内涵的基础上;通过案例研究,剖析企业技术集成的动态模式、关键和环境支撑要素,并应用实证分析,验证环境支撑要素和技术集成能力对创新绩效的直接和间接效应。
技术集成是企业以市场为导向,将已有的技术和知识进行选择、精炼,创造性地加以融合,以开发出新产品的过程。可划分为产品建构、技术选择和融合开发等三个主要环节。本研究在以下三个方面拓展和推进了技术集成的相关研究。
1、通过对海尔洗衣机、中控技术、朗科科技等企业的持续技术集成案例的深度剖析,提出了企业持续技术集成的“平台——产品——平台”的多重动态循环过程模型,每一次循环,平台都将跃迁到一个新的层面。并根据技术集成的三个主要环节在其中展开的先后和互动,提出了有效技术集成的三模式:P模式、T模式和并列模式。该研究结论延伸了Iansiti基于单个产品开发项目的技术集成研究结果。
2、构建了产品建构能力、技术监测能力、技术融合能力等构成的技术集成能力的三维度框架,深化了Iansiti关于技术集成能力的研究。
3、基于对企业持续有效技术集成的深层次分析,本研究发现市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习等四要素构成了技术集成的环境支撑。四要素的环境支撑促进技术集成能力的形成和提升,技术集成能力保证了技术集成的顺利实现,提高了创新绩效。
接着在研究假设设计、研究变量定义和小样本测试等的基础上,本研究通过对制造企业发放大规模调查问卷,实际回收有效问卷398份。接着运用SPSS15.0、AMOS7.0对取得的数据进行方差分析、回归分析、相关分析和结构方程模型分析,对技术集成环境支撑要素的作用强度和机理进行了研究探讨。研究发现:市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习和技术集成能力对创新绩效均存在着显著的正效应。其中,技术融合能力对创新绩效的总效应和直接效应最大,集成团队对创新绩效的间接效应最大。
本研究结果可为我国制造企业有效推进技术集成,提升技术集成能力,摆脱技术追赶陷阱,实现技术跨越,提供一定的理论指导。
本研究总体学术贡献是,提出了基于企业层面的动态技术集成(Enterprise-based Dynamic Technology Integration,简称EDTI)的概念,并构建了企业动态技术集成的螺旋模型,揭示了企业动态技术集成的动态过程与互动机理。具体来说:
1、构建了企业动态技术集成(EDTI)螺旋模型。本研究基于案例研究和跨案例比较,提出了企业动态技术集成的概念,并构建了企业动态技术集成(EDTI)螺旋模型。以往研究以单个项目或产品技术集成为研究对象,本研究则将技术集成拓展到企业层面,并探索了技术集成的动态性,深化、推进了技术集成研究。
2、提出了产品建构、技术选择和融合开发三环节企业动态技术集成模型。通过案例研究和理论分析,本研究发现技术集成的基本过程可划分为产品建构、技术选择和融合开发等三个核心环节。产品建构是新产品概念导入的过程。具体内容为评估客观的客户需求与公司的开发能力,进而判别产品开发之可行性,最后形成新产品公司概念与客户需求相结合的产品初步雏形。技术选择是指企业在监视外部技术和评估自身已有技术的基础上,对可供选择的技术进行适用性、成本和效益分析,明确新产品开发所需技术的过程。融合开发是指企业获取所选技术,加以消化吸收,并应用于新产品开发的过程。技术集成的三个核心环节不是顺序展开的,而是相互耦合的,相互之间存在着互动,对不同的产业和在企业发展的不同阶段,其展开先后顺序会有所差异。
3、揭示了企业动态技术集成的动态机理和作用机制,包括技术集成过程中的产品建构、技术选择和融合开发三个耦合互动的动态环节,以及市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习对技术集成能力的形成的作用机制,并基于实证研究就企业动态技术集成对创新绩效的影响进行了深入分析,发现技术融合能力相对于产品建构能力、技术监测能力对创新绩效影响最大,从而在Iansiti(1998)基础上把技术集成研究推向深入。
There is no any company or industry can completely have all resources which are needed in technological innovation in an era of economic globalization.With the rapid development of technology and the increasingly competitive environment,how to select a suitable technology and effective integration in order to respond quickly to the market,has become critical to a company to generate competitive advantages.Since the Reform and Open Policy launched in 1978,the technological capability of Chinese companies has been improved through technology transfer.However,there are still many companies fall into the vicious circle of "transfer-lagging-transfer again-lagging further behind." Why does it exist?
Iansiti has made pioneering contributions to technology integration.Following Iansiti's research,many scholars have studied the importance,effective patterns of technology integration,and so on.Since of the difference of development base of manufacturing companies and industries,institutions,the personnel quality,and cultural background between China and Western countries,there are maybe limitations to apply foreign research results directly in China.Current Chinese research on technology integration focuses on the discussion of latest theory and concepts,and the necessity and importance of technology integration.There is not enough research on technology integration at the enterprise level,especially that on how to do technology integration effectively and continuously.These aspects are urgent to do analysis and empirical research in depth.This is what this paper is pursuing,in order to provide theoretical guidance for our manufacturing practice of technology integration.
Based on the current research results on technology integration,this research at first integrates theories of innovation management,system management,knowledge management,organization learning and dynamic capabilities,to define the concept and content of technology integration in this research.Then case studies are used to explore the dynamic patterns of technology integration,and analyze the key elements and environmental support elements in technology integration.The empirical research is conducted to investigate the environmental support elements and examine the direct and indirect impact of technological capabilities to integration on the performance of technology integration.
Technology integration is a process that based on market-oriented strategy;a company selects,refines,and creatively integrates all current skills and knowledge to develop a new product.This research enriches studies on technology integration in the following three perspectives.
At first,based on the technology integration cases of Haler,Supcom,and Netac, this research proposes a 'platform - product - platform' multi-cycling dynamic technology integration model.Through every cycling process,companies move to a new technology platform.According to the interaction and sequence of three stages in the process of technology integration,this research reveals three patterns of technology integration:P pattern,T pattern,and parallel pattern,which expands the Iansiti's research results on technology integration of single product development.
Secondly,this research formulates a three-dimension technology integration capability framework covering the new product development capabilities,the technology accessing capabilities,and technology integration capabilities,which enhances the Iansiti's research on technology integration capabilities.
Thirdly,on the basis of in-depth analyses on continuous technology integration in companies,this research reveals that market-orientation,innovation culture, integrative group,and technological learning are key elements to provide environmental support to technology integration.These four elements promote the generation and improvement of technology integration capabilities.The development of technology integration capabilities ensure the process of technology integration and increase the innovation performance.
After the design of research hypotheses,definition of study variables and small sample tests,this research conducts a large-scale questionnaire research on manufacturing companies,with 398 valid respondents.Thanks to the data analysis of variance,regression analysis,correlation analysis and structural equation modeling analysis by SPSS15.0 and AMOS7.0 tools,this research investigates the role strength and mechanism of environmental support elements in technology integration.The research suggests that market-orientation,innovation culture,integrative group, technological learning and technology integration capabilities all have positive effect on the innovation performance.In addition,the technology integration capability has the largest direct and total effect on innovation performance.
This research contributes to the promotion of effectiveness of technology integration in Chinese manufacturing companies,improvement of technology integration capabilities,getting rid of the trap in technology catching-up,and achieving technology leaping.
Additionally,this research makes great contributions in the academic aspect,to the theories of innovation management.It brings forward to the concept of enterprise-level dynamic technology integration(EDTI),constructs a helix model of dynamic technology integration(HMDTI),and reveals the dynamic process of technology integration,as well as the interaction mechanism among elements.In specifically,this research will
1.Formulate a dynamic technology integration(EDTI) model.Based on case studies and cross-case comparison,this research defines a concept of dynamic technology integration in an enterprise-level,and builds an EDTI helix model.This research extends the research objectives from the single projects or single product in the previous research to the enterprise level,and explores the dynamics of technology integration,which deepens the study of technology integration.
2.Build a three-stage dynamic model of technology integration competence. Based on archival analyses and case studies,this study suggests that the process of dynamic technology integration could be divided into three stages,product constructing,technical selection and technology fusion.It enhances the research of technology integration competence.Product constructing means the introduction process of new product concept.The main purpose of product constructing is to evaluate the customer demand as well as the company's development capabilities, determine the feasibility of product development,and finally form an initial prototype of product combining the new product concept of company and customer demand. Technology selection is the process of evaluating the appropriation,cost and benefit for the optional technology and specify the technology for new product development based on monitoring the outsourcing technology and evaluating the internal technology.Fusion development is the process to access technology,assimilate, absorb and implement technology in new product development.The three-stage of technology integration capabilities is not proceeding in step by step.The stages are interactive,and sometimes simulative.In addition,the process of these three stages is distinguished in the different industries and in the different stage of enterprises.
3.Reveal the dynamic mechanism and function of dynamic technology integration.This dynamic mechanism includes three aspects,product constructing, technology selection and technology fusion.Furthermore,this research investigates the influence mechanism of market orientation,innovative culture,integrative group, the technology learning on technology integration competence.Moreover,the empirical research indicates that comparing to the capacity of product constructing and technological monitoring,the capacity of technology fusion,has the greatest impact on innovation performance.It strengths the Iansiti's research on technology integration.
Iansiti对技术集成研究做出了开创性的贡献。随后国外许多学者从技术集成的重要性、有效实施和模式等角度进行了广泛研究。我国的社会制度、工业发展基础、人员素质、文化背景等与西方国家不同,直接将其研究结果进行应用可能存在局限性。国内现有关于技术集成的研究,主要集中在国外技术集成理论的讨论和概念描述,更多地讨论技术集成的必要性和重要性,关于技术集成在企业层面的系统性研究尚需深入,尤其是关于企业如何持续有效技术集成问题等尚需进行深层次分析和实证研究,以便为我国制造企业的技术集成实践提供理论指导。
本研究在综合国内外已有技术集成研究成果的基础上,运用创新管理理论、集成理论、系统理论、知识管理理论、学习理论和能力理论等,在界定企业技术集成的概念和内涵的基础上;通过案例研究,剖析企业技术集成的动态模式、关键和环境支撑要素,并应用实证分析,验证环境支撑要素和技术集成能力对创新绩效的直接和间接效应。
技术集成是企业以市场为导向,将已有的技术和知识进行选择、精炼,创造性地加以融合,以开发出新产品的过程。可划分为产品建构、技术选择和融合开发等三个主要环节。本研究在以下三个方面拓展和推进了技术集成的相关研究。
1、通过对海尔洗衣机、中控技术、朗科科技等企业的持续技术集成案例的深度剖析,提出了企业持续技术集成的“平台——产品——平台”的多重动态循环过程模型,每一次循环,平台都将跃迁到一个新的层面。并根据技术集成的三个主要环节在其中展开的先后和互动,提出了有效技术集成的三模式:P模式、T模式和并列模式。该研究结论延伸了Iansiti基于单个产品开发项目的技术集成研究结果。
2、构建了产品建构能力、技术监测能力、技术融合能力等构成的技术集成能力的三维度框架,深化了Iansiti关于技术集成能力的研究。
3、基于对企业持续有效技术集成的深层次分析,本研究发现市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习等四要素构成了技术集成的环境支撑。四要素的环境支撑促进技术集成能力的形成和提升,技术集成能力保证了技术集成的顺利实现,提高了创新绩效。
接着在研究假设设计、研究变量定义和小样本测试等的基础上,本研究通过对制造企业发放大规模调查问卷,实际回收有效问卷398份。接着运用SPSS15.0、AMOS7.0对取得的数据进行方差分析、回归分析、相关分析和结构方程模型分析,对技术集成环境支撑要素的作用强度和机理进行了研究探讨。研究发现:市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习和技术集成能力对创新绩效均存在着显著的正效应。其中,技术融合能力对创新绩效的总效应和直接效应最大,集成团队对创新绩效的间接效应最大。
本研究结果可为我国制造企业有效推进技术集成,提升技术集成能力,摆脱技术追赶陷阱,实现技术跨越,提供一定的理论指导。
本研究总体学术贡献是,提出了基于企业层面的动态技术集成(Enterprise-based Dynamic Technology Integration,简称EDTI)的概念,并构建了企业动态技术集成的螺旋模型,揭示了企业动态技术集成的动态过程与互动机理。具体来说:
1、构建了企业动态技术集成(EDTI)螺旋模型。本研究基于案例研究和跨案例比较,提出了企业动态技术集成的概念,并构建了企业动态技术集成(EDTI)螺旋模型。以往研究以单个项目或产品技术集成为研究对象,本研究则将技术集成拓展到企业层面,并探索了技术集成的动态性,深化、推进了技术集成研究。
2、提出了产品建构、技术选择和融合开发三环节企业动态技术集成模型。通过案例研究和理论分析,本研究发现技术集成的基本过程可划分为产品建构、技术选择和融合开发等三个核心环节。产品建构是新产品概念导入的过程。具体内容为评估客观的客户需求与公司的开发能力,进而判别产品开发之可行性,最后形成新产品公司概念与客户需求相结合的产品初步雏形。技术选择是指企业在监视外部技术和评估自身已有技术的基础上,对可供选择的技术进行适用性、成本和效益分析,明确新产品开发所需技术的过程。融合开发是指企业获取所选技术,加以消化吸收,并应用于新产品开发的过程。技术集成的三个核心环节不是顺序展开的,而是相互耦合的,相互之间存在着互动,对不同的产业和在企业发展的不同阶段,其展开先后顺序会有所差异。
3、揭示了企业动态技术集成的动态机理和作用机制,包括技术集成过程中的产品建构、技术选择和融合开发三个耦合互动的动态环节,以及市场导向、创新文化、集成团队、技术学习对技术集成能力的形成的作用机制,并基于实证研究就企业动态技术集成对创新绩效的影响进行了深入分析,发现技术融合能力相对于产品建构能力、技术监测能力对创新绩效影响最大,从而在Iansiti(1998)基础上把技术集成研究推向深入。
There is no any company or industry can completely have all resources which are needed in technological innovation in an era of economic globalization.With the rapid development of technology and the increasingly competitive environment,how to select a suitable technology and effective integration in order to respond quickly to the market,has become critical to a company to generate competitive advantages.Since the Reform and Open Policy launched in 1978,the technological capability of Chinese companies has been improved through technology transfer.However,there are still many companies fall into the vicious circle of "transfer-lagging-transfer again-lagging further behind." Why does it exist?
Iansiti has made pioneering contributions to technology integration.Following Iansiti's research,many scholars have studied the importance,effective patterns of technology integration,and so on.Since of the difference of development base of manufacturing companies and industries,institutions,the personnel quality,and cultural background between China and Western countries,there are maybe limitations to apply foreign research results directly in China.Current Chinese research on technology integration focuses on the discussion of latest theory and concepts,and the necessity and importance of technology integration.There is not enough research on technology integration at the enterprise level,especially that on how to do technology integration effectively and continuously.These aspects are urgent to do analysis and empirical research in depth.This is what this paper is pursuing,in order to provide theoretical guidance for our manufacturing practice of technology integration.
Based on the current research results on technology integration,this research at first integrates theories of innovation management,system management,knowledge management,organization learning and dynamic capabilities,to define the concept and content of technology integration in this research.Then case studies are used to explore the dynamic patterns of technology integration,and analyze the key elements and environmental support elements in technology integration.The empirical research is conducted to investigate the environmental support elements and examine the direct and indirect impact of technological capabilities to integration on the performance of technology integration.
Technology integration is a process that based on market-oriented strategy;a company selects,refines,and creatively integrates all current skills and knowledge to develop a new product.This research enriches studies on technology integration in the following three perspectives.
At first,based on the technology integration cases of Haler,Supcom,and Netac, this research proposes a 'platform - product - platform' multi-cycling dynamic technology integration model.Through every cycling process,companies move to a new technology platform.According to the interaction and sequence of three stages in the process of technology integration,this research reveals three patterns of technology integration:P pattern,T pattern,and parallel pattern,which expands the Iansiti's research results on technology integration of single product development.
Secondly,this research formulates a three-dimension technology integration capability framework covering the new product development capabilities,the technology accessing capabilities,and technology integration capabilities,which enhances the Iansiti's research on technology integration capabilities.
Thirdly,on the basis of in-depth analyses on continuous technology integration in companies,this research reveals that market-orientation,innovation culture, integrative group,and technological learning are key elements to provide environmental support to technology integration.These four elements promote the generation and improvement of technology integration capabilities.The development of technology integration capabilities ensure the process of technology integration and increase the innovation performance.
After the design of research hypotheses,definition of study variables and small sample tests,this research conducts a large-scale questionnaire research on manufacturing companies,with 398 valid respondents.Thanks to the data analysis of variance,regression analysis,correlation analysis and structural equation modeling analysis by SPSS15.0 and AMOS7.0 tools,this research investigates the role strength and mechanism of environmental support elements in technology integration.The research suggests that market-orientation,innovation culture,integrative group, technological learning and technology integration capabilities all have positive effect on the innovation performance.In addition,the technology integration capability has the largest direct and total effect on innovation performance.
This research contributes to the promotion of effectiveness of technology integration in Chinese manufacturing companies,improvement of technology integration capabilities,getting rid of the trap in technology catching-up,and achieving technology leaping.
Additionally,this research makes great contributions in the academic aspect,to the theories of innovation management.It brings forward to the concept of enterprise-level dynamic technology integration(EDTI),constructs a helix model of dynamic technology integration(HMDTI),and reveals the dynamic process of technology integration,as well as the interaction mechanism among elements.In specifically,this research will
1.Formulate a dynamic technology integration(EDTI) model.Based on case studies and cross-case comparison,this research defines a concept of dynamic technology integration in an enterprise-level,and builds an EDTI helix model.This research extends the research objectives from the single projects or single product in the previous research to the enterprise level,and explores the dynamics of technology integration,which deepens the study of technology integration.
2.Build a three-stage dynamic model of technology integration competence. Based on archival analyses and case studies,this study suggests that the process of dynamic technology integration could be divided into three stages,product constructing,technical selection and technology fusion.It enhances the research of technology integration competence.Product constructing means the introduction process of new product concept.The main purpose of product constructing is to evaluate the customer demand as well as the company's development capabilities, determine the feasibility of product development,and finally form an initial prototype of product combining the new product concept of company and customer demand. Technology selection is the process of evaluating the appropriation,cost and benefit for the optional technology and specify the technology for new product development based on monitoring the outsourcing technology and evaluating the internal technology.Fusion development is the process to access technology,assimilate, absorb and implement technology in new product development.The three-stage of technology integration capabilities is not proceeding in step by step.The stages are interactive,and sometimes simulative.In addition,the process of these three stages is distinguished in the different industries and in the different stage of enterprises.
3.Reveal the dynamic mechanism and function of dynamic technology integration.This dynamic mechanism includes three aspects,product constructing, technology selection and technology fusion.Furthermore,this research investigates the influence mechanism of market orientation,innovative culture,integrative group, the technology learning on technology integration competence.Moreover,the empirical research indicates that comparing to the capacity of product constructing and technological monitoring,the capacity of technology fusion,has the greatest impact on innovation performance.It strengths the Iansiti's research on technology integration.
引文
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