创意组织知识创造机制的太极模型研究
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摘要
在过去十年里,创意产业在部分发达国家和地区取得了巨大的发展。在美国、英国、新加坡、日本、韩国等地,创意产业已经成为国民经济的重要组成部分,并被政府确定为21世纪重点发展的关键产业。而中国——尤其是在沿海发达城市——近年来创意产业也呈现出欣欣向荣的局面,对经济发展和社会发展的意义日渐凸现。
但是,与创意产业高速发展相对的,是对创意产业管理理论研究的严重缺失。尤其是对创意这一知识产生的过程机制缺乏深入的研究。这一方面是由于创意产业毕竟刚刚兴起,另一方面也源自传统创新管理领域对“知识创造过程机制”的研究(特别是“原创性知识”创造过程的机制研究)过于薄弱。
为了深入探索创意组织知识创造的过程机制,本文首先对现有的创意产业理论、创造学(及创造力心理学)理论和技术创新管理的相关理论进行了系统的梳理和综述。进而在此基础上,运用规范化案例分析的方法,对创意组织知识创造的过程机制进行了研究,通过对音乐、广告、建筑设计、工业设计、规划设计等不同行业的数十个创意项目进行跟踪调研,提出了用以描述创意组织知识创造机制的“太极模型”。随后,本文又运用数理统计的方法,对“太极模型”进行了一定的实证研究。最终得出了以下重要结论:
1.创意组织的知识创造过程机制可以描述为“太极模型”——包括6个环节组成的两路知识流转螺旋。
2.两路太极螺旋的知识流转效率对组织的创意绩效均存在显著的正向影响。
3.创意组织的业务领域是偏重于“科学”还是“艺术”,这对以上两条结论不存在显著影响。
基于这些研究成果,本文进一步提出了一系列创意组织可以用来提高其创意绩效的管理策略,并设计了基于太极螺旋的团队动态组织结构——“台球结构”。这些策略(包括“台球结构”)的核心思路是:6个环节构成了创意生成的“过程机制链条”,只有结合组织工作的特性,全面优化整个链条上的“所有”环节,才能使整个链条顺畅运转。任何一个环节的低效率,都将影响整个组织创意生成的结果。从这个意义上讲,创意组织的创意管理工作,就是不断地优化这条“过程机制链条”,使组织创意工作按太极模型的两重螺旋不断展开,从而取得更高的创意绩效。
在研究的最后,本文还就所提出的太极模型和Nonaka提出的SECI模型进行了对比分析。
本研究一方面对于创新管理——特别是“知识创造管理”——的理论进行了深化和拓展,另一方面也对指导创意组织如何加强管理以提升创意绩效、产业政策和园区建设如何进行能促进创意产业更好地发展具有较强的现实意义。另外,本研究对于进一步研究技术创新管理中“原始创新”问题也有着一定的借鉴意义。
In the last ten years, the Creative Industries have been developing greatly in some developed countries, such as USA, UK, Singapore, Japan, and Korea. In these areas, the Creative Industries had been a very important part of the national economy and had been definite as the key industries in which the governments should invest heavily. In China, in those cities in Southeast of China especially, the Creative Industries are flourishing these years.
Comparative to the flourish of the Creative Industries, however, there are just few researches in the area of management in creative industries. Especially, the research on Knowledge-Creation Mechanism (or Knowledge-Creating Process) is weak. Both the young of the creative industries and the weakness of the traditional researches about (Original) Knowledge-Creation Mechanism in Innovation Management are the reason.
For an in-depth exploration of the knowledge creation mechanism of the creative organization, this dissertation studies and synthesizes the theories of three areas: creative industries, creativity (and the psychology of creativity) and technological innovation. Using standardized methods of case-study, on the basis, this dissertation researches the creative process of knowledge creation mechanisms in creative organization and puts forward ideas to describe the knowledge-creating process as "Tai-chi model." Subsequently, this article also uses the methods of mathematical statistics to certify the "Tai-chi model" by exploratory empirical research. Ultimately, this article reached the following important conclusions:
1. Knowledge-creation mechanism of creative organization can be described as "Tai Chi model". It includes 6 links which compose two-ways knowledge flow spirals.
2. The smoothness of the Two-ways flow of Tai Chi knowledge-creating spirals significant positive impact the creative performance of the creative organization.
3. The preceding two conclusions are significantly whether the business of the creative organization is "science" or "art".
Based on these research results, this paper puts forward a series of management strategies which the creative organizations can used to improve their creative performance, and designs a dynamic organizational structure: billiards model. These strategies and model suggests that the Knowledge-Creating Process is two spirals with 6 links, and ALL links must be smoothed if the manager want to improve the performance of creativity.
Finally, this study also raises a comparative analysis between the Tai-chi model and the SECI model.
On the one hand, this study deepens and expands the theory of innovation management - especially the "knowledge creation management", on the other hand, this research can be used to guiding the management of creative organizations to enhance the creative performance, and guiding the designers of industrial policy and Creative Park to develop the creative industries. In addition, this paper may be used to reference in the further research on the management of technological innovation (especially on the topic of "original innovation").
但是,与创意产业高速发展相对的,是对创意产业管理理论研究的严重缺失。尤其是对创意这一知识产生的过程机制缺乏深入的研究。这一方面是由于创意产业毕竟刚刚兴起,另一方面也源自传统创新管理领域对“知识创造过程机制”的研究(特别是“原创性知识”创造过程的机制研究)过于薄弱。
为了深入探索创意组织知识创造的过程机制,本文首先对现有的创意产业理论、创造学(及创造力心理学)理论和技术创新管理的相关理论进行了系统的梳理和综述。进而在此基础上,运用规范化案例分析的方法,对创意组织知识创造的过程机制进行了研究,通过对音乐、广告、建筑设计、工业设计、规划设计等不同行业的数十个创意项目进行跟踪调研,提出了用以描述创意组织知识创造机制的“太极模型”。随后,本文又运用数理统计的方法,对“太极模型”进行了一定的实证研究。最终得出了以下重要结论:
1.创意组织的知识创造过程机制可以描述为“太极模型”——包括6个环节组成的两路知识流转螺旋。
2.两路太极螺旋的知识流转效率对组织的创意绩效均存在显著的正向影响。
3.创意组织的业务领域是偏重于“科学”还是“艺术”,这对以上两条结论不存在显著影响。
基于这些研究成果,本文进一步提出了一系列创意组织可以用来提高其创意绩效的管理策略,并设计了基于太极螺旋的团队动态组织结构——“台球结构”。这些策略(包括“台球结构”)的核心思路是:6个环节构成了创意生成的“过程机制链条”,只有结合组织工作的特性,全面优化整个链条上的“所有”环节,才能使整个链条顺畅运转。任何一个环节的低效率,都将影响整个组织创意生成的结果。从这个意义上讲,创意组织的创意管理工作,就是不断地优化这条“过程机制链条”,使组织创意工作按太极模型的两重螺旋不断展开,从而取得更高的创意绩效。
在研究的最后,本文还就所提出的太极模型和Nonaka提出的SECI模型进行了对比分析。
本研究一方面对于创新管理——特别是“知识创造管理”——的理论进行了深化和拓展,另一方面也对指导创意组织如何加强管理以提升创意绩效、产业政策和园区建设如何进行能促进创意产业更好地发展具有较强的现实意义。另外,本研究对于进一步研究技术创新管理中“原始创新”问题也有着一定的借鉴意义。
In the last ten years, the Creative Industries have been developing greatly in some developed countries, such as USA, UK, Singapore, Japan, and Korea. In these areas, the Creative Industries had been a very important part of the national economy and had been definite as the key industries in which the governments should invest heavily. In China, in those cities in Southeast of China especially, the Creative Industries are flourishing these years.
Comparative to the flourish of the Creative Industries, however, there are just few researches in the area of management in creative industries. Especially, the research on Knowledge-Creation Mechanism (or Knowledge-Creating Process) is weak. Both the young of the creative industries and the weakness of the traditional researches about (Original) Knowledge-Creation Mechanism in Innovation Management are the reason.
For an in-depth exploration of the knowledge creation mechanism of the creative organization, this dissertation studies and synthesizes the theories of three areas: creative industries, creativity (and the psychology of creativity) and technological innovation. Using standardized methods of case-study, on the basis, this dissertation researches the creative process of knowledge creation mechanisms in creative organization and puts forward ideas to describe the knowledge-creating process as "Tai-chi model." Subsequently, this article also uses the methods of mathematical statistics to certify the "Tai-chi model" by exploratory empirical research. Ultimately, this article reached the following important conclusions:
1. Knowledge-creation mechanism of creative organization can be described as "Tai Chi model". It includes 6 links which compose two-ways knowledge flow spirals.
2. The smoothness of the Two-ways flow of Tai Chi knowledge-creating spirals significant positive impact the creative performance of the creative organization.
3. The preceding two conclusions are significantly whether the business of the creative organization is "science" or "art".
Based on these research results, this paper puts forward a series of management strategies which the creative organizations can used to improve their creative performance, and designs a dynamic organizational structure: billiards model. These strategies and model suggests that the Knowledge-Creating Process is two spirals with 6 links, and ALL links must be smoothed if the manager want to improve the performance of creativity.
Finally, this study also raises a comparative analysis between the Tai-chi model and the SECI model.
On the one hand, this study deepens and expands the theory of innovation management - especially the "knowledge creation management", on the other hand, this research can be used to guiding the management of creative organizations to enhance the creative performance, and guiding the designers of industrial policy and Creative Park to develop the creative industries. In addition, this paper may be used to reference in the further research on the management of technological innovation (especially on the topic of "original innovation").
引文
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